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Sharma A, Thatai KS, Kuthiala T, Singh G, Arya SK. Employment of polysaccharides in enzyme immobilization. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Zhang S, Cui JD. Enhancement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Production fromRhodotorula Mucilaginosaby Optimization of Culture Conditions in Batch and Fed-Batch. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2012.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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3
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Shin MH, Ku HK, Song JS, Choi S, Son SY, Kim HD, Kim SK, Park IY, Lee SJ. X-ray structure of prephenate dehydratase from Streptococcus mutans. J Microbiol 2014; 52:490-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Cui JD, Qiu JQ, Fan XW, Jia SR, Tan ZL. Biotechnological production and applications of microbial phenylalanine ammonia lyase: a recent review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 34:258-68. [PMID: 23688066 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.791660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the nonoxidative deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid and a free ammonium ion. It plays a major role in the catabolism of l-phenylalanine. The presence of PAL has been reported in diverse plants, some fungi, Streptomyces and few Cyanobacteria. In the past two decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial and biotechnological applications. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme's importance in phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. In contrast, there is little knowledge about microbial PAL. Furthermore, the commercial source of the enzyme has been mainly obtained from the fungi. This study focuses on the recent advances on the physiological role of microbial PAL and the improvements of PAL biotechnological production both from our laboratory and many others as well as the latest advances on the new applications of microbial PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong Cui
- Research Center for Fermentation Engineering of Hebei, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology , Shijiazhang , P R China
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5
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Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase: Novel Biocatalysts for Synthesis of L-Phenylalanine. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:835-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Zhang BZ, Cui JD, Zhao GX, Jia SR. Modeling and optimization of phenylalanine ammonia lyase stabilization in recombinant Escherichia coli for the continuous synthesis of l-phenylalanine on the statistical-based experimental designs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2795-2800. [PMID: 20128589 DOI: 10.1021/jf9036744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Some approaches for improving recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) stability in Escherichia coli during the enzymatic methods of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) production were developed following preliminary studies by means of statistical-based experiment designs (response surface method). The traditional non-statistical technology was used to screen four critical factors for PAL stability during the bioconversion process, viz., glycerin, sucrose, 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT), and MgSO(4). The central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the combined effect of critical factors for recombinant PAL stability and understand the relationship between the factors and PAL stability. The optimum values for testing variables were 13.04 mM glycerin, 1.87 mM sucrose, 4.09 mM DTT, and 69 mM Mg(2+). A second-order model equation was suggested and then validated experimentally. The model adequacy was very satisfactory because the coefficient of determination was 0.88. The maximum PAL activity was retained as 67.73 units/g after three successive cycles of bioconversion. In comparison to initial PAL activity, the loss of PAL activity was only 22%. PAL activity was enhanced about 23% in comparison to the control (without any stabilizer additives). PAL stability was significantly improved during successive bioconversion. The results obtained here verified the effectiveness of the applied methodology and may be helpful for l-Phe production on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhang 050018, People's Republic of China
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7
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Optimization of medium for phenylalanine ammonia lyase production in E. coli using response surface methodology. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Optimal culture condition for the production of phenyalanine ammonia lyase from E. coli. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Jia SR, Cui JD, Li Y, Sun AY. Production of l-phenylalanine from trans-cinnamic acids by high-level expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from Rhodosporidium toruloides in Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Cui J, Jia S, Sun A. Influence of amino acids, organic solvents and surfactants for phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in recombinant Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:631-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Tan K, Li H, Zhang R, Gu M, Clancy ST, Joachimiak A. Structures of open (R) and close (T) states of prephenate dehydratase (PDT)--implication of allosteric regulation by L-phenylalanine. J Struct Biol 2007; 162:94-107. [PMID: 18171624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme prephenate dehydratase (PDT) converts prephenate to phenylpyruvate in L-phenylalanine biosynthesis. PDT is allosterically regulated by L-Phe and other amino acids. We report the first crystal structures of PDT from Staphylococcus aureus in a relaxed (R) state and PDT from Chlorobium tepidum in a tense (T) state. The two enzymes show low sequence identity (27.3%) but the same prototypic architecture and domain organization. Both enzymes are tetramers (dimer of dimers) in crystal and solution while a PDT dimer can be regarded as a basic catalytic unit. The N-terminal PDT domain consists of two similar subdomains with a cleft in between, which hosts the highly conserved active site. In one PDT dimer two clefts are aligned to form an extended active site across the dimer interface. Similarly at the interface two ACT regulatory domains create two highly conserved pockets. Upon binding of the L-Phe inside the pockets, PDT transits from an open to a closed conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Tan
- Midwest Center for Structural Genomics and Structural Biology Center, Biosciences Division, Building 202, Room A125 9700, S. Cass Avenue, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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12
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Bode R, Birnbaum D. Regulation of chorismate mutase activity of various yeast species by aromatic amino acids. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1991; 59:9-13. [PMID: 2059012 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory properties of chorismate mutase, its cellular localization and isoenzyme pattern were investigated in 23 yeast species. All yeasts contained only a single form of the enzyme, which is localized exclusively in the cytosol. The enzyme activity from all sources was activated 3-(Rhodotorula aurantiaca) to 185-fold (Candida maltosa) by tryptophan. The tryptophan concentration, which was necessary to obtain half maximum velocity was determined to be between 2 (Pichia guilliermondii) and 95 microM (Yarrowia lipolytica). Ten yeast species possessed an enzyme that was inhibited by both phenylalanine and tyrosine. The chorismate mutase from four strains was inhibited only by tyrosine and the enzyme from two species was inhibited by phenylalanine alone. The enzyme inhibition by phenylalanine and tyrosine was completely reversed by tryptophan. Six enzyme sources were not inhibited and the Y. lipolytica chorismate mutase was slightly activated by both amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bode
- Institut für Biochemie, Fachrichtung Biologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bentley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, U.K
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14
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Regulation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in the ribulose monophosphate cycle methylotroph Nocardia sp. 239. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00406558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bode R, Koll P, Prahl N, Birnbaum D. Altered control of chorismate mutase leads to tryptophan auxotrophy inPichia guilliermondii. J Basic Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620290305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Amylase activity and L-phenylalanine overproduction from starch by an analog resistant mutant ofBacillus polymyxa. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02779169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Koll P, Bode R, Birnbaum D. Regulation of metabolic branch points of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in Pichia guilliermondii. J Basic Microbiol 1988; 28:619-27. [PMID: 2907046 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620280915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory properties of the enzymes involved in the aromatic amino acid biosynthesis of Pichia guilliermondii were investigated and compared with the regulatory pattern found in other yeast species. 3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, anthranilate synthase, chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase are key regulatory enzymes in P. guilliermondii. Two distinctly regulated isozymes of DAHP synthase, the initial pathway enzyme, which is inhibited by tyrosine or phenylalanine were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and were characterized. Tryptophan is an excellent feedback inhibitor of anthranilate synthase, the first definite step in tryptophan biosynthesis. There are two controlled enzymes within the specific synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine, chorismate mutase and prephenate dehydrogenase. Chorismate mutase exhibits a balanced allosteric responsivity to phenylalanine and tyrosine, when these are used as inhibitor; tryptophan acts as an allosteric activator. Tyrosine is an effective inhibitor of prephenate dehydrogenase, whereas the activity of prephenate dehydratase is not affected by any of the aromatic amino acids. The synthesis of the enzymes in the yeast was not repressed by any single exogenous aromatic amino acids, nor by combinations of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koll
- Sektion Biologie der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, DDR
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18
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Shetty K, Crawford DL, Pometto AL. Production of
l
-Phenylalanine from Starch by Analog-Resistant Mutants of
Bacillus polymyxa. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:637-43. [PMID: 16347159 PMCID: PMC239089 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.4.637-643.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p
-Fluorophenylalanine-resistant mutants of starch-degrading
Bacillus polymyxa
ATCC 842, generated by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis followed by incubation with caffeine, overproduced small amounts of
l
-phenylalanine (
l
-phe) from starch. A β-2-thienylalanine-resistant mutant (BT
R
-7) derived from
p
-fluorophenylalanine mutant (C-4000 FP
R
-4) and resistant to both
p
-fluorophenylalanine and β-2-thienylalanine produced 0.5 g of
l
-phe and 0.15 g of
l
-tyrosine per liter from 10 g of starch per liter when growing in a minimal medium.
trans
-Cinnamic acid (CA) was also excreted by both mutants, indicating the possibility of
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-induced deamination of
l
-phe to CA. The amount of
l
-phe-derived CA detected in BT
R
-7 was less compared with mutant C-4000 FP
R
-4. CA production was induced in the parent only when
l
-phe was used as a sole nitrogen source. Time of CA production in the two mutants could be delayed by addition of other nitrogen sources, an indication of possible
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase inhibition or repression. The presence of
l
-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in
B. polymyxa
mutant C-4000 FP
R
-4 was confirmed by assays of cell-free extracts from cells grown in starch minimal medium containing
l
-phe as the sole nitrogen source. Preliminary studies of the regulation of deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase and prephenate dehydratase in the wild-type strain showed that deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase was subject to feedback inhibition by
l
-phe,
l
-tyrosine, and
l
-tryptophan. Inhibition by each amino acid was to a similar extent singly or in combination at a 0.5 mM level of each amino acid. Prephenate dehydratase was feedback inhibited by
l
-phe, but not by
l
-tyrosine or
l
-tryptophan or both. In the double analog-resistant mutant BT
R
-7, deoxy-
d
-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase had specific activity similar to that in the wild type, and the enzyme was still subject to feedback inhibition. However, prephenate dehydratase had increased specific activity and it was also insensitive to feedback inhibition by
l
-phe. The overproduction of aromatic amino acids by BT
R
-7 was thought to be due, at least in part, to deregulation of feedback inhibition of prephenate dehydratase. Chorismate mutase was not subject to feedback inhibition in the wild type and was unaffected in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shetty
- Department of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843
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19
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Abstract
In the red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was induced 10-fold during carbon starvation even in the absence of exogenous phenylalanine, although maximal induction occurred when phenylalanine was the nitrogen (40-fold) or carbon (100-fold) source. Apparent regulatory mutations that affected the expression of PAL were isolated by selecting mutants resistant to the analog p-fluoro-D,L-phenylalanine (PFP). One such mutant, designated FP1, could use phenylalanine as a nitrogen source but not as a carbon source. Similarly, FP1 failed to utilize intermediates of the phenylalanine degradative pathway, namely, benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, or 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, as carbon sources. Although the PFP-resistant mutant contained a low level of PAL, no increase was found when it was grown with phenylalanine as the nitrogen source. A derivative of FP1, FP1a, was isolated that simultaneously regained an inducible PAL and the ability to use phenylalanine, benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate as carbon sources. In addition, when p-hydroxybenzoate was the carbon source, PAL was induced in the mutant FP1a but not in the PFP-sensitive parental strain. We propose that the mutation to PFP resistance occurred in a regulatory gene that controls the entire phenylalanine degradative pathway. Secondary mutations at this locus, as found in strain FP1a, not only restored expression of this pathway, but also altered the induction of PAL by metabolites of this pathway.
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