1
|
Vogel G, Giles G, Robbins KR, Gore MA, Smart CD. Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Interactions in the Pepper- Phytophthora capsici Pathosystem. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1018-1033. [PMID: 35914305 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-21-0307-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of pepper cultivars with durable resistance to the oomycete Phytophthora capsici has been challenging due to differential interactions between the species that allow certain pathogen isolates to cause disease on otherwise resistant host genotypes. Currently, little is known about the pathogen genes involved in these interactions. To investigate the genetic basis of P. capsici virulence on individual pepper genotypes, we inoculated sixteen pepper accessions, representing commercial varieties, sources of resistance, and host differentials, with 117 isolates of P. capsici, for a total of 1,864 host-pathogen combinations. Analysis of disease outcomes revealed a significant effect of inter-species genotype-by-genotype interactions, although these interactions were quantitative rather than qualitative in scale. Isolates were classified into five pathogen subpopulations, as determined by their genotypes at over 60,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While absolute virulence levels on certain pepper accessions significantly differed between subpopulations, a multivariate phenotype reflecting relative virulence levels on certain pepper genotypes compared with others showed the strongest association with pathogen subpopulation. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified four pathogen loci significantly associated with virulence, two of which colocalized with putative RXLR effector genes and another with a polygalacturonase gene cluster. All four loci appeared to represent broad-spectrum virulence genes, as significant SNPs demonstrated consistent effects regardless of the host genotype tested. Host genotype-specific virulence variants in P. capsici may be difficult to map via GWAS with all but excessively large sample sizes, perhaps controlled by genes of small effect or by multiple allelic variants that have arisen independently. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Vogel
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Garrett Giles
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Kelly R Robbins
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Warren JG, Kasun GW, Leonard T, Kirkpatrick BC. A phage display-selected peptide inhibitor of Agrobacterium vitis polygalacturonase. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:480-6. [PMID: 26177065 PMCID: PMC6638516 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium vitis, the causal agent of crown gall of grapevine, is a threat to viticulture worldwide. A major virulence factor of this pathogen is polygalacturonase, an enzyme that degrades pectin components of the xylem cell wall. A single gene encodes for the polygalacturonase gene. Disruption of the polygalacturonase gene results in a mutant that is less pathogenic and produces significantly fewer root lesions on grapevines. Thus, the identification of peptides or proteins that could inhibit the activity of polygalacturonase could be part of a strategy for the protection of plants against this pathogen. A phage-displayed combinatorial peptide library was used to isolate peptides with a high binding affinity to A. vitis polygalacturonase. These peptides showed sequence similarity to regions of Oryza sativa (EMS66324, Japonica) and Triticum urartu (NP_001054402, wild wheat) polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs). Furthermore, these panning experiments identified a peptide, SVTIHHLGGGS, which was able to reduce A. vitis polygalacturonase activity by 35% in vitro. Truncation studies showed that the IHHL motif alone is sufficient to inhibit A. vitis polygalacturonase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Warren
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - George W Kasun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Takara Leonard
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C Kirkpatrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Insights into the Activity and Substrate Binding of Xylella fastidiosa Polygalacturonase by Modification of a Unique QMK Amino Acid Motif Using Protein Chimeras. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142694. [PMID: 26571265 PMCID: PMC4646678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygalacturonases (EC 3.2.1.15) catalyze the random hydrolysis of 1, 4-alpha-D-galactosiduronic linkages in pectate and other galacturonans. Xylella fastidiosa possesses a single polygalacturonase gene, pglA (PD1485), and X. fastidiosa mutants deficient in the production of polygalacturonase are non-pathogenic and show a compromised ability to systemically infect grapevines. These results suggested that grapevines expressing sufficient amounts of an inhibitor of X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase might be protected from disease. Previous work in our laboratory and others have tried without success to produce soluble active X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase for use in inhibition assays. In this study, we created two enzymatically active X. fastidiosa / A. vitis polygalacturonase chimeras, AX1A and AX2A to explore the functionality of X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase in vitro. The AX1A chimera was constructed to specifically test if recombinant chimeric protein, produced in Escherichia coli, is soluble and if the X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase catalytic amino acids are able to hydrolyze polygalacturonic acid. The AX2A chimera was constructed to evaluate the ability of a unique QMK motif of X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase, most polygalacturonases have a R(I/L)K motif, to bind to and allow the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid. Furthermore, the AX2A chimera was also used to explore what effect modification of the QMK motif of X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase to a conserved RIK motif has on enzymatic activity. These experiments showed that both the AX1A and AX2A polygalacturonase chimeras were soluble and able to hydrolyze the polygalacturonic acid substrate. Additionally, the modification of the QMK motif to the conserved RIK motif eliminated hydrolytic activity, suggesting that the QMK motif is important for the activity of X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase. This result suggests X. fastidiosa polygalacturonase may preferentially hydrolyze a different pectic substrate or, alternatively, it has a different mechanism of substrate binding than other polygalacturonases characterized to date.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Bruton BD, Biles CL. Cell wall-degrading enzymes of Didymella bryoniae in relation to fungal growth and virulence in cantaloupe fruit. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 139:749-761. [PMID: 25364138 PMCID: PMC4214928 DOI: 10.1007/s10658-014-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Didymella bryoniae is an important pathogen of cucurbits worldwide. Virulence factors of D. bryoniae were investigated in regard to fungal growth and the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, polygalacturonase (PG), pectate lyase (PL), pectin lyase (PNL), β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and cellulase (Cx). Virulence levels of five D. bryoniae isolates were determined by the severity of inoculated cantaloupe fruit decay. The highly virulent isolates had more mycelial growth than the moderately virulent isolates in different media. PG activities produced by the highly virulent isolates in shake cultures and in decayed fruit were greater than those of the moderately virulent isolates. PNL, but not PL, in decayed fruit was higher with the highly virulent isolates compared to the moderately virulent ones. The highly virulent isolates showed higher Cx activity than the moderately virulent ones in decayed fruit and in fruit tissue shake culture. β-Gal activities of the highly virulent isolates in pectin shake culture and in decayed fruit were greater than those of the two moderately virulent isolates although fruit also produced β-Gal. Protein analysis showed two fungal β-Gal isozymes in decayed fruit compared to those of healthy fruit. Correlation analysis indicated that the activities of PG, PNL, β-Gal and Cx in cultures and in decayed fruit positively correlated with fungal growth and fruit decay severity. The results of this study suggest that PG, PNL, β-Gal, and Cx appear to be virulence factors of D. bryoniae in cantaloupe decay with PG and β-Gal as the most predominant fruit decay enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Zhang
- USDA-ARS, South Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Lane, OK 74555
| | - B. D. Bruton
- USDA-ARS, South Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Lane, OK 74555
| | - C. L. Biles
- Department of Biology, East Central University, Ada, OK 74820
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Production and optimization of polygalacturonase from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peel using Fusarium moniliforme in solid state fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Yamamura Y, Shim WB. The coiled-coil protein-binding motif in Fusarium verticillioides Fsr1 is essential for maize stalk rot virulence. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1637-1645. [PMID: 18524918 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis Wineland) is one of the key pathogens of maize stalk rot disease. However, a clear understanding of stalk rot pathogenesis is still lacking. Previously, we identified the F. verticillioides FSR1 gene, which plays a key role in fungal virulence and sexual mating. The predicted Fsr1 protein contains multiple protein-binding domains, namely a caveolin-binding domain, a coiled-coil structure, and a calmodulin-binding motif at the N terminus and a WD40 repeat domain at the C terminus. Fsr1 shares significant similarity to a family of striatin proteins that play a critical role in cellular mechanisms that regulate a variety of developmental processes. Significantly, FSR1 function is conserved in Fusarium graminearum, where it also plays a direct role in pathogenesis. In this study, our goal was to determine the motif(s) in Fsr1 that are directly associated with fungal virulence. We complemented the FSR1 knockout (Deltafsr1) strain with mutated versions of the FSR1 gene, and determined that the Fsr1 C-terminal WD40 repeat domain is dispensable for vegetative growth and maize stalk rot virulence. We also examined the potential link between FSR1-mediated virulence and cell wall-degrading enzyme (alpha-amylase, pectinase and cellulase) activities. Further characterization of the N-terminal region revealed that the coiled-coil structure is essential for virulence in F. verticillioides. The coiled-coil domain is involved in a variety of protein-protein interactions in eukaryotic systems, and thus we hypothesize that the interaction between Fsr1 and the putative Fsr1-binding protein triggers downstream gene signalling that is associated with F. verticillioides virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Rong W, He C. Two Xanthomonas extracellular polygalacturonases, PghAxc and PghBxc, are regulated by type III secretion regulators HrpX and HrpG and are required for virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:555-63. [PMID: 18393615 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-5-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease, produces a suite of extracellular cell-wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) that are involved in bacterial virulence. Polygalacturonase (PG) is an important CWDE and functions to degrade the pectic layers of plant cell walls. Although previous studies have documented the virulence functions of PG in Erwinia and Ralstonia species, the regulation of PG genes still needs to be elucidated. In this study, we identified two novel PG genes (pghAxc and pghBxc) encoding functional PG from X. campestris pv. campestris 8004. The expressions of these two PG genes are regulated by the type III secretion regulators HrpX and HrpG and the global regulator Clp. These PG genes could be efficiently induced in planta and were required for the full virulence of X. campestris pv. campestris to Arabidopsis. In addition, these PG were confirmed to be secreted via the type II secretion system in an Xps-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, Peoples Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lanham P, Mcllravey K, Perombelon M. Production of cell wall dissolving enzymes byErwinia carotovorasubsp.atroseptica in vitroat 27°C and 30°5C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb03781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
McMillan G, Johnston D, Pérombelon M. Purification to homogeneity of extracellular polygalacturonase and isoenzymes of pectate lyase of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica by column chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Roper MC, Greve LC, Warren JG, Labavitch JM, Kirkpatrick BC. Xylella fastidiosa requires polygalacturonase for colonization and pathogenicity in Vitis vinifera grapevines. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:411-9. [PMID: 17427811 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-4-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of Pierce's disease of grape, an economically significant disease for the grape industry. X. fastidiosa systemically colonizes the xylem elements of grapevines and is able to breach the pit pore membranes separating xylem vessels by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that X. fastidiosa utilizes cell wall degrading enzymes to break down pit membranes, based on the presence of genes involved in plant cell wall degradation in the X. fastidiosa genome. These genes include several beta-1,4 endoglucanases, several xylanases, several xylosidases, and one polygalacturonase (PG). In this study, we demonstrated that the pglA gene encodes a functional PG. A mutant in pglA lost pathogenicity and was compromised in its ability to systemically colonize Vitis vinifera grapevines. The results indicate that PG is required for X. fastidiosa to successfully infect grapevines and is a critical virulence factor for X. fastidiosa pathogenesis in grapevine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis. Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niture SK, Kumar AR, Parab PB, Pant A. Inactivation of polygalacturonase and pectate lyase produced by pH tolerant fungus Fusarium moniliforme NCIM 1276 in a liquid medium and in the host tissue. Microbiol Res 2006; 163:51-62. [PMID: 16697174 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium moniliforme NCIM 1276 produced pH dependent an extracellular polygalacturonase (PG) and pectate lyase (PL) at pH 5 and pH 8, respectively. In the extracellular medium about 20.3% PG and 54% of PL protein concentrations were present in the active state at pH 5 and pH 8, respectively, whereas in intracellularly, more than 86% of both protein contents remained in the active state at all pH tested. We found two possible reasons, end-product inhibition and effect of environmental pH on conformation of the proteins after their release into the medium. Additionally, in infected tomato and cauliflower plants, the fungus secreted similar proteins which were located near to the epidermal and vascular regions of the hypocotyls. In infected tissues, between 26.9% and to 41.5% of PG and only 0.84%-13.4% of PL protein concentrations were present in active state. Thus, the medium/cell sap pH and concentrations of substrate/end products seem to play an important role in fungal invasion during plant pathogenesis are discussed with current literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant K Niture
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Role of glucose in production and repression of polygalacturonase and pectate lyase from phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium moniliforme NCIM 1276. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Moyo S, Gashe BA, Collison EK, Mpuchane S. Optimising growth conditions for the pectinolytic activity of Kluyveromyces wickerhamii by using response surface methodology. Int J Food Microbiol 2003; 85:87-100. [PMID: 12810274 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This present study was undertaken to find optimum conditions of pH, temperature and, period of incubation for the pectinolytic activity of Kluyveromyces wickerhamii isolated from rotting fruits and to assess the effect of these factors by use of response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite rotatable design was used as an experimental design for the analysis of the allocation of treatment combinations. A second order polynomial regression model was fitted and was found adequate, with an R(2) of 0.94469 (P<0.001). The effects of temperature and pH were the most significant factors in influencing enzyme production. Estimated optimum conditions were as follows: pH 5.0, temperature, 32 degrees C and an incubation period of 91 h. Pectinesterase (PE), pectin lyase (PL), and cellulase activities were not detected. Pectinase production was partially constitutive. Pectin was degraded by the isolated strain of K. wickerhamii in the current study, and the pectinolytic activity is referred to as polygalacturonase (PG) activity. Crude enzyme extract was thermostable at various temperatures and, stimulated by the presence of Ca(2+) ions but inhibited by other ions like Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+) and Na(+).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Moyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bekri MA, Desair J, Keijers V, Proost P, Searle-van Leeuwen M, Vanderleyden J, Vande Broek A. Azospirillum irakense produces a novel type of pectate lyase. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:2440-7. [PMID: 10198006 PMCID: PMC93668 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.8.2440-2447.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/1998] [Accepted: 02/05/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pelA gene from the N2-fixing plant-associated bacterium Azospirillum irakense, encoding a pectate lyase, was isolated by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the region containing pelA indicated an open reading frame of 1,296 bp, coding for a preprotein of 432 amino acids with a typical amino-terminal signal peptide of 24 amino acids. N-terminal amino acid sequencing confirmed the processing of the protein in E. coli at the signal peptidase cleavage site predicted by nucleotide sequence analysis. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of PelA revealed no homology to other known pectinases, indicating that PelA belongs to a new pectate lyase family. PelA macerates potato tuber tissue, has an alkaline pH optimum, and requires Ca2+ for its activity. Of several divalent cations tested, none could substitute for Ca2+. Methyl-esterified pectin (with a degree of esterification up to 93%) and polygalacturonate can be used as substrates. Characterization of the degradation products formed upon incubation with polygalacturonate indicated that PelA is an endo-pectate lyase generating unsaturated digalacturonide as the major end product. Regulation of pelA expression was studied by means of a translational pelA-gusA fusion. Transcription of this fusion is low under all growth conditions tested and is dependent on the growth phase. In addition, pelA expression was found to be induced by pectin. An A. irakense pelA::Tn5 mutant still displayed pectate lyase activity, suggesting the presence of multiple pectate lyase genes in A. irakense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Bekri
- F. A. Janssens Laboratory of Genetics, Catholic University of Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
12 Virulence Determinants in the Bacterial Phytopathogen Erwinia. J Microbiol Methods 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
|
16
|
El-Abyad M, Abu-Taleb AM, Abdel-Mawgoud T. Response of host cultivar to cell wall-degrading enzymes of the sugarbeet pathogens Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. under salinity stress. Microbiol Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(97)80018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Laing E, Pretorius IS. A note on the primary structure and expression of an Erwinia carotovora polygalacturonase-encoding gene (peh1) in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 75:149-58. [PMID: 8407675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A 1209-base pair (bp) DNA fragment containing the endopolygalacturonase-encoding gene (peh1) from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and expressed in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was determined and found to be highly homologous to the primary structures of other polygalacturonase-encoding genes. The peh1 DNA fragment encoding the mature polygalacturonase was inserted between two different yeast expression-secretion cassettes and a yeast gene terminator, generating recombinant yeast-integrating shuttle plasmids pAMS10 and pAMS11. These YIp5-derived plasmids were transformed and stably integrated into the genome of a laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transcription initiation signals present in these expression-secretion cassettes were derived from the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADC1P) or mating pheromone alpha-factor (MF alpha 1P) gene promoters. The transcription termination signals were derived from the yeast tryptophan synthase gene terminator (TRP5T). Secretion of polygalacturonase was directed by the signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor (MF alpha 1S). Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of peh1 mRNA in the yeast transformants and a polypectate agarose test was used to monitor polygalacturonase production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Laing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Laing E, Pretorius IS. Co-expression of an Erwinia chrysanthemi pectate lyase-encoding gene (pelE) and an E. carotovora polygalacturonase-encoding gene (peh1) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 39:181-8. [PMID: 7763727 DOI: 10.1007/bf00228603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A pectate lyase (PL)-encoding gene (pelE) from Erwinia chrysanthemi and a polygalacturonase (PG)-encoding gene (peh1) from E. carotovora were each inserted between a novel yeast expression-secretion cassette and a yeast gene terminator, and cloned separately into a yeast-centromeric shuttle vector (YCp50), generating recombinant plasmids pAMS12 and pAMS13. Transcription initiation signals present in the expression-secretion cassette were derived from the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase gene promoter (ADC1P), whereas the transcription termination signals were derived from the yeast tryptophan synthase gene terminator (TRP5T). Secretion of PL and PG was directed by the signal sequence of the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor (MF alpha 1s). A pectinase cassette comprising ADC1P-MF alpha 1s-pelE-TRP5T and ADC1P-MF alpha 1s-peh1-TRP5T was subcloned into YCp50, generating plasmid pAMS14. Subsequently, the dominant selectable Geneticin G418-resistance (GtR) marker, APH1, inserted between the yeast uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase gene promoter (GAL10P) and yeast orotidine-5'-phosphate carboxylase gene terminator (URA3T), was cloned into pAMS14, resulting in plasmid pAMS15. Plasmids pAMS12, pAMS13 and pAMS14 were transformed into a laboratory strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas pAMS15 was stably introduced into two commercial wine yeast strains. DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization analyses revealed the presence of these plasmids, and the pelE and peh1 transcripts in the yeast transformants, respectively. A polypectate agarose assay indicated the extracellular production of biologically active PL and PG by the S. cerevisiae transformants and confirmed that co-expression of the pelE and peh1 genes synergistically enhanced pectate degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Laing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Lei et al. [Gene 117 (1992) 119-124] recently published the nucleotide sequence of the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) and a characterization of its product endopolygalacturonase (Peh). The gene appears highly similar to previously described peh sequences of Ecc [Hinton et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4 (1990) 1029-1036; Saarilahti et al., Mol. Microbiol. 4 (1990) 1037-1044] which were not cited in the article. Ecc carries a single peh gene whose product, Peh, is here shown to share similarity with the two Pehs characterized thus far and a Peh-like protein of eukaryotic origin at the amino acid (aa) sequence level. Additionally, a highly conserved region within their C-terminal domains was found to share local similarity with two 13-aa segments of an otherwise distinct exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase (exo-Peh), suggesting that these segments might be required for enzyme activity in both Peh and exo-Peh.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lei SP, Lin HC, Wang SS, Higaki P, Wilcox G. Characterization of the Erwinia carotovora peh gene and its product polygalacturonase. Gene 1992; 117:119-24. [PMID: 1644302 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90499-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The peh gene, encoding polygalacturonase (Peh), was identified in Erwinia carotovora strain EC and cloned in Escherichia coli. Recombinant Peh (re-Peh) was purified from E. coli strain 706 containing peh on a recombinant plasmid. The activity of the re-Peh protein is optimal at pH 5.5. The N-terminal and internal amino acid (aa) sequences of re-Peh were determined and compared to the aa sequence deduced from the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the cloned peh. The re-Peh has no similarity, based on either the nt sequences or the deduced aa sequences, to pectate lyases from the same Er. carotovora strain or other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Lei
- Department of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90021
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McGuire RG, Rodriguez-Palenzuela P, Collmer A, Burr TJ. Polygalacturonase Production by
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Biovar 3. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:660-4. [PMID: 16348433 PMCID: PMC182776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.3.660-664.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
biovar 3 causes both crown gall and root decay of grape. Twenty-two
Agrobacterium
strains representing biovars 1, 2, and 3 were analyzed for tumorigenicity, presence of a Ti plasmid, ability to cause grape seedling root decay, and pectolytic activity. All of the biovar 3 strains, regardless of their tumorigenicity or presence of a Ti plasmid, caused root decay and were pectolytic, whereas none of the biovar 1 and 2 strains had these capacities. Isoelectrically focused gels that were activity stained with differentially buffered polygalacturonate-agarose overlays revealed that all of the biovar 3 strains produced a single polygalacturonase with a pH optimum of 4.5 and pIs ranging from 4.8 to 5.2. The enzyme was largely extracellular and was produced constitutively in basal medium supplemented with a variety of carbon sources including polygalacturonic acid. Lesions on grape seedling roots inoculated with
A. tumefaciens
biovar 3 strain CG49 yielded polygalacturonase activity with a pI similar to that of the enzyme produced by the bacterium in culture. These observations support the hypothesis that the polygalacturonase produced by
A. tumefaciens
biovar 3 has a role in grape root decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G McGuire
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and Department of Plant Pathology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456-0462
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saarilahti HT, Heino P, Pakkanen R, Kalkkinen N, Palva I, Palva ET. Structural analysis of the pehA gene and characterization of its protein product, endopolygalacturonase, of Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4:1037-44. [PMID: 2215212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A clone producing a polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) in Escherichia coli was isolated from a genomic library of Erwinia carotovora subspecies carotovora constructed in PUC18. The DNA segment carrying the corresponding structural gene, named pehA, contained an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 402-amino-acid (aa) polypeptide with an Mr of 42,849. In E. carotovora the polygalacturonase was synthesized with a 26-aa cleavable signal peptide. The mature 376-aa PehA had a calculated Mr of 40,064 and a pl of 10.19. The pH optimum of the enzyme was about 5.5 and the temperature optimum was in the range 35-45 degrees C. Analysis of the reaction products of polygalacturonic acid hydrolysis indicated that the PehA protein is an endopolygalacturonase. No similarity was observed between the aa sequences of PehA and other pectic enzymes of erwinias. However, substantial similarity was detected within the C-terminal portions of PehA and a previously described tomato polygalacturonase, suggesting that the bacterial and eukaryotic polygalacturonases may have a common origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H T Saarilahti
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Uppsala Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hinton JC, Gill DR, Lalo D, Plastow GS, Salmond GP. Sequence of the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora: homology between Erwinia and plant enzymes. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4:1029-36. [PMID: 2215211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (Peh) and other pectolytic enzymes play a crucial role in the maceration of vegetables by soft rot Erwinia spp. We have sequenced the peh gene of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and identified its product as a precursor of molecular weight 42,639, and a mature protein of molecular weight 42,200. A putative KdgR-binding site was identified in the region 5' to the peh gene. The Peh protein showed significant homology with Peh from tomato. In addition, we have found homologies between pectin methylesterase and pectate lyase from Erwinia and their counterparts in tomato. These homologies are described, and their significance discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Hinton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tang JL, Gough CL, Barber CE, Dow JM, Daniels MJ. Molecular cloning of protease gene(s) from Xanthomanas campestris pv. campestris: Expression in Escherichia coli and role in pathogenicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Payne JH, Schoedel C, Keen NT, Collmer A. Multiplication and Virulence in Plant Tissues of
Escherichia coli
Clones Producing Pectate Lyase Isozymes PLb and PLe at High Levels and of an
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Mutant Deficient in PLe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:2315-20. [PMID: 16347452 PMCID: PMC204106 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.10.2315-2320.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic enterobacterium
Erwinia chrysanthemi
strain EC16 produces four isozymes of pectate lyase (PL), an extracellular enzyme that macerates parenchymatous plant tissues and kills plant cells. A 1.8-kilobase
Eco
RI DNA fragment containing the entire
pelE
gene was deleted from the
E. chrysanthemi
chromosome by marker exchange of a cloned fragment that had been modified in vitro. The resulting mutant, UM1001, produced the isozymes PLa, PLb, and PLc, but not PLe. Mutant UM1001 was compared with wild-type
E. chrysanthemi
, with
Escherichia coli
JA221, and with JA221 containing expression vectors with cloned
pel
genes producing high levels of PLe (pPEL748) or PLb (pPEL343) for the ability to multiply and cause symptoms in intact potato tubers. Tubers were injected with less than 100 bacteria per inoculation site and incubated aerobically or anaerobically. While maceration occurred only in anaerobically incubated tubers, all of the bacteria, including nonpectolytic
E. coli
controls, multiplied substantially under all conditions.
E. coli
JA221(pPEL748) caused significantly more maceration than
E. coli
JA221(pPEL343) or wild-type
E. chrysanthemi.
Mutant UM1001 caused significantly less maceration than the wild-type
E. chrysanthemi.
The results establish the importance of PLe in the pectolytic arsenal of
E. chrysanthemi
by demonstrating that production of PLe can enable
E. coli
to aggressively macerate tuber tissue and that deletion of
pelE
significantly diminishes the virulence of
E. chrysanthemi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Payne
- Department of Botany and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ward L, de Boer SH. A Rapid Procedure for Purifying Pectate Lyase from
Erwinia carotovora
Based on Substrate Affinity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53:1189-91. [PMID: 16347348 PMCID: PMC203833 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.5.1189-1191.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To purify pectate lyase produced by
Erwinia carotovora
subsp.
carotovora,
we used the supernatant from 48-h-old cultures grown in broth containing sodium polypectate and yeast extract. The supernatant was combined with the enzyme substrates sodium polypectate and polygalacturonic acid, which were then precipitated with CaCl
2
. After the precipitate was washed, pectate lyase was eluted with 1.0 M NaCl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ward
- Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 1X2
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ried JL, Collmer A. Comparison of pectic enzymes produced by Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 52:305-10. [PMID: 3752996 PMCID: PMC203520 DOI: 10.1128/aem.52.2.305-310.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erwinia spp. that cause soft-rot diseases in plants produce a variety of extracellular pectic enzymes. To assess the correlation between patterns of pectic enzyme production and taxonomic classification, we compared the enzymes from representative strains. Supernatants obtained from polygalacturonate-grown cultures of nine strains of Erwinia chrysanthemi, three strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and three strains of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica were concentrated and subjected to ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. Pectate lyase, polygalacturonase, and exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase activities were visualized by staining diagnostically buffered pectate-agarose overlays with ruthenium red after incubation of the overlays with the isoelectric focusing gels. The isoelectric focusing profiles of pectate lyase and polygalacturonase were nearly identical for strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, showing three pectate lyase isozymes with isoelectric points higher than 8.7 and a polygalacturonase with pI of ca. 10.2. Isoelectric focusing profiles of the E. chrysanthemi pectic enzymes were substantially different. Although there was considerable intraspecific heterogeneity, all strains produced at least four isozymes of pectate lyase, which could be divided into three groups: basic (pI, ca. 9.0 to 10.0), slightly basic (pI, ca. 7.0 to 8.5), and acidic (pI, ca. 4.0 to 5.0). Several strains of E. chrysanthemi also produced a single form of exo-poly-alpha-D-galacturonosidase (pI, ca. 8.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
29
|
Jayaswal RK, Bressan RA, Charles DJ, Handa AK. Studies on Inc-P plasmids in Erwinia carotovorasubsp. carotovora. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|