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Higgins SA, Mann M, Heck M. Strain Tracking of ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the Citrus Greening Pathogen, by High-Resolution Microbiome Analysis of Asian Citrus Psyllids. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2273-2287. [PMID: 35678589 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0067-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is an invasive insect and a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas), a bacterium whose growth in Citrus species results in huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease. Methods to enrich and sequence CLas from D. citri often rely on biased genome amplification and nevertheless contain significant quantities of host DNA. To overcome these hurdles, we developed a simple pretreatment DNase and filtration (PDF) protocol to remove host DNA and directly sequence CLas and the complete, primarily uncultivable microbiome from D. citri adults. The PDF protocol yielded CLas abundances upward of 60% and facilitated direct measurement of CLas and endosymbiont replication rates in psyllids. The PDF protocol confirmed our lab strains derived from a progenitor Florida CLas strain and accumulated 156 genetic variants, underscoring the utility of this method for bacterial strain tracking. CLas genetic polymorphisms arising in lab-reared psyllid populations included prophage-encoding regions with key functions in CLas pathogenesis, putative antibiotic resistance loci, and a single secreted effector. These variants suggest that laboratory propagation of CLas could result in different phenotypic trajectories among laboratories and could confound CLas physiology or therapeutic design and evaluation if these differences remain undocumented. Finally, we obtained genetic signatures affiliated with Citrus nuclear and organellar genomes, entomopathogenic fungal mitochondria, and commensal bacteria from laboratory-reared and field-collected D. citri adults. Hence, the PDF protocol can directly inform agricultural management strategies related to bacterial strain tracking, insect microbiome surveillance, and antibiotic resistance screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Higgins
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Marina Mann
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michelle Heck
- Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ithaca, NY 14853
- Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Post-translational import of protein into the endoplasmic reticulum of a trypanosome: an in vitro system for discovery of anti-trypanosomal chemical entities. Biochem J 2009; 419:507-17. [PMID: 19196237 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HAT (human African trypanosomiasis), caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, is an emerging disease for which new drugs are needed. Expression of plasma membrane proteins [e.g. VSG (variant surface glycoprotein)] is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of an infection by T. brucei. Transport of a majority of proteins to the plasma membrane involves their translocation into the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Thus inhibition of protein import into the ER of T. brucei would be a logical target for discovery of lead compounds against trypanosomes. We have developed a TbRM (T. brucei microsome) system that imports VSG_117 post-translationally. Using this system, MAL3-101, equisetin and CJ-21,058 were discovered to be small molecule inhibitors of VSG_117 translocation into the ER. These agents also killed bloodstream T. brucei in vitro; the concentrations at which 50% of parasites were killed (IC50) were 1.5 microM (MAL3-101), 3.3 microM (equisetin) and 7 microM (CJ-21,058). Thus VSG_117 import into TbRMs is a rapid and novel assay to identify 'new chemical entities' (e.g. MAL3-101, equisetin and CJ-21,058) for anti-trypanosome drug development.
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Kropinski AM. Sequence of the genome of the temperate, serotype-converting, Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6066-74. [PMID: 11029426 PMCID: PMC94740 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.21.6066-6074.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate bacteriophage D3, a member of the virus family Siphoviridae, is responsible for serotype conversion in its host, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The complete sequence of the double-stranded DNA genome has been determined. The 56,426 bp contains 90 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and four genes specifying tRNAs. The latter are specific for methionine (AUG), glycine (GGA), asparagine (AAC), and threonine (ACA). The tRNAs may function in the translation of certain highly expressed proteins from this relatively AT-rich genome. D3 proteins which exhibited a high degree of sequence similarity to previously characterized phage proteins included the portal, major head, tail, and tail tape measure proteins, endolysin, integrase, helicase, and NinG. The layout of genes was reminiscent of lambdoid phages, with the exception of the placement of the endolysin gene, which parenthetically also lacked a cognate holin. The greatest sequence similarity was found in the morphogenesis genes to coliphages HK022 and HK97. Among the ORFs was discovered the gene encoding the fucosamine O-acetylase, which is in part responsible for the serotype conversion events.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylesterase/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Genome, Viral
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Pseudomonas Phages/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virology
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Asp/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Gly/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Met/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Thr/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Siphoviridae/genetics
- Viral Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kropinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Farinha MA, Kropinski AM. Overexpression, purification, and analysis of the c1 repressor protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3. Can J Microbiol 1997; 43:220-6. [PMID: 9090110 DOI: 10.1139/m97-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A 3.1-kb region of the bacteriophage D3 genome which contains the immunity functions has recently been sequenced (GenBank accession No. L22692). Sequence analysis indicated the presence of a putative repressor gene (c1) whose protein product functions to maintain the bacteriophage genome as a stably integrated prophage in the chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A plasmid was constructed that overexpresses repressor C1 protein under control of P(tac) in Escherichia coli. C1 protein was subsequently purified and characterized as a 223 amino acid protein with specific binding affinity for 14-base imperfect palindromic operator sequences located on the genome of bacteriophage D3. N-terminal protein sequence data obtained from automated Edman degradation (16 cycles) of purified repressor protein were identical to the predicted sequence based on DNA sequence analysis of the c1 open reading frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Farinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton 76203, USA
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Farinha MA, Allan BJ, Gertman EM, Ronald SL, Kropinski AM. Cloning of the early promoters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3: sequence of the immunity region of D3. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:4809-15. [PMID: 8050993 PMCID: PMC196314 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.16.4809-4815.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The early promoters of bacteriophage D3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were cloned and physically mapped to the right 25% of the phage genome. The promoters were cloned into promoter selection vector pQF26, and their relative strengths, the direction of transcription, and whether they were directly regulated by repressor were determined. A 3.3-kb fragment of the genome containing the immunity region was sequenced and analyzed (GenBank accession number: L22692). The promoter activity associated with this region was determined to be bidirectional and repressible, indicating that this region contains operator-promoter complexes. Sequence and functional analyses suggest that this region is analogous to the immunity region of coliphage lambda. Two strong promoters, one of which was repressible, were found to be located adjacent to the immunity region. Clear-plaque mutant phage D3c contains insertion element IS222, which causes it to behave as a repressor-negative (c1) variant. The site of insertion of IS222 was sequenced and determined to lie within the c1 gene open reading frame. This phage shows remarkable similarity in genomic organization to coliphage lambda and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Farinha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Sharp R, Gertman E, Farinha MA, Kropinski AM. Transduction of a plasmid containing the bacteriophage D3 cos site in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:3509-11. [PMID: 2111812 PMCID: PMC209169 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.6.3509-3511.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids harboring the cos sequences of bacteriophage D3 can be transferred, by bacteriophage D3, into Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a mechanism which is insensitive to DNase. Transducing activity was separated from the plaque-forming particles by CsCl equilibrium gradient centrifugation. Restriction endonuclease digestion patterns suggest that the transducing particles contain plasmid concatemers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Ronald SL, Kropinski AM, Farinha MA. Construction of broad-host-range vectors for the selection of divergent promoters. Gene 1990; 90:145-8. [PMID: 2199327 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90451-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of promoter-probe plasmid vectors has been constructed which allows for the selection of DNA sequences containing divergent control elements. Each vector contains a pair of promoterless genes [encoding beta-galactosidase (lacZ), alkaline phosphatase (phoA), and bacterial luciferase (luxAB)] arranged in an antiparallel fashion and separated by a large intervening multiple cloning site. The vectors permit direct detection of promoter activity on indicator plates after transformation. Cloned promoters are selected based on production of coloured products in the case of lacZ and phoA, and by the emission of light in the case of luxAB. These vectors have been tested using known divergent promoter elements from pBR322 and Pseudomonas phage D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Ronald
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Canada
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Kilbane JJ, Miller RV. Molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages: identification and characterization of the novel virus B86. Virology 1988; 164:193-200. [PMID: 3129871 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized a new phage, B86, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from nature. It is a temperate, uv-inducible, generalized transducing phage. To determine the relatedness of this phage to other characterized P. aeruginosa phages, DNA homology studies were carried out. P. aeruginosa phages have previously been grouped by immunological cross-reactivity. Our studies confirm this classification by demonstrating that phages of different class share little or no DNA homology. Based on homology studies as well as cross-immunity to superinfection, B86 is related to other class B phages and is most homologous with phage B39. The virion morphology of these two phages is quite different, however, as are the restriction enzyme digestion patterns of their genomes with several restriction enzymes. Wild-type B86 is subject to the host-controlled restriction-modification systems of P. aeruginosa PAO and PAT. Virulent mutants of this phage are not restricted by these same restriction-modification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kilbane
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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Kokjohn TA, Miller RV. Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA gene: the Les- phenotype. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:578-82. [PMID: 3123459 PMCID: PMC210693 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.2.578-582.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Les- phenotype (lysogeny establishment deficient) is a pleiotropic effect of the lesB908 mutation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. lesB908-containing strains are also (i) deficient in general recombination, (ii) sensitive to UV irradiation, and (iii) deficient in UV-stimulated induction of prophages. The P. aeruginosa recA-containing plasmid pKML3001 complemented each of these pleiotropic characteristics of the lesB908 mutation, supporting the hypothesis that lesB908 is an allele of the P. aeruginosa recA gene. The phenotypic effects of the lesB908 mutation may be best explained by the hypothesis that the lesB908 gene product is altered in such a way that it has lost synaptase activity but possesses intrinsic protease activity in the absence of DNA damage. The Les- phenotype is a result of the rapid destruction of newly synthesized phage repressor, resulting in lytic growth of the infecting virus. This hypothesis is consistent with the observations that increasing the number of copies of the phage repressor gene by increasing the multiplicity of infection (i.e., average number of phage genomes per cell) or by introducing the cloned phage repressor gene into a lesB908 mutant will also suppress the Les- phenotype in a phage-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Kokjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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Itoh Y, Soldati L, Leisinger T, Haas D. Low- and intermediate-copy-number cloning vectors based on the Pseudomonas plasmid pVS1. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1988; 54:567-73. [PMID: 3148293 DOI: 10.1007/bf00588392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cloning vector pME290 (6.8 kb), which is derived from the Pseudomonas plasmid pVS1 and has about 7 copies, was mutagenized in vitro to provide derivatives with altered copy numbers. Thus, pME292 (about 1-3 copies) and pME294 (about 15-20 copies) were isolated. These vectors were used in the characterization of the P. aeruginosa argF gene encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Itoh
- Dept. of Bacteriology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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