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Varland S, Aksnes H, Kryuchkov F, Impens F, Van Haver D, Jonckheere V, Ziegler M, Gevaert K, Van Damme P, Arnesen T. N-terminal Acetylation Levels Are Maintained During Acetyl-CoA Deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2309-2323. [PMID: 30150368 PMCID: PMC6283290 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nt-acetylation is a prevalent protein modification catalyzed by N-terminal acetyltransferases using acetyl-CoA as acetyl donor. Here, we performed a global analysis of Nt-acetylation in yeast following nutrient starvation. Contrary to histone acetylation, which is sensitive to acetyl-CoA levels, we demonstrate that Nt-acetylation remains largely unaffected to changes in cellular metabolism. We did, however, identify two protein groups that were differentially Nt-acetylated, one showing the same sensitivity to acetyl-CoA as histones. We propose that specific, rather than global, Nt-acetylation events are subject to metabolic regulation. N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation) is a highly abundant protein modification in eukaryotes and impacts a wide range of cellular processes, including protein quality control and stress tolerance. Despite its prevalence, the mechanisms regulating Nt-acetylation are still nebulous. Here, we present the first global study of Nt-acetylation in yeast cells as they progress to stationary phase in response to nutrient starvation. Surprisingly, we found that yeast cells maintain their global Nt-acetylation levels upon nutrient depletion, despite a marked decrease in acetyl-CoA levels. We further observed two distinct sets of protein N termini that display differential and opposing Nt-acetylation behavior upon nutrient starvation, indicating a dynamic process. The first protein cluster was enriched for annotated N termini showing increased Nt-acetylation in stationary phase compared with exponential growth phase. The second protein cluster was conversely enriched for alternative nonannotated N termini (i.e. N termini indicative of shorter N-terminal proteoforms) and, like histones, showed reduced acetylation levels in stationary phase when acetyl-CoA levels were low. Notably, the degree of Nt-acetylation of Pcl8, a negative regulator of glycogen biosynthesis and two components of the pre-ribosome complex (Rsa3 and Rpl7a) increased during starvation. Moreover, the steady-state levels of these proteins were regulated both by starvation and NatA activity. In summary, this study represents the first comprehensive analysis of metabolic regulation of Nt-acetylation and reveals that specific, rather than global, Nt-acetylation events are subject to metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Varland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Donnelly Center for Cellular and Bio‡molecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delphi Van Haver
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Proteomics Core, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Jonckheere
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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2
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Lee MN, Kweon HY, Oh GT. N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) in development: the role of NAA10. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-11. [PMID: 30054454 PMCID: PMC6063908 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10) is a subunit of Nα-terminal protein acetyltransferase that plays a role in many biological processes. Among the six N-α-acetyltransferases (NATs) in eukaryotes, the biological significance of the N-terminal acetyl-activity of Naa10 has been the most studied. Recent findings in a few species, including humans, indicate that loss of N-terminal acetylation by NAA10 is associated with developmental defects. However, very little is known about the role of NAA10, and more research is required in relation to the developmental process. This review summarizes recent studies to understand the function of NAA10 in the development of multicellular organisms. Further investigations are needed into the role of a key enzyme in biological development and its encoding gene. The enzyme N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (NAA10), encoded by the NAA10 gene, plays a role in multiple biological processes. While the function of NAA10 has been studied in cancer, less is known about the roles of the gene and the enzyme during development, according to a review by Goo Taeg Oh and co-workers at the Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea. Mutations in NAA10 are found in patients with developmental delay, cardiac problems and skeletal abnormalities, while reduced enzyme activity is associated with developmental defects. Mouse studies suggest a role for NAA10 in neuronal development, bone formation and healthy sperm generation. The impact of variable NAA10 expression in different organs at different developmental stages needs clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ni Lee
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Yon Kweon
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lee D, Jang MK, Seo JH, Ryu SH, Kim JA, Chung YH. ARD1/NAA10 in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathways and clinical implications. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-12. [PMID: 30054466 PMCID: PMC6063946 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a representative example of a malignancy with a poor prognosis, is characterized by high mortality because it is typically in an advanced stage at diagnosis and leaves very little hepatic functional reserve. Despite advances in medical and surgical techniques, there is no omnipotent tool that can diagnose HCC early and then cure it medically or surgically. Several recent studies have shown that a variety of pathways are involved in the development, growth, and even metastasis of HCC. Among a variety of cytokines or molecules, some investigators have suggested that arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), an acetyltransferase, plays a key role in the development of malignancies. Although ARD1 is thought to be centrally involved in the cell cycle, cell migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation, the role of ARD1 and its potential mechanistic involvement in HCC remain unclear. Here, we review the present literature on ARD1. First, we provide an overview of the essential structure, functions, and molecular mechanisms or pathways of ARD1 in HCC. Next, we discuss potential clinical implications and perspectives. We hope that, by providing new insights into ARD1, this review will help to guide the next steps in the development of markers for the early detection and prognosis of HCC. A protein that is highly expressed in cancer with extensive blood vessel development may provide a potential biomarker for early-stage liver cancer. Liver cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced and is also hard to be cured despite of advances in treatment, meaning patients often die from the disease. No tools for early detection or prognosis prediction exist, and scientists are keen to find useful biomarker molecules. Young-Hwa Chung at the University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, and co-workers in South Korea reviewed recent research into one possible cancer-related protein, arrest-defective 1 (ARD1), known to be highly expressed in certain cancers and possibly associated with poor prognosis. While ARD1 appears to regulate pathways critical to cancer progression and promote cancer cell invasiveness, further in-depth investigations are needed to clarify its specific role in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danbi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Hwa Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Varland S, Arnesen T. Investigating the functionality of a ribosome-binding mutant of NAA15 using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:404. [PMID: 29929531 PMCID: PMC6013942 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective N-terminal acetylation is a common protein modification that occurs preferentially co-translationally as the substrate N-terminus is emerging from the ribosome. The major N-terminal acetyltransferase complex A (NatA) is estimated to N-terminally acetylate more than 40% of the human proteome. To form a functional NatA complex the catalytic subunit NAA10 must bind the auxiliary subunit NAA15, which properly folds NAA10 for correct substrate acetylation as well as anchors the entire complex to the ribosome. Mutations in these two genes are associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo functionality of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe NAA15 mutant that is known to prevent NatA from associating with ribosomes, but retains NatA-specific activity in vitro. Results Here, we show that Schizosaccharomyces pombe NatA can functionally replace Saccharomyces cerevisiae NatA. We further demonstrate that the NatA ribosome-binding mutant Naa15 ΔN K6E is unable to rescue the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of budding yeast lacking NatA. This finding indicates the in vivo importance of the co-translational nature of NatA-mediated N-terminal acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Varland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway. .,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
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Dörfel MJ, Fang H, Crain J, Klingener M, Weiser J, Lyon GJ. Proteomic and genomic characterization of a yeast model for Ogden syndrome. Yeast 2017; 34:19-37. [PMID: 27668839 PMCID: PMC5248646 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Naa10 is an Nα -terminal acetyltransferase that, in a complex with its auxiliary subunit Naa15, co-translationally acetylates the α-amino group of newly synthetized proteins as they emerge from the ribosome. Roughly 40-50% of the human proteome is acetylated by Naa10, rendering this an enzyme one of the most broad substrate ranges known. Recently, we reported an X-linked disorder of infancy, Ogden syndrome, in two families harbouring a c.109 T > C (p.Ser37Pro) variant in NAA10. In the present study we performed in-depth characterization of a yeast model of Ogden syndrome. Stress tests and proteomic analyses suggest that the S37P mutation disrupts Naa10 function and reduces cellular fitness during heat shock, possibly owing to dysregulation of chaperone expression and accumulation. Microarray and RNA-seq revealed a pseudo-diploid gene expression profile in ΔNaa10 cells, probably responsible for a mating defect. In conclusion, the data presented here further support the disruptive nature of the S37P/Ogden mutation and identify affected cellular processes potentially contributing to the severe phenotype seen in Ogden syndrome. Data are available via GEO under identifier GSE86482 or with ProteomeXchange under identifier PXD004923. © 2016 The Authors. Yeast published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Dörfel
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Han Fang
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Michael Klingener
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Jake Weiser
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
| | - Gholson J. Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, One Bungtown RoadCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
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6
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Xu H, Han Y, Liu B, Li R. Unc-5 homolog B (UNC5B) is one of the key downstream targets of N-α-Acetyltransferase 10 (Naa10). Sci Rep 2016; 6:38508. [PMID: 27910960 PMCID: PMC5133585 DOI: 10.1038/srep38508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
N-α-acetyltransferase 10 (Naa10) displays alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity. It functions as a major modulator of cell growth and differentiation. Until now, a few downstream targets were found, but no studies have concerned about which gene is the early event of Naa10 downstream target. As we know, the earlier events may play more significant role in Naa10 pathway. Through construction of Naa10 stably knocked down H1299 cell line, we discovered cell morphological changes induced by Naa10. Moreover, potential function of Naa10 in cell morphogenesis was also indicated using cDNA microarray analysis of the Naa10 stably knock-down cell line. We further discovered that netrin-1 (NTN1) and its receptor UNC-5 Homology B (UNC5B) were the early event among the genes involved in Naa10 stably knocked down induced genes expression changes in cell morphogenesis. This was further validated in caudal half region of E10 mouse embryos. Negative regulation of Naa10 towards NTN1 and its receptor UNC5B were also detected upon treatment of all-trans retinoid acid, which was often used to induce morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of pathology, Zhejiang provincial people's hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- 307-Ivy Translational Medicine Center, Laboratory of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Seo JH, Park JH, Lee EJ, Vo TTL, Choi H, Kim JY, Jang JK, Wee HJ, Lee HS, Jang SH, Park ZY, Jeong J, Lee KJ, Seok SH, Park JY, Lee BJ, Lee MN, Oh GT, Kim KW. ARD1-mediated Hsp70 acetylation balances stress-induced protein refolding and degradation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12882. [PMID: 27708256 PMCID: PMC5059642 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein (Hsp)70 is a molecular chaperone that maintains protein homoeostasis during cellular stress through two opposing mechanisms: protein refolding and degradation. However, the mechanisms by which Hsp70 balances these opposing functions under stress conditions remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Hsp70 preferentially facilitates protein refolding after stress, gradually switching to protein degradation via a mechanism dependent on ARD1-mediated Hsp70 acetylation. During the early stress response, Hsp70 is immediately acetylated by ARD1 at K77, and the acetylated Hsp70 binds to the co-chaperone Hop to allow protein refolding. Thereafter, Hsp70 is deacetylated and binds to the ubiquitin ligase protein CHIP to complete protein degradation during later stages. This switch is required for the maintenance of protein homoeostasis and ultimately rescues cells from stress-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, ARD1-mediated Hsp70 acetylation is a regulatory mechanism that temporally balances protein refolding/degradation in response to stress. The chaperone Hsp70 has a dual role, promoting both protein refolding and protein degradation. Seo and Park et al. show that Hsp70 acetylation enhances protein refolding after stress, and that subsequent deacetylation progressively promotes ubiquitin ligase binding and protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Seo
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Tam Thuy Lu Vo
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Jang
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Wee
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Shin Lee
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Hwan Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science &Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Zee Yong Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science &Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jaeho Jeong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeon Seok
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bong Jin Lee
- The Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mi-Ni Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- SNU-Harvard NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Crop Biotechnology Institute, GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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8
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The biological functions of Naa10 - From amino-terminal acetylation to human disease. Gene 2015; 567:103-31. [PMID: 25987439 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation (NTA) is one of the most abundant protein modifications known, and the N-terminal acetyltransferase (NAT) machinery is conserved throughout all Eukarya. Over the past 50 years, the function of NTA has begun to be slowly elucidated, and this includes the modulation of protein-protein interaction, protein-stability, protein function, and protein targeting to specific cellular compartments. Many of these functions have been studied in the context of Naa10/NatA; however, we are only starting to really understand the full complexity of this picture. Roughly, about 40% of all human proteins are substrates of Naa10 and the impact of this modification has only been studied for a few of them. Besides acting as a NAT in the NatA complex, recently other functions have been linked to Naa10, including post-translational NTA, lysine acetylation, and NAT/KAT-independent functions. Also, recent publications have linked mutations in Naa10 to various diseases, emphasizing the importance of Naa10 research in humans. The recent design and synthesis of the first bisubstrate inhibitors that potently and selectively inhibit the NatA/Naa10 complex, monomeric Naa10, and hNaa50 further increases the toolset to analyze Naa10 function.
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9
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Lee MN, Lee SN, Kim SH, Kim B, Jung BK, Seo JH, Park JH, Choi JH, Yim SH, Lee MR, Park JG, Yoo JY, Kim JH, Lee ST, Kim HM, Ryeom S, Kim KW, Oh GT. Roles of arrest-defective protein 1(225) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in tumor growth and metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:426-42. [PMID: 20194889 PMCID: PMC2841038 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), a critical mediator of tumor angiogenesis, is a well-characterized target of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). Murine arrest-defective protein 1A (mARD1A225) acetylates HIF-1α, triggering its degradation, and thus may play a role in decreased expression of VEGFA. Methods We generated ApcMin/+/mARD1A225 transgenic mice and quantified growth of intestinal polyps. Human gastric MKN74 and murine melanoma B16F10 cells overexpressing mARD1A225 were injected into mice, and tumor growth and metastasis were measured. VEGFA expression and microvessel density in tumors were assessed using immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the role of mARD1A225 acetylation of Lys532 in HIF-1α, we injected B16F10-mARD1A225 cell lines stably expressing mutant HIF-1α/K532R into mice and measured metastasis. All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values less than .05 were considered statistically significant. Results ApcMin/+/mARD1A225 transgenic mice (n = 25) had statistically significantly fewer intestinal polyps than ApcMin/+ mice (n = 21) (number of intestinal polyps per mouse: ApcMin/+ mice vs ApcMin/+/mARD1A225 transgenic mice, mean = 83.4 vs 38.0 polyps, difference = 45.4 polyps, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 41.8 to 48.6; P < .001). The growth and metastases of transplanted tumors were also statistically significantly reduced in mice injected with mARD1A225-overexpressing cells than in mice injected with control cells (P < .01). Moreover, overexpression of mARD1A225 decreased VEGFA expression and microvessel density in tumor xenografts (P < .04) and ApcMin/+ intestinal polyps (P = .001). Mutation of lysine 532 of HIF-1α in B16F10-mARD1A225 cells prevented HIF-1α degradation and inhibited the antimetastatic effect of mARD1A225 (P < .001). Conclusion mARD1A225 may be a novel upstream target that blocks VEGFA expression and tumor-related angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ni Lee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Kuo HP, Lee DF, Chen CT, Liu M, Chou CK, Lee HJ, Du Y, Xie X, Wei Y, Xia W, Weihua Z, Yang JY, Yen CJ, Huang TH, Tan M, Xing G, Zhao Y, Lin CH, Tsai SF, Fidler IJ, Hung MC. ARD1 stabilization of TSC2 suppresses tumorigenesis through the mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra9. [PMID: 20145209 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates various cellular functions, including tumorigenesis, and is inhibited by the tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1)-TSC2 complex. Here, we demonstrate that arrest-defective protein 1 (ARD1) physically interacts with, acetylates, and stabilizes TSC2, thereby repressing mTOR activity. The inhibition of mTOR by ARD1 inhibits cell proliferation and increases autophagy, thereby inhibiting tumorigenicity. Correlation between ARD1 and TSC2 abundance was apparent in multiple tumor types. Moreover, evaluation of loss of heterozygosity at Xq28 revealed allelic loss in 31% of tested breast cancer cell lines and tumor samples. Together, our findings suggest that ARD1 functions as an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway and that dysregulation of the ARD1-TSC2-mTOR axis may contribute to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Ping Kuo
- 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Unit 108, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Shin DH, Chun YS, Lee KH, Shin HW, Park JW. Arrest defective-1 controls tumor cell behavior by acetylating myosin light chain kinase. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7451. [PMID: 19826488 PMCID: PMC2758594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The enhancement of cell motility is a critical event during tumor cell spreading. Since myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) regulates cell behavior, it is regarded as a promising target in terms of preventing tumor invasion and metastasis. Since MLCK was identified to be associated with human arrest defective-1 (hARD1) through yeast two-hybrid screening, we here tested the possibility that hARD1 acts as a regulator of MLCK and by so doing controls tumor cell motility. Methodology/Principal Findings The physical interaction between MLCK and hARD1 was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro by immunoprecipitation assay and affinity chromatography. hARD1, which is known to have the activity of protein lysine ε-acetylation, bound to and acetylated MLCK activated by Ca2+ signaling, and by so doing deactivated MLCK, which led to a reduction in the phosphorylation of MLC. Furthermore, hARD1 inhibited tumor cell migration and invasion MLCK-dependently. Our mutation study revealed that hARD1 associated with an IgG motif of MLCK and acetylated the Lys608 residue in this motif. The K608A-mutated MLCK was neither acetylated nor inactivated by hARD1, and its stimulatory effect on cell motility was not inhibited by hARD1. Conclusion/Significance These results indicate that hARD1 is a bona fide regulator of MLCK, and that hARD1 plays a crucial role in the balance between tumor cell migration and stasis. Thus, hARD1 could be a therapeutic target in the context of preventing tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Department of Physiology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Giglione C, Fieulaine S, Meinnel T. Cotranslational processing mechanisms: towards a dynamic 3D model. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:417-26. [PMID: 19647435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent major advances have been made in understanding how cotranslational events are achieved in the course of protein biosynthesis. Specifically, several studies have shed light into the dynamic process of how nascent chains emerging from the ribosome are supported by protein biogenesis factors to ensure both processing and folding mechanisms. To take into account the awareness that coordination is needed, a new 'concerted model' recently proposed simultaneous action of both processes on the ribosome. In the model, any emerging nascent chain is first encountered by the chaperone trigger factor (TF), which forms an open cradle underneath the ribosomal exit tunnel. This cradle serves as a passive router that channels the nascent chains to the first cotranslational event, the proteolysis event performed by the N-terminal methionine excision machinery. Although fascinating, this model clearly raises more questions than it answers. Does the data used to develop this model stand up to scrutiny and, if not, what are the alternative mechanisms that the data suggest?
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giglione
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Protein Maturation and Cell Fate, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Bât.23A, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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13
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Martinez A, Traverso JA, Valot B, Ferro M, Espagne C, Ephritikhine G, Zivy M, Giglione C, Meinnel T. Extent of N-terminal modifications in cytosolic proteins from eukaryotes. Proteomics 2008; 8:2809-31. [PMID: 18655050 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most proteins in all organisms undergo crucial N-terminal modifications involving N-terminal methionine excision, N-alpha-acetylation or N-myristoylation (N-Myr), or S-palmitoylation. We investigated the occurrence of these poorly annotated but essential modifications in proteomes, focusing on eukaryotes. Experimental data for the N-terminal sequences of animal, fungi, and archaeal proteins, were used to build dedicated predictive modules in a new software. In vitro N-Myr experiments were performed with both plant and animal N-myristoyltransferases, for accurate prediction of the modification. N-terminal modifications from the fully sequenced genome of Arabidopsis thaliana were determined by MS. We identified 105 new modified protein N-termini, which were used to check the accuracy of predictive data. An accuracy of more than 95% was achieved, demonstrating (i) overall conservation of the specificity of the modification machinery in higher eukaryotes and (ii) robustness of the prediction tool. Predictions were made for various proteomes. Proteins that had undergone both N-terminal methionine (Met) cleavage and N-acetylation were found to be strongly overrepresented among the most abundant proteins, in contrast to those retaining their genuine unblocked Met. Here we propose that the nature of the second residue of an ORF is a key marker of the abundance of the mature protein in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Martinez
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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14
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Generation of novel monoclonal antibodies and their application for detecting ARD1 expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 264:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Meinnel T, Giglione C. Tools for analyzing and predicting N-terminal protein modifications. Proteomics 2008; 8:626-49. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Lim JH, Park JW, Chun YS. Human arrest defective 1 acetylates and activates beta-catenin, promoting lung cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10677-82. [PMID: 17108104 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arrest defective 1 (ARD1), an acetyltransferase, is essential for the yeast life cycle. Although its human homologue (hARD1) has been identified, its biological functions in human cells remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the biological function of hARD1. In H1299 and A549 lung cancer cells, hARD1-silencing RNA inhibited cell proliferation and induced G(1) arrest. Cyclin D1 was also found to be down-regulated in these growth-arrested cells, and the ectopic expression of cyclin D1 rescued cell growth. hARD1 knockdown repressed the promoter activity of the cyclin D1 gene, which inhibited the transcription of cyclin D1. Moreover, hARD1 knockdown reduced the binding of beta-catenin/TCF4 transcription factor to cyclin D1 promoter and repressed its transcriptional activity. Inversely, hARD1 expression increased the transcriptional activity of beta-catenin. Both endogenous and ectopically expressed hARD1 was coimmunoprecipitated with beta-catenin. hARD1 knockdown did not affect beta-catenin expression or degradation but noticeably reduced acetylated beta-catenin. The beta-catenin binding and acetylation by hARD1 were observed in vitro. Therefore, it is suggested that hARD1 participates in proliferation of lung cancer cells via the activation of beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Lim
- Cancer Research Institute and Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Rudnick DA, McWherter CA, Gokel GW, Gordon JI. MyristoylCoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 67:375-430. [PMID: 8322618 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123133.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Rudnick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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18
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Han SH, Ha JY, Kim KH, Oh SJ, Kim DJ, Kang JY, Yoon HJ, Kim SH, Seo JH, Kim KW, Suh SW. Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses of two N-terminal acetyltransferase-related proteins from Thermoplasma acidophilum. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1127-30. [PMID: 17077495 PMCID: PMC2225214 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation is one of the most common protein modifications in eukaryotes, occurring in approximately 80-90% of cytosolic mammalian proteins and about 50% of yeast proteins. ARD1 (arrest-defective protein 1), together with NAT1 (N-acetyltransferase protein 1) and possibly NAT5, is responsible for the NatA activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In mammals, ARD1 is involved in cell proliferation, neuronal development and cancer. Interestingly, it has been reported that mouse ARD1 (mARD1(225)) mediates epsilon-acetylation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and thereby enhances HIF-1alpha ubiquitination and degradation. Here, the preliminary X-ray crystallographic analyses of two N-terminal acetyltransferase-related proteins encoded by the Ta0058 and Ta1140 genes of Thermoplasma acidophilum are reported. The Ta0058 protein is related to an N-terminal acetyltransferase complex ARD1 subunit, while Ta1140 is a putative N-terminal acetyltransferase-related protein. Ta0058 shows 26% amino-acid sequence identity to both mARD1(225) and human ARD1(235). The sequence identity between Ta0058 and Ta1140 is 28%. Ta0058 and Ta1140 were overexpressed in Escherichia coli fused with an N-terminal purification tag. Ta0058 was crystallized at 297 K using a reservoir solution consisting of 0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.6, 8%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 4000 and 35%(v/v) glycerol. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.17 A. The Ta0058 crystals belong to space group P4(1) (or P4(3)), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 49.334, c = 70.384 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The asymmetric unit contains a monomer, giving a calculated crystal volume per protein weight (V(M)) of 2.13 A(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 42.1%. Ta1140 was also crystallized at 297 K using a reservoir solution consisting of 0.1 M trisodium citrate pH 5.6, 20%(v/v) 2-propanol, 20%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 4000 and 0.2 M sodium chloride. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.40 A. The Ta1140 crystals belong to space group R3, with hexagonal unit-cell parameters a = b = 75.174, c = 179.607 A, alpha = beta = 90, gamma = 120 degrees. Two monomers are likely to be present in the asymmetric unit, with a V(M) of 2.51 A(3) Da(-1) and a solvent content of 51.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Jun Yong Ha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sung Jin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ji Yong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Se-Hee Kim
- NeuroVascular Coordination Research Center, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- NeuroVascular Coordination Research Center, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- NeuroVascular Coordination Research Center, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
- Correspondence e-mail:
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19
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Arnesen T, Betts MJ, Pendino F, Liberles DA, Anderson D, Caro J, Kong X, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR. Characterization of hARD2, a processed hARD1 gene duplicate, encoding a human protein N-alpha-acetyltransferase. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2006; 7:13. [PMID: 16638120 PMCID: PMC1475586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein acetylation is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Several human protein acetyltransferases have been characterized, most of them catalyzing epsilon-acetylation of histones and transcription factors. We recently described the human protein acetyltransferase hARD1 (human Arrest Defective 1). hARD1 interacts with NATH (N-Acetyl Transferase Human) forming a complex expressing protein N-terminal alpha-acetylation activity. RESULTS We here describe a human protein, hARD2, with 81 % sequence identity to hARD1. The gene encoding hARD2 most likely originates from a eutherian mammal specific retrotransposition event. hARD2 mRNA and protein are expressed in several human cell lines. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that hARD2 protein potentially interacts with NATH, suggesting that hARD2-NATH complexes may be responsible for protein N-alpha-acetylation in human cells. In NB4 cells undergoing retinoic acid mediated differentiation, the level of endogenous hARD1 and NATH protein decreases while the level of hARD2 protein is stable. CONCLUSION A human protein N-alpha-acetyltransferase is herein described. ARD2 potentially complements the functions of ARD1, adding more flexibility and complexity to protein N-alpha-acetylation in human cells as compared to lower organisms which only have one ARD.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Acetyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Acetyltransferases/isolation & purification
- Acetyltransferases/metabolism
- Acetyltransferases/physiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme Induction
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Duplication
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/isolation & purification
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Macropodidae/genetics
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A
- N-Terminal Acetyltransferase E
- Phylogeny
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Retroelements/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
- Species Specificity
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Matthew J Betts
- Computational Biology Unit, BCCS, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frédéric Pendino
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - David A Liberles
- Computational Biology Unit, BCCS, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dave Anderson
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA
| | - Jaime Caro
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA
| | - Xianguo Kong
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA
| | - Jan E Varhaug
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johan R Lillehaug
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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20
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Arnesen T, Gromyko D, Pendino F, Ryningen A, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR. Induction of apoptosis in human cells by RNAi-mediated knockdown of hARD1 and NATH, components of the protein N-alpha-acetyltransferase complex. Oncogene 2006; 25:4350-60. [PMID: 16518407 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-epsilon-acetylation is recognized as an important modification influencing many biological processes, and protein deacetylase inhibitors leading to N-epsilon-hyperacetylation of histones are being clinically tested for their potential as anticancer drugs. In contrast to N-epsilon-acetyltransferases, the N-alpha-acetyltransferases transferring acetyl groups to the alpha-amino groups of protein N-termini have only been briefly described in mammalians. Human arrest defective 1 (hARD1), the only described human enzyme in this class, complexes with N-acetyltransferase human (NATH) and cotranslationally transfers acetyl groups to the N-termini of nascent polypeptides. Here, we demonstrate that knockdown of NATH and/or hARD1 triggers apoptosis in human cell lines. Knockdown of hARD1 also sensitized cells to daunorubicin-induced apoptosis, potentially pointing at the NATH-hARD1 acetyltransferase complex as a novel target for chemotherapy. Our results argue for an essential role of the NATH-hARD1 complex in cell survival and underscore the importance of protein N-alpha-acetylation in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnesen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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21
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Kim SH, Park JA, Kim JH, Lee JW, Seo JH, Jung BK, Chun KH, Jeong JW, Bae MK, Kim KW. Characterization of ARD1 variants in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:422-7. [PMID: 16376303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse ARD1 (mARD1) has been reported to negatively regulate the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein by acetylating a lysine residue and enhancing HIF-1alpha ubiquitination and degradation. However, it was recently reported that human ARD1 (hARD1) does not affect HIF-1alpha stability. To further explore the activities of the two orthologs, three mouse (mARD1(198), mARD1(225), mARD1(235)) and two human (hARD1(131), hARD1(235)) variants were identified and characterized. Among these, mARD1(225) was previously reported as a novel negative regulator of HIF-1alpha. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the C-terminal region (aa 158-225) of mARD1(225) completely differs from those of mouse and human ARD1(235), although all three proteins share a well-conserved N-acetyltransferase domain (aa 45-130). The effects of ARD1 variants were evaluated with respect to HIF-1alpha stability and acetylation activity. Interestingly, mARD1(225) strongly decreased the level of HIF-1alpha and increased the extent of acetylation, whereas mARD1(235) and hARD1(235) variants had a much weaker effect on HIF-1alpha stability and acetylation. These results suggest that ARD1 variants might have different effects on HIF-1alpha stability and acetylation, which may reflect diverse biological functions that remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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22
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Arnesen T, Gromyko D, Horvli O, Fluge Ø, Lillehaug J, Varhaug JE. Expression of N-acetyl transferase human and human Arrest defective 1 proteins in thyroid neoplasms. Thyroid 2005; 15:1131-6. [PMID: 16279846 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2005.15.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein acetylation is an important posttranslational modification regulating oncogenesis, apoptosis and cell cycle. NATH (N-acetyl transferase human) is overexpressed at the mRNA level in papillary thyroid carcinomas relative to non-neoplastic thyroid tissue. The NATH protein has recently been demonstrated to be the partner of hARD1 (human Arrest defective 1) and this complex acetylates the N-termini of proteins. ARD1 has also been implicated in the destabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1alpha (hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha). Using human thyroid papillary carcinoma biopsies and NATH- and hARD1-specific antibodies, we examined the levels of endogenous NATH and hARD1 proteins in 27 patients. We demonstrate that NATH protein level is upregulated in neoplastic versus non-neoplastic tissue in good accordance with our previous mRNA findings. In all tumors in which NATH was downregulated compared to non-neoplastic tissue, the hARD1 protein level was concomitantly reduced. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of NATH resulted in decreased levels of hARD1 protein. Taken together, these results suggest that NATH positively affects the level of hARD1 protein both in vivo and in cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
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23
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Arnesen T, Anderson D, Baldersheim C, Lanotte M, Varhaug J, Lillehaug J. Identification and characterization of the human ARD1-NATH protein acetyltransferase complex. Biochem J 2005; 386:433-43. [PMID: 15496142 PMCID: PMC1134861 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Protein acetyltransferases and deacetylases have been implicated in oncogenesis, apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Most of the protein acetyltransferases described acetylate epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues within proteins. Mouse ARD1 (homologue of yeast Ard1p, where Ard1p stands for arrest defective 1 protein) is the only known protein acetyltransferase catalysing acetylation of proteins at both alpha-(N-terminus) and epsilon-amino groups. Yeast Ard1p interacts with Nat1p (N-acetyltransferase 1 protein) to form a functional NAT (N-acetyltransferase). We now describe the human homologue of Nat1p, NATH (NAT human), as the partner of the hARD1 (human ARD1) protein. Included in the characterization of the NATH and hARD1 proteins is the following: (i) endogenous NATH and hARD1 proteins are expressed in human epithelial, glioma and promyelocytic cell lines; (ii) NATH and hARD1 form a stable complex, as investigated by reciprocal immunoprecipitations followed by MS analysis; (iii) NATH-hARD1 complex expresses N-terminal acetylation activity; (iv) NATH and hARD1 interact with ribosomal subunits, indicating a co-translational acetyltransferase function; (v) NATH is localized in the cytoplasm, whereas hARD1 localizes both to the cytoplasm and nucleus; (vi) hARD1 partially co-localizes in nuclear spots with the transcription factor HIF-1alpha (hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha), a known epsilon-amino substrate of ARD1; (vii) NATH and hARD1 are cleaved during apoptosis, resulting in a decreased NAT activity. This study identifies the human homologues of the yeast Ard1p and Nat1p proteins and presents new aspects of the NATH and hARD1 proteins relative to their yeast homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Arnesen
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- †Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Dave Anderson
- ‡Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, U.S.A
| | | | - Michel Lanotte
- §INSERM U496, Centre G. Hayem, Hopital Saint-Louis, 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jan E. Varhaug
- †Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Bergen and Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johan R. Lillehaug
- *Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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24
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Huang CF, Liu YW, Tung L, Lin CH, Lee FJS. Role for Arf3p in development of polarity, but not endocytosis, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:3834-47. [PMID: 12972567 PMCID: PMC196575 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-01-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are ubiquitous regulators of virtually every step of vesicular membrane traffic. Yeast Arf3p, which is most similar to mammalian ARF6, is not essential for cell viability and not required for endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein transport. Although mammalian ARF6 has been implicated in the regulation of early endocytic transport, we found that Arf3p was not required for fluid-phase, membrane internalization, or mating-type receptor-mediated endocytosis. Arf3p was partially localized to the cell periphery, but was not detected on endocytic structures. The nucleotide-binding, N-terminal region, and N-terminal myristate of Arf3p are important for its proper localization. C-Terminally green fluorescent protein-tagged Arf3, expressed from the endogenous promoter, exhibited a polarized localization to the cell periphery and buds, in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Arf3-GFP achieved its proper localization during polarity growth through an actin-independent pathway. Both haploid and homologous diploid arf3 mutants exhibit a random budding defect, and the overexpression of the GTP-bound form Arf3p(Q71L) or GDP-binding defective Arf3p(T31N) mutant interfered with budding-site selection. We conclude that the GTPase cycle of Arf3p is likely to be important for the function of Arf3p in polarizing growth of the emerging bud and/or an unidentified vesicular trafficking pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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25
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Ingram AK, Cross GA, Horn D. Genetic manipulation indicates that ARD1 is an essential N(alpha)-acetyltransferase in Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2000; 111:309-17. [PMID: 11163439 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N(alpha)-acetylation, the most common protein modification, involves the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A to the N-terminus of a protein or peptide. The major N(alpha)-acetyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the ARDI-NATI complex. To investigate N(alpha) -acetylation in Trypanosoma brucei we have cloned and characterised genes encoding putative homologues of ARD1 and NAT1. Both genes are single copy and ARD1, the putative catalytic component, is expressed in both bloodstream-form and insect-stage cells. In either of these life-cycle stages, disruption of both ARD1 alleles was only possible when another copy was generated via gene duplication or when ARD1 was expressed from elsewhere in the genome. These genetic manipulations demonstrate that, unlike the situation in S. cerevisiae, ARD1 is an essential gene in T. brucei. We propose that protein modification by ARD1 is essential for viability in mammalian and insect-stage T. brucei cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Ingram
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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26
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Kimura Y, Takaoka M, Tanaka S, Sassa H, Tanaka K, Polevoda B, Sherman F, Hirano H. N(alpha)-acetylation and proteolytic activity of the yeast 20 S proteasome. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:4635-9. [PMID: 10671491 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N(alpha)-acetylation, catalyzed co-translationally with N(alpha)-acetyltransferase (NAT), is the most common modifications of eukaryotic proteins. In yeast, there are at least three NATs: NAT1, MAK3, and NAT3. The 20 S proteasome subunits were purified from the normal strain and each of the deletion mutants, nat1, mak3, and nat3. The electrophoretic mobility of these subunits was compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Shifts toward the alkaline side of the gel and unblocking of the N terminus of certain of the subunits in one or another of the mutants indicated that the alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha7, and beta3 subunits were acetylated with NAT1, the alpha5 and alpha6 subunits were acetylated with MAK3, and the beta4 subunit was acetylated with NAT3. Furthermore, the Ac-Met-Phe-Leu and Ac-Met-Phe-Arg termini of the alpha5 and alpha6 subunits, respectively, extended the known types of MAK3 substrates. Thus, nine subunits were N (alpha)-acetylated, whereas the remaining five were processed, resulting in the loss of the N-terminal region. The 20 S proteasomes derived from either the nat1 mutant or the normal strain were similar in respect to chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolyzing activities in vitro, suggesting that N(alpha)-acetylation does not play a major functional role in these activities. However, the chymotrypsin-like activity in the absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate was slightly higher in the nat1 mutant than in the normal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kimura
- Yokohama City University, Kihara Institute for Biological Research/Graduate School of Integrated Science, Totsuka, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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Huang CF, Buu LM, Yu WL, Lee FJ. Characterization of a novel ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein (yARL3) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3819-27. [PMID: 9920936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are highly conserved, approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and have an important role in vesicular transport. Several cDNAs for ARF-like proteins (ARLs) have been cloned from human, Drosophila, rat, and yeast, although the biological function(s) of ARLs is unknown. We have identified a yeast gene (yARL3) encoding a protein that is structurally related (>43% identical) to the mammalian ARF-like protein ARP. Biochemical studies of purified recombinant yARL3 protein revealed properties similar to those of ARF and ARL proteins, including the ability to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Like other ARLs, recombinant yARL3 did not stimulate cholera toxin-catalyzed auto-ADP-ribosylation. Anti-yARL3 antibodies did not cross-react with yARFs or yARL1. yARL3 was not essential for cell viability, but disruption of yARL3 resulted in cold-sensitive cell growth. At the nonpermissive temperature, processing of alkaline phosphatase and carboxypeptidase Y in arl3 mutant was slowed. yARL3 might be required for protein transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi or from Golgi to vacuole at nonpermissive temperatures. On subcellular fractionation, unlike its mammalian homologue ARP, yARL3 was detected in the soluble fraction but not in the plasma membrane. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed that yARL3 when overexpressed was associated in part with the endoplasmic reticulum-nuclear envelope. Thus, the structural and functional characteristics of yARL3 indicate that it may have a unique role(s) in vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 7 Chung Shan South Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lee FJ, Huang CF, Yu WL, Buu LM, Lin CY, Huang MC, Moss J, Vaughan M. Characterization of an ADP-ribosylation factor-like 1 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30998-1005. [PMID: 9388248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.30998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are highly conserved approximately 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that enhance the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of cholera toxin and are believed to participate in vesicular transport in both exocytic and endocytic pathways. Several ARF-like proteins (ARLs) have been cloned from Drosophila, rat, and human; however, the biological functions of ARLs are unknown. We have identified a yeast gene (ARL1) encoding a protein that is structurally related (>60% identical) to human, rat, and Drosophila ARL1. Biochemical analyses of purified recombinant yeast ARL1 (yARL1) protein revealed properties similar to those ARF and ARL1 proteins, including the ability to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Like other ARLs, recombinant yARL1 protein did not stimulate cholera toxin-catalyzed auto-ADP-ribosylation. yARL1 was not recognized by antibodies against mammalian ARLs or yeast ARFs. Anti-yARL1 antibodies did not cross-react with yeast ARFs, but did react with human ARLs. On subcellular fractionation, yARL1, similar to yARF1, was localized to the soluble fraction. The amino terminus of yARL1, like that of ARF, was myristoylated. Unlike Drosophila Arl1, yeast ARL1 was not essential for cell viability. Like rat ARL1, yARL1 might be associated in part with the Golgi complex. However, yARL1 was not required for endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein transport, and it may offer an opportunity to define an ARL function in another kind of vesicular trafficking, such as the regulated secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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29
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Lee FJ, Lin LW, Smith JA. A N(alpha)-acetyltransferase selectively transfers an acetyl group to NH2-terminal methionine residues: purification and partial characterization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1338:244-52. [PMID: 9128142 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(96)00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Methionine N(alpha)-acetyltransferase (M-N(alpha)AT), which selectively catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A to the alpha-NH2 group of methionine residues in proteins and peptides, was isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme was purified 22000-fold to apparent homogeneity by successive purification steps using DEAE-Sepharose, DE-52 cellulose, CM-52 cellulose, Affi-Gel Blue gel and hydroxyapatite. The Mr of the native enzyme was estimated to be 70000 +/- 5000 by gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme has a pI near 8.3 as determined by chromatofocusing on Mono P. The enzyme catalyzed the transfer of an acetyl group to a synthetic peptide mimicking the first 24 residues of yeast proteinase A inhibitor 3 (Met-Asn-Thr...) and 3 of its 19 penultimately substituted analogues ([Asp2], [Glu2], and [Gln2]). Based on the estimated molecular weight and amino-acid sequence, The enzyme is different from two other recently identified methionine N(alpha)-acetyltransferases, NAT2 (Kulkarni, M.S. and Sherman, F. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13141-13147) and MAK3 (Tercero, J.C. and Wickner, R.B. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 20277-20281). Among these three enzymes, M-N(alpha)AT and NAT2 have similar substrate specificity, however, only purified M-N(alpha)AT, but not recombinant NAT2 gene product, can catalyze the transfer of acetyl group to NH2-terminal methionine residues. The availability of this methionine N(alpha)-acetyltransferase will advance the understanding of protein co-translational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
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30
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Ryan MT, Naylor DJ, Høj PB, Clark MS, Hoogenraad NJ. The role of molecular chaperones in mitochondrial protein import and folding. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 174:127-93. [PMID: 9161007 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones play a critical role in many cellular processes. This review concentrates on their role in targeting of proteins to the mitochondria and the subsequent folding of the imported protein. It also reviews the role of molecular chaperons in protein degradation, a process that not only regulates the turnover of proteins but also eliminates proteins that have folded incorrectly or have aggregated as a result of cell stress. Finally, the role of molecular chaperones, in particular to mitochondrial chaperonins, in disease is reviewed. In support of the endosymbiont theory on the origin of mitochondria, the chaperones of the mitochondrial compartment show a high degree of similarity to bacterial molecular chaperones. Thus, studies of protein folding in bacteria such as Escherichia coli have proved to be instructive in understanding the process in the eukaryotic cell. As in bacteria, the molecular chaperone genes of eukaryotes are activated by a variety of stresses. The regulation of stress genes involved in mitochondrial chaperone function is reviewed and major unsolved questions regarding the regulation, function, and involvement in disease of the molecular chaperones are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ryan
- School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Reifsnyder C, Lowell J, Clarke A, Pillus L. Yeast SAS silencing genes and human genes associated with AML and HIV-1 Tat interactions are homologous with acetyltransferases. Nat Genet 1996; 14:42-9. [PMID: 8782818 DOI: 10.1038/ng0996-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Silencing is an epigenetic form of transcriptional regulation whereby genes are heritably, but not necessarily permanently, inactivated. We have identified the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes SAS2 and SAS3 through a screen for enhancers of sir1 epigenetic silencing defects. SAS2, SAS3 and a Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue are closely related to several human genes, including one associated with acute myeloid leukaemia arising from the recurrent translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) and one implicated in HIV-1 Tat interactions. All of these genes encode proteins with an atypical zinc finger and well-conserved similarities to acetyltransferases. Sequence similarities and yeast mutant phenotypes suggest that SAS-like genes function in transcriptional regulation and cell-cycle exit and reveal novel connections between transcriptional silencing and human disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Acute Disease
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Fungal
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- HIV-1/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reifsnyder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, USA
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32
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Borrow J, Stanton VP, Andresen JM, Becher R, Behm FG, Chaganti RS, Civin CI, Disteche C, Dubé I, Frischauf AM, Horsman D, Mitelman F, Volinia S, Watmore AE, Housman DE. The translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) of acute myeloid leukaemia fuses a putative acetyltransferase to the CREB-binding protein. Nat Genet 1996; 14:33-41. [PMID: 8782817 DOI: 10.1038/ng0996-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The recurrent translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) is a cytogenetic hallmark for the M4/M5 subtype of acute myeloid leukaemia. Here we identify the breakpoint-associated genes. Positional cloning on chromosome 16 implicates the CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional adaptor/coactivator protein. At the chromosome 8 breakpoint we identify a novel gene, MOZ, which encodes a 2,004-amino-acid protein characterized by two C4HC3 zinc fingers and a single C2HC zinc finger in conjunction with a putative acetyltransferase signature. In-frame MOZ-CBP fusion transcripts combine the MOZ finger motifs and putative acetyltransferase domain with a largely intact CBP. We suggest that MOZ may represent a chromatin-associated acetyltransferase, and raise the possibility that a dominant MOZ-CBP fusion protein could mediate leukaemogenesis via aberrant chromatin acetylation.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- CREB-Binding Protein
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Gene Expression
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borrow
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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33
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Shei GJ, Broach JR. Yeast silencers can act as orientation-dependent gene inactivation centers that respond to environmental signals. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3496-506. [PMID: 7791756 PMCID: PMC230586 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.7.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mating-type loci located at the ends of chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are transcriptionally repressed by a region-specific but sequence-nonspecific silencing apparatus, mediated by cis-acting silencer sequences. Previous deletion analyses have defined the locations and organizations of the silencers in their normal context and have shown that they are composed of various combinations of replication origins and binding sites for specific DNA-binding proteins. We have evaluated what organization of silencer sequences is sufficient for establishing silencing at a novel location, by inserting individual silencers next to the MAT locus and then assessing expression of MAT. The results of this analysis indicate that efficient silencing can be achieved by inserting either a single copy of the E silencer from HMR or multiple, tandem copies of either the E or I silencer from HML. These results indicate that while all silencers are functionally equivalent, they have different efficiencies; HMR E is more active than HML E, which itself is more active than HML I. Both HMR E and HML E exhibit orientation-dependent silencing, and the particular organization of binding elements within the silencer domain is critical for function. In some situations, silencing of MAT is conditional: complete silencing is obtained when cells are grown on glucose, and complete derepression occurs when cells are shifted to a nonfermentable carbon source, a process mediated in part by the RAS/cyclic AMP signaling pathway. Finally, the E silencer from HMR is able to reestablish repression immediately upon a shift back to glucose, while the silencers from HML exhibit a long lag in reestablishing repression, thus indicating distinctions between the two silencers in their reestablishment capacities. These results demonstrate that silencers can serve as nonspecific gene inactivation centers and that the attendant silencing can be rendered responsive to potential developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Shei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA
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34
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Zuo S, Guo Q, Ling C, Chang YH. Evidence that two zinc fingers in the methionine aminopeptidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are important for normal growth. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 246:247-53. [PMID: 7862096 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis of intact yeast methionine aminopeptidase (MAP1) with trypsin releases a 34 kDa fragment whose NH2-terminal sequence begins at Asp70, immediately following Lys69. These results suggest that yeast MAP may have a two-domain structure consisting of an NH2-terminal zinc finger domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. To test this, a mutant MAP lacking residues 2-69 was generated, overexpressed, purified and analyzed. Metal ion analyses indicate that 1 mol of wild-type yeast MAP contains 2 mol of zinc ions and at least 1 mol of cobalt ion, whereas 1 mol of the truncated MAP lacking the putative zinc fingers contains only a trace amount of zinc ions but still contains one mole of cobalt ion. These results suggest that the two zinc ions observed in the native yeast MAP are located at the Cys/His rich region and the cobalt ion is located in the catalytic domain. The kcat and Km values of the purified truncated MAP are similar to those of the wild-type MAP when measured with peptide substrates in vitro and it appears to be as active as the wild-type MAP in vivo. However, the truncated MAP is significantly less effective in rescuing the slow growth phenotype of map mutant than the wild-type MAP. These findings suggest that the zinc fingers are essential for normal MAP function in vivo, even though the in vitro enzyme assays indicate that they are not involved in catalysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zuo
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104
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35
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Lee F, Stevens L, Kao Y, Moss J, Vaughan M. Characterization of a glucose-repressible ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Lee F, Moss J. An RNA-binding protein gene (RBP1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a putative glucose-repressible protein containing two RNA recognition motifs. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)82440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Werner-Washburne M, Braun E, Johnston GC, Singer RA. Stationary phase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev 1993; 57:383-401. [PMID: 8393130 PMCID: PMC372915 DOI: 10.1128/mr.57.2.383-401.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Growth and proliferation of microorganisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled in part by the availability of nutrients. When proliferating yeast cells exhaust available nutrients, they enter a stationary phase characterized by cell cycle arrest and specific physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes. These changes include thickening of the cell wall, accumulation of reserve carbohydrates, and acquisition of thermotolerance. Recent characterization of mutant cells that are conditionally defective only for the resumption of proliferation from stationary phase provides evidence that stationary phase is a unique developmental state. Strains with mutations affecting entry into and survival during stationary phase have also been isolated, and the mutations have been shown to affect at least seven different cellular processes: (i) signal transduction, (ii) protein synthesis, (iii) protein N-terminal acetylation, (iv) protein turnover, (v) protein secretion, (vi) membrane biosynthesis, and (vii) cell polarity. The exact nature of the relationship between these processes and survival during stationary phase remains to be elucidated. We propose that cell cycle arrest coordinated with the ability to remain viable in the absence of additional nutrients provides a good operational definition of starvation-induced stationary phase.
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38
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Tercero JC, Dinman JD, Wickner RB. Yeast MAK3 N-acetyltransferase recognizes the N-terminal four amino acids of the major coat protein (gag) of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:3192-4. [PMID: 8491733 PMCID: PMC204643 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.10.3192-3194.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The MAK3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes an N-acetyltransferase whose acetylation of the N terminus of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus major coat protein (gag) is necessary for viral assembly. We show that the first 4 amino acids of the L-A gag protein sequence, MLRF, are a portable signal for N-terminal acetylation by MAK3. Amino acids 2, 3, and 4 are each important for acetylation by the MAK3 enzyme. In yeast cells, only three mitochondrial proteins are known to have the MAK3 acetylation signal, suggesting an explanation for the slow growth of mak3 mutants on nonfermentable carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Tercero
- Section on Genetics of Simple Eukaryotes, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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39
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Braunstein M, Rose AB, Holmes SG, Allis CD, Broach JR. Transcriptional silencing in yeast is associated with reduced nucleosome acetylation. Genes Dev 1993; 7:592-604. [PMID: 8458576 DOI: 10.1101/gad.7.4.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of sequences in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are subject to transcriptional silencing: the silent mating-type cassettes and telomeres. In this report we demonstrate that the silencing of these regions is strictly associated with acetylation of the epsilon-amino groups of lysines in the amino-terminal domains of three of the four core histones. Both the silent mating-type cassettes and the Y domains of telomeres are packaged in nucleosomes in vivo that are hypoacetylated relative to those packaging active genes. This difference in acetylation is eliminated by genetic inactivation of silencing: The silent cassettes from sir2, sir3, or sir4 cells show the same level of acetylation as other active genes. The correspondence of silencing and hypoacetylation of the mating-type cassettes is observed even for an allele lacking a promoter, indicating that silencing per se, rather than the absence of transcription, is correlated with hypoacetylation. Finally, overexpression of Sir2p, a protein required for transcriptional silencing in yeast, yields substantial histone deacetylation in vivo. These studies fortify the hypothesis that silencing in yeast results from heterochromatin formation and argue that the silencing proteins participate in this formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Braunstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544
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40
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Use of Escherichia coli strains containing fad mutations plus a triple plasmid expression system to study the import of myristate, its activation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae acyl-CoA synthetase, and its utilization by S. cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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41
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Lee F, Moss J, Vaughan M. Human and Giardia ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) complement ARF function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
Three copies of the mating-type genes, which determine cell type, are found in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The copy at the MAT locus is transcriptionally active, whereas identical copies of the mating-type genes at the HML and HMR loci are transcriptionally silent. Hence, HML and HMR, also known as the silent mating-type loci, are subject to a position effect. Regulatory sequences flank the silent mating-type loci and mediate repression of HML and HMR. These regulatory sequences are called silencers for their ability to repress the transcription of nearby genes in a distance- and orientation-independent fashion. In addition, a number of proteins, including the four SIR proteins, histone H4, and an alpha-acetyltransferase, are required for the complete repression of HML and HMR. Because alterations in the amino-terminal domain of histone H4 result in the derepression of the silent mating-type loci, the mechanism of repression may involve the assembly of a specific chromatin structure. A number of additional clues permit insight into the nature of repression at HML and HMR. First, an S phase event is required for the establishment of repression. Second, at least one gene appears to play a role in the establishment mechanism yet is not essential for the stable propagation of repression through many rounds of cell division. Third, certain aspects of repression are linked to aspects of replication. The silent mating-type loci share many similarities with heterochromatin. Furthermore, regions of S. cerevisiae chromosomes, such as telomeres, which are known to be heterochromatic in other organisms, require a subset of SIR proteins for repression. Further analysis of the transcriptional repression at the silent mating-type loci may lend insight into heritable repression in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laurenson
- Division of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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43
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Amino-terminal acetylation of altered form of yeast iso-1-cytochromesc in normal andnat1 − strains of yeast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01673737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Devadas B, Lu T, Katoh A, Kishore N, Wade A, Mehta P, Rudnick D, Bryant M, Adams S, Li Q. Substrate specificity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA: protein N-myristoyltransferase. Analysis of fatty acid analogs containing carbonyl groups, nitrogen heteroatoms, and nitrogen heterocycles in an in vitro enzyme assay and subsequent identification of inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus I replication. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Analysis of the compartmentalization of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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46
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Abstract
The repression of transcription of the silent mating-type locus HMRa in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the four SIR proteins, histone H4 and a flanking site designated HMR-E. The SUM1-1 mutation alleviated the need for many of these components in transcriptional repression. In the absence of each of the SIR proteins, SUM1-1 restored repression in MAT alpha strains; thus, SUM1-1 appeared to bypass the need for the SIR genes in repression of HMRa. Repression was not specific to the genes normally present at HMR, since the TRP1 gene placed at HMR was repressed by SUM1-1 in a sir3 strain. Therefore, like the mechanisms of silencing normally used at HMR, silencing by SUM1-1 was gene-nonspecific. SUM1-1 suppressed point mutations in histone H4, but failed to suppress strongly a deletion mutation in histone H4. Similarly, SUM1-1 suppressed mutations in the three known elements of HMR-E, but was unable to suppress a deletion of HMR-E. These epistasis analyses implied that the functions required for repression at HMR can be ordered, with the SIR genes and silencer elements acting upstream of SUM1-1. SUM1-1 itself may function at the level of chromatin in the assembly of inactive DNA at the silent mating-type loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laurenson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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Lee FJ, Lin LW, Smith JA. Identification of methionine Nalpha-acetyltransferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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