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Carvalhais LC, Dennis PG, Fan B, Fedoseyenko D, Kierul K, Becker A, von Wiren N, Borriss R. Linking plant nutritional status to plant-microbe interactions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68555. [PMID: 23874669 PMCID: PMC3713015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed a wide-range of adaptations to overcome nutrient limitation, including changes to the quantity and composition of carbon-containing compounds released by roots. Root-associated bacteria are largely influenced by these compounds which can be perceived as signals or substrates. Here, we evaluate the effect of root exudates collected from maize plants grown under nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), iron (Fe) and potassium (K) deficiencies on the transcriptome of the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. The largest shifts in gene expression patterns were observed in cells exposed to exudates from N-, followed by P-deficient plants. Exudates from N-deprived maize triggered a general stress response in FZB42 in the exponential growth phase, which was evidenced by the suppression of numerous genes involved in protein synthesis. Exudates from P-deficient plants induced bacterial genes involved in chemotaxis and motility whilst exudates released by Fe and K deficient plants did not cause dramatic changes in the bacterial transcriptome during exponential growth phase. Global transcriptional changes in bacteria elicited by nutrient deficient maize exudates were significantly correlated with concentrations of the amino acids aspartate, valine and glutamate in root exudates suggesting that transcriptional profiling of FZB42 associated with metabolomics of N, P, Fe and K-deficient maize root exudates is a powerful approach to better understand plant-microbe interactions under conditions of nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia C. Carvalhais
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Bakteriengenetik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul G. Dennis
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ben Fan
- Institute of Forest Protection, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dmitri Fedoseyenko
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kinga Kierul
- Bakteriengenetik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Becker
- Molekulare Genetik, Institut für Biologie III, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wiren
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Bakteriengenetik, Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- ABiTEP GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The study of chemotaxis describes the cellular processes that control the movement of organisms toward favorable environments. In bacteria and archaea, motility is controlled by a two-component system involving a histidine kinase that senses the environment and a response regulator, a very common type of signal transduction in prokaryotes. Most insights into the processes involved have come from studies of Escherichia coli over the last three decades. However, in the last 10 years, with the sequencing of many prokaryotic genomes, it has become clear that E. coli represents a streamlined example of bacterial chemotaxis. While general features of excitation remain conserved among bacteria and archaea, specific features, such as adaptational processes and hydrolysis of the intracellular signal CheY-P, are quite diverse. The Bacillus subtilis chemotaxis system is considerably more complex and appears to be similar to the one that existed when the bacteria and archaea separated during evolution, so that understanding this mechanism should provide insight into the variety of mechanisms used today by the broad sweep of chemotactic bacteria and archaea. However, processes even beyond those used in E. coli and B. subtilis have been discovered in other organisms. This review emphasizes those used by B. subtilis and these other organisms but also gives an account of the mechanism in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Szurmant
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kirby JR, Niewold TB, Maloy S, Ordal GW. CheB is required for behavioural responses to negative stimuli during chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:44-57. [PMID: 10632876 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, McpB, is the sole receptor mediating asparagine chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis. In this study, we show that wild-type B. subtilis cells contain approximately 2,000 copies of McpB per cell, that these receptors are localized polarly, and that titration of only a few receptors is sufficient to generate a detectable behavioural response. In contrast to the wild type, a cheB mutant was incapable of tumbling in response to decreasing concentrations of asparagine, but the cheB mutant was able to accumulate to low concentrations of asparagine in the capillary assay, as observed previously in response to azetidine-2-carboxylate. Furthermore, net demethylation of McpB is logarithmically dependent on asparagine concentration, with half-maximal demethylation of McpB occurring when only 3% of the receptors are titrated. Because the corresponding methanol production is exponentially dependent on attractant concentration, net methylation changes and increased turnover of methyl groups must occur on McpB at high concentrations of asparagine. Together, the data support the hypothesis that methylation changes occur on asparagine-bound McpB to enhance the dynamic range of the receptor complex and to enable the cell to respond to a negative stimulus, such as removal of asparagine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kirby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Kirby JR, Saulmon MM, Kristich CJ, Ordal GW. CheY-dependent methylation of the asparagine receptor, McpB, during chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:11092-100. [PMID: 10196193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For the Gram-positive organism Bacillus subtilis, chemotaxis to the attractant asparagine is mediated by the chemoreceptor McpB. In this study, we show that rapid net demethylation of B. subtilis McpB results in the immediate production of methanol, presumably due to the action of CheB. We also show that net demethylation of McpB occurs upon both addition and removal of asparagine. After each demethylation event, McpB is remethylated to nearly prestimulus levels. Both remethylation events are attributable to CheR using S-adenosylmethionine as a substrate. Therefore, no methyl transfer to an intermediate carrier need be postulated to occur during chemotaxis in B. subtilis as was previously suggested. Furthermore, we show that the remethylation of asparagine-bound McpB requires the response regulator, CheY-P, suggesting that CheY-P acts in a feedback mechanism to facilitate adaptation to positive stimuli during chemotaxis in B. subtilis. This hypothesis is supported by two observations: a cheRBCD mutant is capable of transient excitation and subsequent oscillations that bring the flagellar rotational bias below the prestimulus value in the tethered cell assay, and the cheRBCD mutant is capable of swarming in a Tryptone swarm plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kirby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Hsing W, Canale-Parola E. A methyl-accepting protein involved in multiple-sugar chemotaxis by Cellulomonas gelida. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:5153-8. [PMID: 8752332 PMCID: PMC178311 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.17.5153-5158.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tethered-cell and capillary assays indicated that L-methionine is required by Cellulomonas gelida for its normal cell motility pattern and chemotaxis and that S-adenosylmethionine is involved in sugar chemotaxis by this cellulolytic bacterium. In addition, in vivo methylation assays showed that several proteins were methylated in the absence of protein synthesis. The incorporated methyl groups were alkali sensitive. Of special interest was the observation that the methylation level of a 51,000-Mr protein increased two- to fivefold upon addition of various sugar attractants and decreased after the removal of the attractants. The increase was less pronounced in mutants defective in sugar chemotaxis and appeared to be specifically involved with sugar chemotaxis. Furthermore, cell fractionation and in vitro methylation assays demonstrated that the 51,000-Mr protein is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. These results suggest that a specific methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein is involved in multiple-sugar chemotaxis by C gelida. During chemotaxis, the changes of methylesterase activity in C gelida cells were similar to those in Escherichia coli RP437 cells, as determined by a continuous-flow assay for methanol evolution. Thus, the mechanism of methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein-mediated chemotaxis of the gram-positive C. gelida appears to be similar to that of the gram-negative E. coli rather than to that of other gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hsing
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003, USA
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Abstract
Taxis to oxygen (aerotaxis) in Bacillus subtilis was characterized in a capillary assay and in a temporal assay in which the concentration of oxygen in a flow chamber was changed abruptly. A strong aerophilic response was present, but there was no aerophobic response to high concentrations of oxygen. Adaptation to a step increase in oxygen concentration was impaired when B. subtilis cells were depleted of methionine to prevent methylation of the methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. There was a transient increase in methanol release when wild-type B. subtilis, but not a cheR mutant that was deficient in methyltransferase activity, was stimulated by a step increase or a step decrease in oxygen concentration. The methanol released was quantitatively correlated with demethylation of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins. This indicated that methylation is involved in aerotaxis in B. subtilis in contrast to aerotaxis in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, which is methylation independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University, California 92350, USA
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Garrity LF, Ordal GW. Chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis: how bacteria monitor environmental signals. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 68:87-104. [PMID: 8604438 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Virtually all organisms have means of monitoring their environment and making use of information gained to aid their survival. Many organisms, from bacteria to animals, move from place to place and can alter their movements. Chemotaxis is a signal transduction system found in motile bacteria that allows them to sense changes in the concentrations of various extracellular compounds and change their swimming behavior in a way that moves them toward more favorable environments. Chemotaxis is the most ancient sensory-motor process in nature. For years, studies of enteric bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, have served as the paradigm for understanding this process on a molecular level. Recent studies on the gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus subtilis, and other bacteria, suggest that a slightly more complex system may be ancestral to that of the more extensively studied enterics. Aspects of chemotaxis that are unique to B. subtilis include a more complex adaptation system, with protein-protein methyl group transfer, chemotaxis proteins having no counterparts in E. coli, and a very extensive repertoire of repellents that are sensed at very low concentrations by receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Garrity
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Carpenter PB, Hanlon DW, Kirsch ML, Ordal GW. Novel aspects of chemotactic sensory transduction in Bacillus subtilis. Res Microbiol 1994; 145:413-9. [PMID: 7855427 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(94)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P B Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Titgemeyer F. Signal transduction in chemotaxis mediated by the bacterial phosphotransferase system. J Cell Biochem 1993; 51:69-74. [PMID: 8432745 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240510113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are able to respond chemotactically to carbohydrates which are substrates of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS). The mechanism of signal transduction in PTS-mediated chemotaxis is different from the well-studied mechanism involving methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs). In PTS-mediated chemotaxis, carbohydrate transport is required, and phosphorylation seems to be involved in both excitation and adaptation. In this review the roles of the components of the PTS in chemotactic signal transduction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Titgemeyer
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0116
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Vassaux G, Gaillard D, Ailhaud G, Négrel R. Prostacyclin is a specific effector of adipose cell differentiation. Its dual role as a cAMP- and Ca(2+)-elevating agent. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)49879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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