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Blakeway LV, Tan A, Peak IRA, Seib KL. Virulence determinants of Moraxella catarrhalis: distribution and considerations for vaccine development. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:1371-1384. [PMID: 28893369 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a human-restricted opportunistic bacterial pathogen of the respiratory mucosa. It frequently colonizes the nasopharynx asymptomatically, but is also an important causative agent of otitis media (OM) in children, and plays a significant role in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in adults. As the current treatment options for M. catarrhalis infection in OM and exacerbations of COPD are often ineffective, the development of an efficacious vaccine is warranted. However, no vaccine candidates for M. catarrhalis have progressed to clinical trials, and information regarding the distribution of M. catarrhalis virulence factors and vaccine candidates is inconsistent in the literature. It is largely unknown if virulence is associated with particular strains or subpopulations of M. catarrhalis, or if differences in clinical manifestation can be attributed to the heterogeneous expression of specific M. catarrhalis virulence factors in the circulating population. Further investigation of the distribution of M. catarrhalis virulence factors in the context of carriage and disease is required so that vaccine development may be targeted at relevant antigens that are conserved among disease-causing strains. The challenge of determining which of the proposed M. catarrhalis virulence factors are relevant to human disease is amplified by the lack of a standardized M. catarrhalis typing system to facilitate direct comparisons of worldwide isolates. Here we summarize and evaluate proposed relationships between M. catarrhalis subpopulations and specific virulence factors in the context of colonization and disease, as well as the current methods used to infer these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke V Blakeway
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aimee Tan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian R A Peak
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate L Seib
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Moraxella catarrhalis is a prominent pathogen that causes acute otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults, resulting in a significant socioeconomic burden on healthcare systems globally. No vaccine is currently available for M. catarrhalis. Promising M. catarrhalis target antigens have been characterized in animal models and should soon enter human clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the detailed features and research status of current candidate target antigens for an M. catarrhalis vaccine. The approaches for assessing M. catarrhalis vaccine efficacy are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the key molecules contributing to serum resistance may be a viable strategy to identify effective vaccine targets among M. catarrhalis antigens. Elucidating the role and mechanisms of the serum and mucosal immune responses to M. catarrhalis is significant for vaccine target selection, testing and evaluation. Developing animal models closely simulating M. catarrhalis-caused human respiratory diseases is of great benefit in better understanding pathogenesis and evaluating vaccine efficacy. Carrying out clinical trials will be a landmark in the progress of M. catarrhalis vaccine research. Combined multicomponent vaccines will be a focus of future M. catarrhalis vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- a 1 Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital , 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY, USA +1 585 922 3706 ;
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- b 2 Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital , 1425 Portland Avenue, Rochester, NY, USA
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Identification of an outer membrane lipoprotein involved in nasopharyngeal colonization by Moraxella catarrhalis in an animal model. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2287-99. [PMID: 24643539 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01745-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the human nasopharynx by Moraxella catarrhalis is presumed to involve attachment of this bacterium to the mucosa. DNA microarray analysis was used to determine whether attachment of M. catarrhalis to human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells in vitro affected gene expression in this bacterium. Attachment affected expression of at least 454 different genes, with 163 being upregulated and 291 being downregulated. Among the upregulated genes was one (ORF113) previously annotated as encoding a protein with some similarity to outer membrane protein A (OmpA). The protein encoded by ORF113 was predicted to have a signal peptidase II cleavage site, and globomycin inhibition experiments confirmed that this protein was indeed a lipoprotein. The ORF113 protein also contained a predicted peptidoglycan-binding domain in its C-terminal half. The use of mutant and recombinant M. catarrhalis strains confirmed that the ORF113 protein was present in outer membrane preparations, and this protein was also shown to be at least partially exposed on the bacterial cell surface. A mutant unable to produce the ORF113 protein showed little or no change in its growth rate in vitro, in its ability to attach to HBE cells in vitro, or in its autoagglutination characteristics, but it did exhibit a reduced ability to survive in the chinchilla nasopharynx. This is the first report of a lipoprotein essential to the ability of M. catarrhalis to persist in an animal model.
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Mawas F, Ho MM, Corbel MJ. Current progress withMoraxella catarrhalisantigens as vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:77-90. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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CHRISTENSEN JENSJØRGEN. Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis: Clinical, microbiological and immunological features in lower respiratory tract infections. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1999.tb05670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hallström T, Nordström T, Tan TT, Manolov T, Lambris JD, Isenman DE, Zipfel PF, Blom AM, Riesbeck K. Immune evasion of Moraxella catarrhalis involves ubiquitous surface protein A-dependent C3d binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3120-9. [PMID: 21270401 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in eliminating invading pathogens. Activation of complement results in C3b deposition (opsonization), phagocytosis, anaphylatoxin (C3a, C5a) release, and consequently cell lysis. Moraxella catarrhalis is a human respiratory pathogen commonly found in children with otitis media and in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The species has evolved multiple complement evasion strategies, which among others involves the ubiquitous surface protein (Usp) family consisting of UspA1, A2, and A2 hybrid. In the present study, we found that the ability of M. catarrhalis to bind C3 correlated with UspA expression and that C3 binding contributed to serum resistance in a large number of clinical isolates. Recombinantly expressed UspA1 and A2 inhibit both the alternative and classical pathways, C3b deposition, and C3a generation when bound to the C3 molecule. We also revealed that the M. catarrhalis UspA-binding domain on C3b was located to C3d and that the major bacterial C3d-binding domains were within UspA1(299-452) and UspA2(165-318). The interaction with C3 was not species specific since UspA-expressing M. catarrhalis also bound mouse C3 that resulted in inhibition of the alternative pathway of mouse complement. Taken together, the binding of C3 to UspAs is an efficient strategy of Moraxella to block the activation of complement and to inhibit C3a-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Hallström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Singh B, Blom AM, Unal C, Nilson B, Mörgelin M, Riesbeck K. Vitronectin binds to the head region ofMoraxella catarrhalisubiquitous surface protein A2 and confers complement-inhibitory activity. Mol Microbiol 2010; 75:1426-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Modular arrangement of allelic variants explains the divergence in Moraxella catarrhalis UspA protein function. Infect Immun 2008; 76:5330-40. [PMID: 18678659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00573-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitous surface protein A molecules (UspAs) of Moraxella catarrhalis are large, nonfimbrial, autotransporter proteins that can be visualized as a "fuzzy" layer on the bacterial surface by transmission electron microscopy. Previous studies attributed a wide array of functions and binding activities to the closely related UspA1, UspA2, and/or UspA2H protein, yet the molecular and phylogenetic relationships among these activities remain largely unexplored. To address this issue, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the uspA1 genes from a variety of independent M. catarrhalis isolates and compared the deduced amino acid sequences to those of the previously characterized UspA1, UspA2, and UspA2H proteins. Rather than being conserved proteins, we observed a striking divergence of individual UspA1, UspA2, and UspA2H proteins resulting from the modular assortment of unrelated "cassettes" of peptide sequence. The exchange of certain variant cassettes correlates with strain-specific differences in UspA protein function and confers differing phenotypes upon these mucosal surface pathogens.
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Hays JP, van Selm S, Hoogenboezem T, Estevão S, Eadie K, van Veelen P, Tommassen J, van Belkum A, Hermans PWM. Identification and characterization of a novel outer membrane protein (OMP J) of Moraxella catarrhalis that exists in two major forms. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:7977-84. [PMID: 16291671 PMCID: PMC1291255 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.23.7977-7984.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a common commensal of the human respiratory tract that has been associated with a number of disease states, including acute otitis media in children and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. During studies to investigate the outer membrane proteins of this bacterium, two novel major proteins, of approximately 19 kDa and 16 kDa (named OMP J1 and OMP J2, respectively), were identified. Further analysis indicated that these two proteins possessed almost identical gene sequences, apart from two insertion/deletion events in predicted external loops present within the putative barrel-like structure of the proteins. The development of a PCR screening strategy found a 100% (96/96) incidence for the genes encoding the OMP J1 and OMP J2 proteins within a set of geographically diverse M. catarrhalis isolates, as well as a significant association of OMP J1/OMP J2 with both the genetic lineage and the complement resistance phenotype (Fisher's exact test; P < 0.01). Experiments using two DeltaompJ2 mutants (one complement resistant and the other complement sensitive) indicated that both were less easily cleared from the lungs of mice than were their isogenic wild-type counterparts, with a significant difference in bacterial clearance being observed for the complement-resistant isolate but not for its isogenic DeltaompJ2 mutant (unpaired Student's t test; P < 0.001 and P = 0.32). In this publication, we characterize a novel outer membrane protein of Moraxella catarrhalis which exists in two variant forms associated with particular genetic lineages, and both forms are suggested to contribute to bacterial clearance from the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Holm MM, Vanlerberg SL, Foley IM, Sledjeski DD, Lafontaine ER. The Moraxella catarrhalis porin-like outer membrane protein CD is an adhesin for human lung cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1906-13. [PMID: 15039309 PMCID: PMC375153 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.4.1906-1913.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane protein CD (OMPCD) of Moraxella catarrhalis is an outer membrane protein with several attributes of a potential vaccine antigen. We isolated four transposon mutants of strain O35E on the basis of their reduced binding to A549 human lung cells in microcolony formation assays, and we determined that they contain a transposon in ompCD. We also found that these transposon insertions had pleiotropic effects: mutants grew slower, became serum sensitive, bound approximately 10-fold less to A549 cells, and appeared transparent when grown on solid medium. We confirmed that these various phenotypes could be attributed solely to disruption of ompCD by constructing the isogenic strain O35E.CD1. O35E-ompCD was cloned, and recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria expressing the gene product exhibited a 10-fold increase in adherence to A549 cells. This is the first report of M. catarrhalis ompCD mutants, and our findings demonstrate that this gene product is an adhesin for human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Holm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5806, USA
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11
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Troncoso G, Sánchez S, Criado MT, Ferreirós C. Analysis of Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane antigens cross-reactive with Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 40:89-94. [PMID: 14734192 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse sera against outer membrane proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica, and human sera from both healthy individuals and patients convalescing from meningococcal meningitis were used to identify cross-reactive antigens. Mouse anti-N. meningitidis and anti-N. lactamica sera recognized 77, 62 and 32 kDa outer membrane antigens in M. catarrhalis strains; on the contrary, the meningococcal porin PorB (38-42 kDa) was recognized by one of the two anti-M. catarrhalis sera. Human sera from both healthy individuals and patients convalescing from meningococcal meningitis also showed cross-reactive antibodies against these proteins. The existence of cross-reactive antigens in M. catarrhalis and N. meningitidis (as well as in N. lactamica) could favor the development of natural immunization against both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Troncoso
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Forsgren A, Brant M, Möllenkvist A, Muyombwe A, Janson H, Woin N, Riesbeck K. Isolation and characterization of a novel IgD-binding protein from Moraxella catarrhalis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2112-20. [PMID: 11489995 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel surface protein of the bacterial species Moraxella catarrhalis that displays a high affinity for IgD (MID) was solubilized in Empigen and isolated by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The apparent molecular mass of monomeric MID was estimated to approximately 200 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The mid gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The complete mid nucleotide gene sequence was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence consists of 2123 residues. The sequence of MID has no similarity to other Ig-binding proteins and differs from all previously described outer membrane proteins of M. catarrhalis. MID was found to exhibit unique Ig-binding properties. Thus, in ELISA, dot blots, and Western blots, MID bound two purified IgD myeloma proteins, four IgD myeloma sera, and finally one IgD standard serum. No binding of MID was detected to IgG, IgM, IgA, or IgE myeloma proteins. MID also bound to the surface-expressed B cell receptor IgD, but not to other membrane molecules on human PBLs. This novel Ig-binding reagent promises to be of theoretical and practical interest in immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forsgren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Yuskiw N, McNamara ER, Kirkham C. Conservation of outer membrane protein E among strains of Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3576-80. [PMID: 11349016 PMCID: PMC98340 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.3576-3580.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane protein E (OMP E) is a 50-kDa protein of Moraxella catarrhalis which has several features that suggest that the protein may be an effective vaccine antigen. To assess the conservation of OMP E among strains of M. catarrhalis, 22 isolates were studied with eight monoclonal antibodies which recognize epitopes on different regions of the protein. Eighteen of 22 strains were reactive with all eight antibodies. The sequences of ompE from 16 strains of M. catarrhalis were determined, including the 4 strains which were nonreactive with selected monoclonal antibodies. Analysis of sequences indicate a high degree of conservation among strains, with sequence differences clustered in limited regions of the gene. To assess the stability of ompE during colonization of the human respiratory tract, the sequences of ompE of isolates collected from patients colonized with the same strain for 3 to 9 months were determined. The sequences remained unchanged. These results indicate that OMP E is highly conserved among strains of M. catarrhalis, and preliminary studies indicate that the gene which encodes OMP E remains stable during colonization of the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14215, USA.
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Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:336-63. [PMID: 11292642 PMCID: PMC88978 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.2.336-363.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. The precise role of bacterial infection in the course and pathogenesis of COPD has been a source of controversy for decades. Chronic bacterial colonization of the lower airways contributes to airway inflammation; more research is needed to test the hypothesis that this bacterial colonization accelerates the progressive decline in lung function seen in COPD (the vicious circle hypothesis). The course of COPD is characterized by intermittent exacerbations of the disease. Studies of samples obtained by bronchoscopy with the protected specimen brush, analysis of the human immune response with appropriate immunoassays, and antibiotic trials reveal that approximately half of exacerbations are caused by bacteria. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common causes of exacerbations, while Chlamydia pneumoniae causes a small proportion. The role of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and gram-negative bacilli remains to be established. Recent progress in studies of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis of infection in the human respiratory tract and in vaccine development guided by such studies promises to lead to novel ways to treat and prevent bacterial infections in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sethi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Abstract
Vaccine development for Moraxella catarrhalis is in the antigen identification stage. M. catarrhalis does not appear to synthesize secreted antigens such as exotoxins, nor does it appear to possess a carbohydrate capsule. Modified forms of these antigens are usually good vaccine components. There is some interest in whole bacterial cells and membrane fractions, but the search has largely focused on purified outer surface antigens. All of the present antigens have been selected based on the response seen in animals, although the antibody response seen in people exposed to the bacterium provides some guidance. The antibody response provides information related to the cross-strain preservation of epitopes and whether they are surface exposed. Antigens that elicit antibodies that have complement dependent bactericidal capacity, opsonophagocytic activity or interfere with one of the antigen's known functions such as adhesion or nutrient acquisition are particularly valued. In addition to examining the antibody response, some antigens have been evaluated in a murine pulmonary clearance model. Using these assays and model, several vaccine candidates have been identified. The antigens may be roughly classified by the function they serve the bacterium. One set appears to promote adhesion to host tissues and includes the hemagglutinins, ubiquitous surface protein A1 (UspA1), and possibly the CD protein. A second set is involved in nutrient acquisition. This set includes the lactoferrin binding protein A (LbpA) and lactoferrin binding protein B (LbpB), the transferrin binding protein A (TbpA) and transferrin binding protein B (TbpB), the CD and E porins, and the Catarrhalis outer membrane protein B (CopB). A third set is comprised of antigens involved in virulence and it includes lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and the ubiquitous surface protein A2 (UspA2). Antigens of unknown function, such as the 200K protein, may also be vaccine candidates. The antigens that are most suitable will be determined in clinical studies that are only beginning now.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McMichael
- Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines, 211 Bailey Road, West Henrietta, NY 14586-9728, USA.
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Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Yuskiw N, Hiltke TJ. Antigenic structure of outer membrane protein E of Moraxella catarrhalis and construction and characterization of mutants. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6250-6. [PMID: 11035732 PMCID: PMC97706 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.11.6250-6256.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane protein E (OMP E) is a 50-kDa protein of Moraxella catarrhalis which possesses several characteristics indicating that the protein will be an effective vaccine antigen. To study the antigenic structure of OMP E, eight monoclonal antibodies were developed and characterized. Three of the antibodies recognized epitopes which are present on the bacterial surface. Fusion peptides corresponding to overlapping regions of OMP E were constructed, and immunoblot assays were performed to localize the areas of the molecule bound by the monoclonal antibodies. These studies identified a surface-exposed epitope in the region of amino acids 80 through 180. To further study the protein, two mutants which lack OMP E were constructed. In bactericidal assays, the mutants were more readily killed by normal human serum compared to the isogenic parent strains. These results indicate that OMP E is involved in the expression of serum resistance of M. catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.
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McMichael JC. Progress toward the development of a vaccine to prevent Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis infections. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:561-8. [PMID: 10865201 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of otitis media and respiratory disease. Vaccine development is at the antigen identification stage. This review examines the more promising antigens, including the 200K protein, the hemagglutinins, the lactoferrin-binding proteins, the UspA proteins, the CopB protein, the transferrin-binding proteins, the CD protein, the E protein and lipooligosaccharide conjugates. Clinical testing of some of these antigens should begin soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C McMichael
- Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines, 211 Bailey Road, West Henrietta, NY 14586-9728, USA
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Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis has again been recognized as a significant pathogen. The past decade has witnessed an increased amount of research and understanding of the pathogenesis of the organism. This review will summarize the research pertaining to the epidemiology and components of pathogenesis in M. catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Karalus
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Murphy TF, Kirkham C, DeNardin E, Sethi S. Analysis of antigenic structure and human immune response to outer membrane protein CD of Moraxella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4578-85. [PMID: 10456903 PMCID: PMC96781 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4578-4585.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Outer membrane protein CD (OMP CD) is a 45-kDa protein which is a potential vaccine antigen to prevent infections caused by M. catarrhalis. Eight monoclonal antibodies were used to study the antigenic structure of the OMP CD molecule by assaying recombinant peptides corresponding to the sequence of the protein. This approach identified two surface-exposed epitopes, including one near the amino terminus (amino acids 25 to 44) and one in the central region of the molecule (amino acids 261 to 331). Assays with serum and sputum supernatants of adults with COPD revealed variable levels of antibodies to OMP CD among individuals. To determine which portions of the OMP CD molecule were recognized by human antibodies, three human serum samples were studied with six recombinant peptides which span the sequence of OMP CD. All three sera contained immunoglobulin G antibodies which recognized exclusively the peptide corresponding to amino acids 203 to 260 by immunoblot assay. Adsorption experiments with whole bacteria established that some of the human antibodies are directed at surface-exposed epitopes on OMP CD. We conclude that OMP CD is a highly conserved molecule which contains at least two separate epitopes which are exposed on the bacterial surface. While individual adults with COPD show variability in the immune response to OMP CD, a specific region of the OMP CD molecule (amino acids 203 to 260) is important as a target of the human immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Murphy
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14215, USA.
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Nguyen KT, Hansen EJ, Farinha MA. Construction of a genomic map ofMoraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalisATCC 25238 and physical mapping of virulence-associated genes. Can J Microbiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1139/w99-005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A physical genome map of the Moraxella catarrhalis type strain (ATCC 25238) has been constructed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Macrorestriction analyses of the genome of M. catarrhalis were performed by digestion with the restriction enzymes SmaI, NotI, and RsrII, which cleave the single circular chromosome into 9, 10, and 6 fragments, respectively. The chromosomal fragments generated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis were converted to a linkage map utilizing a combination of partial digestions, and cross-hybridizations. Moraxella catarrhalis, like a number of other respiratory pathogens, has a relatively small genome estimated at 1750 kilobase pairs or about 40% of the size of the Escherichia coli genome. The locations of the four ribosomal RNA operons (rrnLS) were determined by Southern hybridization and by digestion with I-CeuI endonuclease. A number of genes involved in virulence have been placed onto the physical map by Southern hybridization including those encoding the predominant outer-membrane proteins and the chromosomal gene encoding beta-lactamase.Key words: Moraxella catarrhalis, physical map, genome analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, virulence.
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Gu XX, Chen J, Barenkamp SJ, Robbins JB, Tsai CM, Lim DJ, Battey J. Synthesis and characterization of lipooligosaccharide-based conjugates as vaccine candidates for Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1998; 66:1891-7. [PMID: 9573066 PMCID: PMC108140 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.5.1891-1897.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis is an important cause of otitis media and sinusitis in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a major surface antigen of the bacterium and elicits bactericidal antibodies. Treatment of the LOS from strain ATCC 25238 with anhydrous hydrazine reduced its toxicity 20,000-fold, as assayed in the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. The detoxified LOS (dLOS) was coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) or high-molecular-weight proteins (HMP) from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae through a linker of adipic acid dihydrazide to form dLOS-TT or dLOS-HMP. The molar ratios of dLOS to TT and HMP conjugates were 19:1 and 31:1, respectively. The antigenicity of the two conjugates was similar to that of the LOS, as determined by double immunodiffusion. Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of both conjugates elicited a 50- to 100-fold rise in the geometric mean of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the homologous LOS in mice after three injections and a 350- to 700-fold rise of anti-LOS IgG in rabbits after two injections. The immunogenicity of the conjugate was enhanced by formulation with monophosphoryl lipid A plus trehalose dimycolate. In rabbits, conjugate-induced antisera had complement-mediated bactericidal activity against the homologous strain and heterologous strains of M. catarrhalis. These results indicate that a detoxified LOS-protein conjugate is a candidate for immunization against M. catarrhalis diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Gu
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that otitis media (OM) can be prevented by systemic immunization. Building on the highly effective H. influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine technology, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are being developed to circumvent T-independence of these antigens and provide durable immunity at a very young age. Several pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are currently in clinical testing. Potential vaccine antigens of nontypable H. influenzae (NTHi) include OMP, HMW, pili, and fimbriae. Several OMPs show extensive homology among strains, but surface, determinants of others are highly variable so that antibodies to surface epitopes of one strain will not bind to surface epitopes of another. Several M. catarrhalis OMP and HMW antigens have vaccine potential, but no functional correlates of protection have been identified, and there is no clear evidence that antibody to M. catarrhalis is associated with OM protection. Attenuated viral vaccines also hold promise of preventing childhood OM. Two clinical trials with killed influenza vaccines have shown a significant reduction in OM among vaccine recipients compared to control children during periods of high influenza disease activity in the community. Passive immunoprophylaxis also has potential for preventing OM. Human bacterial polysaccharide immune globulin was protective for pneumococcal OM in children and in the chinchilla OM model. High-dose respiratory syncytial virus-enriched immunoglobulin reduced the incidence and severity of RSV lower respiratory tract infection in high-risk children. Passive immunoprophylaxis may also be effective in children with specific immune deficiencies, such as IgG2 deficiency, and patients who fail to respond to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Giebink
- Department of Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Bhushan R, Kirkham C, Sethi S, Murphy TF. Antigenic characterization and analysis of the human immune response to outer membrane protein E of Branhamella catarrhalis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2668-75. [PMID: 9199435 PMCID: PMC175377 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.7.2668-2675.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane protein E (OMP E) is a 50-kDa major OMP of Branhamella catarrhalis. Polyclonal antisera and four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to OMP E were generated to study its antigenic structure. All antibodies recognized epitopes in all 19 B. catarrhalis strains tested by immunoblot assays. By flow cytometry, it was determined that MAbs 1B3 and 9G10d recognized epitopes which are expressed on the surface of the intact bacterium, while MAbs IC11 and 7C10 recognized epitopes which were buried within the outer membrane. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that MAbs 1B3 and 9G10d recognize the same or closely related epitopes. Proteinase K treatment of whole bacterial cells revealed that MAbs 1B3 and 9G10d recognize a surface-exposed epitope located in the 17-kDa region towards the amino terminus of OMP E. The human serum and mucosal antibody responses to OMP E in adults with chronic bronchitis were studied. A majority of these patients had immunoglobulin A to OMP E in sputum supernatants. None of ten adults who experienced lower respiratory tract infections due to B. catarrhalis demonstrated a clear-cut rise in antibody titer to OMP E in serum or sputum supernatant. This study has demonstrated that OMP E has at least one surface-exposed epitope which is highly conserved among strains of B. catarrhalis and which is located in the amino-terminal 184 amino acids of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhushan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Reed RB, Frost JB, Kort K, Myers SD, Lesse AJ. DNA sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the P1 gene of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius associated with Brazilian purpuric fever. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3666-72. [PMID: 8751915 PMCID: PMC174279 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3666-3672.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a fulminant pediatric disease caused by specific strains of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius. A conserved epitope on the P1 protein of strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius is seen on most virulent isolates. The P1 protein from a Brazilian case-clone strain of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius was analyzed by cloning and sequencing the gene. Three major variable regions are present within the P1 gene of the BPF clone in an architecture similar to that of the previously sequenced P1 genes from H. influenzae. The DNA sequence data of the P1 gene provided information for restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses among strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius. Using PCR for amplification of the P1 gene, we found that AlwI restriction of this gene allowed for a highly accurate segregation of virulent strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius associated with BPF. The strong association of virulent phenotypes with specific AlwI restriction patterns of the P1 gene provides a basis for the convenient and accurate identification of strains of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius which cause BPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Reed
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
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25
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Abstract
Over the past decade, Branhamella catarrhalis has emerged as an important human pathogen. The bacterium is a common cause of otitis media in children and of lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. B. catarrhalis is exclusively a human pathogen. It colonizes the respiratory tract of a small proportion of adults and a larger proportion of children. Studies involving restriction enzyme analysis of genomic DNA show that colonization is a dynamic process, with the human host eliminating and acquiring new strains frequently. The surface of B. catarrhalis contains outer membrane proteins, lipooligosaccharide, and pili. The genes which encode several outer membrane proteins have been cloned, and some of these proteins are being studied as potential vaccine antigens. Analysis of the immune response has been limited by the lack of an adequate animal model of B. catarrhalis infection. New information regarding outer membrane structure should guide studies of the human immune response to B. catarrhalis. Immunoassays which specifically detect antibodies to determinants exposed on the bacterial surface will elucidate the most relevant immune response. The recognition of B. catarrhalis as an important human pathogen has stimulated research on the epidemiology and surface structures of the bacterium. Future studies to understand the mechanisms of infection and to elucidate the human immune response to infection hold promise of developing new methods to treat and prevent infections caused by B. catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Murphy
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
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