1
|
Ghantasala S, Roy Choudhury S. Nod factor perception: an integrative view of molecular communication during legume symbiosis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:485-509. [PMID: 36040570 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compatible interaction between rhizobial Nod factors and host receptors enables initial recognition and signaling events during legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Molecular communication is a new paradigm of information relay, which uses chemical signals or molecules as dialogues for communication and has been witnessed in prokaryotes, plants as well as in animal kingdom. Understanding this fascinating relay of signals between plants and rhizobia during the establishment of a synergistic relationship for biological nitrogen fixation represents one of the hotspots in plant biology research. Predominantly, their interaction is initiated by flavonoids exuding from plant roots, which provokes changes in the expression profile of rhizobial genes. Compatible interactions promote the secretion of Nod factors (NFs) from rhizobia, which are recognised by cognate host receptors. Perception of NFs by host receptors initiates the symbiosis and ultimately leads to the accommodation of rhizobia within root nodules via a series of mutual exchange of signals. This review elucidates the bacterial and plant perspectives during the early stages of symbiosis, explicitly emphasizing the significance of NFs and their cognate NF receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Ghantasala
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eardly B, Meor Osman WA, Ardley J, Zandberg J, Gollagher M, van Berkum P, Elia P, Marinova D, Seshadri R, Reddy TBK, Ivanova N, Pati A, Woyke T, Kyrpides N, Loedolff M, Laird DW, Reeve W. The Genome of the Acid Soil-Adapted Strain Rhizobium favelukesii OR191 Encodes Determinants for Effective Symbiotic Interaction With Both an Inverted Repeat Lacking Clade and a Phaseoloid Legume Host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:735911. [PMID: 35495676 PMCID: PMC9048898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.735911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Medicago sativa forms highly effective symbioses with the comparatively acid-sensitive genus Ensifer, its introduction into acid soils appears to have selected for symbiotic interactions with acid-tolerant R. favelukesii strains. Rhizobium favelukesii has the unusual ability of being able to nodulate and fix nitrogen, albeit sub-optimally, not only with M. sativa but also with the promiscuous host Phaseolus vulgaris. Here we describe the genome of R. favelukesii OR191 and genomic features important for the symbiotic interaction with both of these hosts. The OR191 draft genome contained acid adaptation loci, including the highly acid-inducible lpiA/acvB operon and olsC, required for production of lysine- and ornithine-containing membrane lipids, respectively. The olsC gene was also present in other acid-tolerant Rhizobium strains but absent from the more acid-sensitive Ensifer microsymbionts. The OR191 symbiotic genes were in general more closely related to those found in Medicago microsymbionts. OR191 contained the nodA, nodEF, nodHPQ, and nodL genes for synthesis of polyunsaturated, sulfated and acetylated Nod factors that are important for symbiosis with Medicago, but contained a truncated nodG, which may decrease nodulation efficiency with M. sativa. OR191 contained an E. meliloti type BacA, which has been shown to specifically protect Ensifer microsymbionts from Medicago nodule-specific cysteine-rich peptides. The nitrogen fixation genes nifQWZS were present in OR191 and P. vulgaris microsymbionts but absent from E. meliloti-Medicago microsymbionts. The ability of OR191 to nodulate and fix nitrogen symbiotically with P. vulgaris indicates that this host has less stringent requirements for nodulation than M. sativa but may need rhizobial strains that possess nifQWZS for N2-fixation to occur. OR191 possessed the exo genes required for the biosynthesis of succinoglycan, which is required for the Ensifer-Medicago symbiosis. However, 1H-NMR spectra revealed that, in the conditions tested, OR191 exopolysaccharide did not contain a succinyl substituent but instead contained a 3-hydroxybutyrate moiety, which may affect its symbiotic performance with Medicago hosts. These findings provide a foundation for the genetic basis of nodulation requirements and symbiotic effectiveness with different hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Eardly
- Berks College, Penn State University, Reading, PA, United States
| | - Wan Adnawani Meor Osman
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Julie Ardley
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jaco Zandberg
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Margaret Gollagher
- Murdoch University Associate, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Sustainability and Biosecurity, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter van Berkum
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Elia
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Dora Marinova
- Curtin University Sustainability Policy Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rekha Seshadri
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - T B K Reddy
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Ivanova
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Amrita Pati
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Tanja Woyke
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nikos Kyrpides
- Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Matthys Loedolff
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Damian W Laird
- Centre for Water Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Wayne Reeve
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Safronova VI, Belimov AA, Sazanova AL, Chirak ER, Verkhozina AV, Kuznetsova IG, Andronov EE, Puhalsky JV, Tikhonovich IA. Taxonomically Different Co-Microsymbionts of a Relict Legume, Oxytropis popoviana, Have Complementary Sets of Symbiotic Genes and Together Increase the Efficiency of Plant Nodulation. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:833-841. [PMID: 29498565 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-18-0011-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ten rhizobial strains were isolated from root nodules of a relict legume Oxytropis popoviana Peschkova. For identification of the isolates, sequencing of rrs, the internal transcribed spacer region, and housekeeping genes recA, glnII, and rpoB was used. Nine fast-growing isolates were Mesorhizobium-related; eight strains were identified as M. japonicum and one isolate belonged to M. kowhaii. The only slow-growing isolate was identified as a Bradyrhizobium sp. Two strains, M. japonicum Opo-242 and Bradyrhizobium sp. strain Opo-243, were isolated from the same nodule. Symbiotic genes of these isolates were searched throughout the whole-genome sequences. The common nodABC genes and other symbiotic genes required for plant nodulation and nitrogen fixation were present in the isolate Opo-242. Strain Opo-243 did not contain the principal nod, nif, and fix genes; however, five genes (nodP, nodQ, nifL, nolK, and noeL) affecting the specificity of plant-rhizobia interactions but absent in isolate Opo-242 were detected. Strain Opo-243 could not induce nodules but significantly accelerated the root nodule formation after coinoculation with isolate Opo-242. Thus, we demonstrated that taxonomically different strains of the archaic symbiotic system can be co-microsymbionts infecting the same nodule and promoting the nodulation process due to complementary sets of symbiotic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera I Safronova
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Belimov
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Anna L Sazanova
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta R Chirak
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Alla V Verkhozina
- 2 Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (SIPPB), 664033, Irkutsk, P.O.Box 1243, Russian Federation; and
| | - Irina G Kuznetsova
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny E Andronov
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Jan V Puhalsky
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- 1 All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608, St. Petersburg, sh. Podbelskogo 3, Russian Federation
- 3 Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, 199034, St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
New insights into Nod factor biosynthesis: Analyses of chitooligomers and lipo-chitooligomers of Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 mutants. Carbohydr Res 2016; 434:83-93. [PMID: 27623438 PMCID: PMC5080398 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soil-dwelling, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia signal their presence to legume hosts by secreting lipo-chitooligomers (LCOs) that are decorated with a variety of chemical substituents. It has long been assumed, but never empirically shown, that the LCO backbone is synthesized first by NodC, NodB, and NodA, followed by addition of one or more substituents by other Nod proteins. By analyzing a collection of in-frame deletion mutants of key nod genes in the bacterium Rhizobium sp. IRBG74 by mass spectrometry, we were able to shed light on the possible substitution order of LCO decorations, and we discovered that the prevailing view is probably erroneous. We found that most substituents could be transferred to a short chitin backbone prior to acylation by NodA, which is probably one of the last steps in LCO biosynthesis. The existence of substituted, short chitin oligomers offers new insights into symbiotic plant–microbe signaling. Rhizobia produce chemically substituted, short chitooligomers (COs). Deacetylation of the non-reducing GlcNAc is necessary for most substitutions. Acylation may be one of the last steps in the biosynthesis of rhizobial lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs).
Collapse
|
5
|
Op den Camp RHM, Polone E, Fedorova E, Roelofsen W, Squartini A, Op den Camp HJM, Bisseling T, Geurts R. Nonlegume Parasponia andersonii deploys a broad rhizobium host range strategy resulting in largely variable symbiotic effectiveness. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:954-63. [PMID: 22668002 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-11-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-legume genus Parasponia has evolved the rhizobium symbiosis independent from legumes and has done so only recently. We aim to study the promiscuity of such newly evolved symbiotic engagement and determine the symbiotic effectiveness of infecting rhizobium species. It was found that Parasponia andersonii can be nodulated by a broad range of rhizobia belonging to four different genera, and therefore, we conclude that this non-legume is highly promiscuous for rhizobial engagement. A possible drawback of this high promiscuity is that low-efficient strains can infect nodules as well. The strains identified displayed a range in nitrogen-fixation effectiveness, including a very inefficient rhizobium species, Rhizobium tropici WUR1. Because this species is able to make effective nodules on two different legume species, it suggests that the ineffectiveness of P. andersonii nodules is the result of the incompatibility between both partners. In P. andersonii nodules, rhizobia of this strain become embedded in a dense matrix but remain vital. This suggests that sanctions or genetic control against underperforming microsymbionts may not be effective in Parasponia spp. Therefore, we argue that the Parasponia-rhizobium symbiosis is a delicate balance between mutual benefits and parasitic colonization.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cannabaceae/microbiology
- Cannabaceae/ultrastructure
- Cell Death
- Fabaceae/microbiology
- Fabaceae/ultrastructure
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Genome, Bacterial/genetics
- Host Specificity/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Phylogeny
- Plant Root Nodulation/physiology
- Proteobacteria/genetics
- Proteobacteria/isolation & purification
- Proteobacteria/physiology
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Rhizobium tropici/genetics
- Rhizobium tropici/isolation & purification
- Rhizobium tropici/physiology
- Root Nodules, Plant/ultrastructure
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sinorhizobium/genetics
- Sinorhizobium/isolation & purification
- Sinorhizobium/physiology
- Symbiosis/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik H M Op den Camp
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brzezinski K, Dauter Z, Jaskolski M. Structures of NodZ α1,6-fucosyltransferase in complex with GDP and GDP-fucose. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:160-8. [PMID: 22281745 PMCID: PMC3266854 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444911053157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobial NodZ α1,6-fucosyltransferase (α1,6-FucT) catalyzes the transfer of the fucose (Fuc) moiety from guanosine 5'-diphosphate-β-L-fucose to the reducing end of the chitin oligosaccharide core during Nod-factor (NF) biosynthesis. NF is a key signalling molecule required for successful symbiosis with a legume host for atmospheric nitrogen fixation. To date, only two α1,6-FucT structures have been determined, both without any donor or acceptor molecule that could highlight the structural background of the catalytic mechanism. Here, the first crystal structures of α1,6-FucT in complex with its substrate GDP-Fuc and with GDP, which is a byproduct of the enzymatic reaction, are presented. The crystal of the complex with GDP-Fuc was obtained through soaking of native NodZ crystals with the ligand and its structure has been determined at 2.35 Å resolution. The fucose residue is exposed to solvent and is disordered. The enzyme-product complex crystal was obtained by cocrystallization with GDP and an acceptor molecule, penta-N-acetyl-L-glucosamine (penta-NAG). The structure has been determined at 1.98 Å resolution, showing that only the GDP molecule is present in the complex. In both structures the ligands are located in a cleft formed between the two domains of NodZ and extend towards the C-terminal domain, but their conformations differ significantly. The structures revealed that residues in three regions of the C-terminal domain, which are conserved among α1,2-, α1,6- and protein O-fucosyltransferases, are involved in interactions with the sugar-donor molecule. There is also an interaction with the side chain of Tyr45 in the N-terminal domain, which is very unusual for a GT-B-type glycosyltransferase. Only minor conformational changes of the protein backbone are observed upon ligand binding. The only exception is a movement of the loop located between strand βC2 and helix αC3. In addition, there is a shift of the αC3 helix itself upon GDP-Fuc binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Brzezinski
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, MCL, National Cancer Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, MCL, National Cancer Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Role of Diffusible Signals in the Establishment of Rhizobial and Mycorrhizal Symbioses. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANT SYMBIOSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-20966-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
8
|
Cakici O, Sikorski M, Stepkowski T, Bujacz G, Jaskolski M. Crystal structures of NodS N-methyltransferase from Bradyrhizobium japonicum in ligand-free form and as SAH complex. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:874-89. [PMID: 20970431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NodS is an S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent N-methyltransferase that is involved in the biosynthesis of Nod factor (NF) in rhizobia, which are bacterial symbionts of legume plants. NF is a modified chitooligosaccharide (COS) signal molecule that is recognized by the legume host, where it initiates symbiotic processes leading to atmospheric nitrogen fixation. We report the crystal structure of recombinant NodS protein from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which infects lupine and serradella legumes. Two crystal forms--ligand-free NodS and NodS in complex with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, which is a by-product of the methylation reaction--were obtained, and their structures were refined to resolutions of 2.43 Å and 1.85 Å, respectively. Although the overall fold (consisting of a seven-stranded β-sheet flanked by layers of helices) is similar to those of other SAM-dependent methyltransferases, NodS has specific features reflecting the unique character of its oligosaccharide substrate. In particular, the N-terminal helix and its connecting loop get ordered upon SAM binding, thereby closing the methyl donor cavity and shaping a long surface canyon that is clearly the binding site for the acceptor molecule. Comparison of the two structural forms of NodS suggests that there are also other conformational changes taking place upon the binding of the donor substrate. As an enzyme that methylates a COS substrate, NodS is the first example among all SAM-dependent methyltransferases to have its three-dimensional structure elucidated. Gaining insight about how NodS binds its donor and acceptor substrates helps to better understand the mechanism of NodS activity and the basis of its functional difference in various rhizobia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Cakici
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schlaman HRM, Olsthoorn MMA, Harteveld M, Dörner L, Djordjevic MA, Thomas-Oates JE, Spaink HP. The production of species-specific highly unsaturated fatty acyl-containing LCOs from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is stringently regulated by nodD and involves the nodRL genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:215-26. [PMID: 16570652 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A proportion of the Nod factors of some Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains is characterized by the presence of highly unsaturated fatty acyl chains containing trans double bonds in conjugation with the carbonyl group of the glycan oligosaccharide backbone. These fatty acyl chains are C18:3, C20:3, C18:4, or C20:4 and have UV-absorption maxima at 303 and 330 nm. These Nod factors are presumed to be important for host-specific nodulation on clover species. However, in wild-type R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii ANU843, Nod factors with these characteristic acyl chains were not observed using standard growth conditions. They were observed only when nod genes were present in multiple copies or when transcription was artificially increased to higher levels by introduction of extra copies of the transcriptional regulator gene nodD. In a screen for the genetic requirements for production of the Nod factors with these characteristic structures, it was found that the region downstream of nodF and nodE is essential for the presence of highly unsaturated fatty acyl moieties. Mu-lacZ insertion in this region produced a mutant that did not produce detectable levels of the highly unsaturated fatty acyl-bearing Nod factors. The Mu-lacZ insertion was translationally fused to a putative new gene, designated nodR, in the nodE-nodL intergenic region; however, no predicted function for the putative NodR protein has been obtained from database homology searches. In a set of 12 wild-type strains of R. leguminosarum by. trifolii originating from various geographical regions that were analyzed for the presence of a nodR-like gene, it was found that seven strains carry a homologous NodR open reading frame. Taken together, our results suggest a tightly controlled regulation of nod genes, in which we propose that it is the balance of transcriptional levels of nodFE and the nodRL genes that is critical for determining the presence of highly unsaturated fatty acyl moieties in the Nod factors produced by R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helmi R M Schlaman
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Skorpil P, Broughton WJ. Molecular interactions between Rhizobium and legumes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 41:143-64. [PMID: 16623393 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28221-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Skorpil
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes Supérieures (LBMPS), Sciences III, Université de Genève, 1212 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|