The pgaABCD locus of Escherichia coli promotes the synthesis of a polysaccharide adhesin required for biofilm formation

Bacterial cell wall material properties determine E. coli resistance to sonolysis

The applications of bacterial sonolysis in industrial settings are plagued by the lack of the knowledge of the exact mechanism of action of sonication on bacterial cells, variable effectiveness of cavitation on bacteria, and inconsistent data of its efficiency. In this study we have systematically changed material properties of E. coli cells to probe the effect of different cell wall layers on bacterial resistance to ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz, output power 6,73 W, horn type, 3 mm probe tip diameter, 1 ml sample volume). We have determined the rates of sonolysis decay for bacteria with compromised major capsular polymers, disrupted outer membrane, compromised peptidoglycan layer, spheroplasts, giant spheroplasts, and in bacteria with different cell physiology. The non-growing bacteria were 5-fold more resistant to sonolysis than growing bacteria. The most important bacterial cell wall structure that determined the outcome during sonication was peptidoglycan. If peptidoglycan was remodelled, weakened, or absent the cavitation was very efficient. Cells with removed peptidoglycan had sonolysis resistance equal to lipid vesicles and were extremely sensitive to sonolysis. The results suggest that bacterial physiological state as well as cell wall architecture are major determinants that influence the outcome of bacterial sonolysis.