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Public toilets with insufficient ventilation present high cross infection risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20623. [PMID: 34663838 PMCID: PMC8523564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to insufficient ventilation, public toilets present high risks for cross-infection. The study investigated 61 public toilets to identify the causes and locations of biological contaminated sources. Airborne and surface bacterial contamination, carbon dioxide concentration, and surface ammonia levels were measured. Both bacterial contamination and CO2 are higher in non-ventilated toilets compared to their ventilated counterparts. Bacteria colony forming units (CFUs) in a public toilet with poor ventilation can reach 5 times the number of CFUs outside of the toilet. This suggests that non-ventilated public toilets present a higher risk of cross-infection. Areas near all kinds of sanitary equipment (toilet bowls, squat toilets and urinals) were highly contaminated, indicating that enhanced cleaning regimes are necessary. Further, lidless trash bins present a higher risk as contaminated matter within the trash bins is not inhibited from being released into the environment. Ventilation and cleaning need to be improved to mitigate the risk of cross-infection in public toilets.
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Priest FG, Cowbourne MA, Hough JS. WORT ENTEROBACTERIA-A REVIEW. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1974.tb03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
1. The sources of error and general significance of the presumptive coliform test have been studied, with special reference to manufactured dairy products.2. Eosine methylene blue agar has been found reasonably satisfactory for isolation of cultures but unsatisfactory as a direct plating medium.3. A wide survey of the coliform flora of raw milk and milk products has been made over a period of 11 years. The data were collected from 24,952 samples and include the incidence of presumptive positive tests at each stage of manufacturing processes, the occurrence of ‘false-positive’ tests, the detailed distribution of coliform types in individual dairy products, and some preliminary observations on ‘heat-resistant’ coliform strains.4. Material examined included raw milk, pasteurized milk, ice cream, milk powder, condensed milk, pasteurized cream, clotted cream, butter, soft cheese, Cheddar cheese, processed cheese, swabs of dairy plant, churn rinses, and the atmosphere of dairy factories.5. Detailed confirmatory tests were performed on 2490 presumptive positives, from which 2508 coliform cultures were isolated and classified.6. A general ecological survey of the frequency of individual coliform types in dairying operations as a whole has been attempted.7. Particular factors which may affect the distribution of coliform types in specific products or situations have been shown to include heat resistance, resistance to drying, chemical composition of the substrate, the effect of storage, and conditions prevailing on plant surfaces. It is suggested that the coliform flora may be partly the result of adaptation to conditions associated with each individual product.8. The value of the presumptive coliform test has been discussed in respect of public health requirements, as a plant-control method, and in relation to economic aspects. The test is believed to be of great utility in the plant-control laboratory but of little value for public health purposes.
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GELDREICH EE, HUFF CB, BORDNER RH, KABLER PW, CLARK HF. THE FAECAL COLI-AEROGENES FLORA OF SOILS FROM VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1962.tb01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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THOMAS SB, JONES GELIS, FRANKLIN PATRICIAM. THE CLASSIFICATION OF COLI-AEROGENES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FARM WATER SUPPLIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1951.tb01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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THOMAS SB, DRUCE RG, ELSON K. AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE COLI-AEROGENES BACTERIA OF SURFACE SOIL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1960.tb00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Levine M. Determination and Characterization of Coliform Bacteria from Chlorinated Waters. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2008; 31:351-8. [PMID: 18015416 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.31.4.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ruchman I, Dodd K. The Isolation of a Strain of Escherichia coli Pathogenic for the Rabbit's Eye from a Patient with Diarrhea. J Bacteriol 2006; 53:653-6. [PMID: 16561320 PMCID: PMC518366 DOI: 10.1128/jb.53.5.653-656.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Ruchman
- The Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Stuart CA, Baker M, Zimmerman A, Brown C, Stone CM. Antigenic Relationships of the Coliform Bacteria. J Bacteriol 2006; 40:101-42. [PMID: 16560331 PMCID: PMC374625 DOI: 10.1128/jb.40.1.101-142.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C A Stuart
- Biological Laboratory, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Vaughn
- Department of Bacteriology, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa
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Stuart CA, Zimmerman A, Baker M, Rustigian R. Eijkman Relationships of the Coliform and Related Bacteria. J Bacteriol 2006; 43:557-72. [PMID: 16560521 PMCID: PMC373625 DOI: 10.1128/jb.43.5.557-572.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C A Stuart
- Biological Laboratory, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Parr
- Department of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D. C
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Medrek TF, Litsky W. Comparative Incidence of Coliform Bacteria and Enterococci in Undisturbed Soil. Appl Microbiol 2006; 8:60-3. [PMID: 16349588 PMCID: PMC1057552 DOI: 10.1128/am.8.1.60-63.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T F Medrek
- Department of Bacteriology and Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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Krumperman PH. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 1983; 46:165-70. [PMID: 6351743 PMCID: PMC239283 DOI: 10.1128/aem.46.1.165-170.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli isolates taken from environments considered to have low and high enteric disease potential for humans were screened against 12 antibiotics to determine the prevalence of multiple antibiotic resistance among the isolates of these environments. It was determined that multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli organisms exist in large numbers within the major reservoirs of enteric diseases for humans while existing in comparatively low numbers elsewhere. These differences provide a method for distinguishing high-risk contamination of foods by indexing the frequency with which multiple-antibiotic-resistant E. coli organisms occur among isolates taken from a sample.
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SPLITTSTOESSER DF, QUEALE DT, BOWERS JL, WILKISON M. COLIFORM CONTENT OF FROZEN BLANCHED VEGETABLES PACKED IN THE UNITED STATES. J Food Saf 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1980.tb00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Coliforms were readily obtained from many soils. In samples taken from sites exposed to animal contaminationBact. colitype I occurred predominantly. A large number of samples taken from grassy banks, only remotely exposed to contamination, were found to contain intermediates. It was found that the greater the probable degree of contamination of the soil the higher was the proportion ofBact. colitype I, and that the less the probable degree of contamination the higher was the proportion of intermediates. It is difficult to explain this merely on the basis of the prolonged survival of intermediates in soil, and it would appear obvious that the source of these intermediates lay elsewhere than in animal faeces. The numbers in which they were found in soil, however, were not of the order expected of bacteria living in their natural environment, and consequently it was equally difficult to conclude that these intermediates were actively established in soil.
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Microbiological Problems of Frozen Food Products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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