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Paredes-Amaya CC, Ulloa MT, García-Angulo VA. Fierce poison to others: the phenomenon of bacterial dependence on antibiotics. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:67. [PMID: 37574554 PMCID: PMC10424368 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the development of resistance, the effects of antibiotics on bacteria and microbial communities are complex and far from exhaustively studied. In the context of the current global antimicrobial resistance crisis, understanding the adaptive and physiological responses of bacteria to antimicrobials is of paramount importance along with the development of new therapies. Bacterial dependence on antibiotics is a phenomenon in which antimicrobials instead of eliminating the pathogens actually provide a boost for their growth. This trait comprises an extreme example of the complexities of responses elicited by microorganisms to these drugs. This compelling evolutionary trait was readily described along with the first wave of antibiotics use and dependence to various antimicrobials has been reported. Nevertheless, current molecular characterizations have been focused on dependence on vancomycin, linezolid and colistin, three critically important antibiotics frequently used as last resource therapy for multi resistant pathogens. Outstanding advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis for the dependence to vancomycin, including specific mutations involved. Regarding linezolid and colistin, the general physiological components affected by the dependence, namely ribosomes and membrane function respectively, have been established. Nonetheless the implications of antibiotic dependence in clinically relevant features, such as virulence, epidemics, relationship with development of resistance, diagnostics and therapy effectiveness require clarification. This review presents a brief introduction of the phenomenon of bacterial dependence to antibiotics and a summary on early and current research concerning the basis for this trait. Furthermore, the available information on the effect of dependence in key clinical aspects is discussed. The studies performed so far underline the need to fully disclose the biological and clinical significance of this trait in pathogens to successfully assess its role in resistance and to design adjusted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Paredes-Amaya
- Microbiology Department, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Ulloa
- Microbiology and Micology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, RM, Santiago, Chile
- Vertebral I+D+i - Corporation for Assistance for Burned Children (Coaniquem), Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Antonio García-Angulo
- Microbiology and Micology Program, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Independencia, RM, Santiago, Chile.
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García-Angulo VA, Herve B, Melo J, Sanhueza C, la Fuente SD, Aguirre LL, Baysdorfer C, Ulloa MT. Isolation and first draft genome sequence of a linezolid-dependent Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1123-1129. [PMID: 32954844 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibiotic-dependent pathogenic bacteria are sporadically isolated from patients that received prolonged antibiotic treatments. Evolution of antibiotics dependence and its clinical implications are scarcely studied. Materials & methods: A linezolid-dependent Staphylococcus aureus strain was isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient. A draft genome sequence was obtained and searched for known antibiotics resistance determinants and virulence factors. Results: The genome was assembled into 79 contigs for a total of 2.83 Mbp. This strain is a sequence type 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a type I SCCmec cassette also conserving the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The G2576T substitution, conferring linezolid resistance, was harbored by all five copies of the 23S rRNA. Conclusion: The linezolid-dependent strain is related to a strain circulating in Latin America that acquired a mutation conferring linezolid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor A García-Angulo
- Microbiology & Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Beatrice Herve
- Laboratorio Clínico, Clínica Las Condes, RM, Santiago 8340518, Chile
| | - Joel Melo
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Clínica Las Condes, RM, Santiago 8340518, Chile
| | - Camila Sanhueza
- Microbiology & Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - Luis Lozano Aguirre
- Unidad de Análisis Bioinformáticos, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62209, México
| | - Chris Baysdorfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - María Teresa Ulloa
- Microbiology & Mycology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Restrictive Streptomycin Resistance Mutations Decrease the Formation of Attaching and Effacing Lesions in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4260-4266. [PMID: 23796920 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00709-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycin binds to the bacterial ribosome and disrupts protein synthesis by promoting misreading of mRNA. Restrictive mutations on the ribosomal subunit protein S12 confer a streptomycin resistance (Strr) phenotype and concomitantly increase the accuracy of the decoding process and decrease the rate of translation. Spontaneous Strr mutants of Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been generated for in vivo studies to promote colonization and to provide a selective marker for this pathogen. The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) of E. coli O157:H7 encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS), which is required for attaching and effacing to the intestinal epithelium. In this study, we observed decreases in both the expression and secretion levels of the T3SS translocated proteins EspA and EspB in E. coli O157:H7 Strr restrictive mutants, which have K42T or K42I mutations in S12. However, mildly restrictive (K87R) and nonrestrictive (K42R) mutants showed slight or indistinguishable changes in EspA and EspB secretion. Adherence and actin staining assays indicated that restrictive mutations compromised the formation of attaching and effacing lesions in E. coli O157:H7. Therefore, we suggest that E. coli O157:H7 strains selected for Strr should be thoroughly characterized before in vivo and in vitro experiments that assay for LEE-directed phenotypes and that strains carrying nonrestrictive mutations such as K42R make better surrogates of wild-type strains than those carrying restrictive mutations.
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Heteroresistance to cephalosporins and penicillins in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:721-6. [PMID: 22189112 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05085-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroresistance to antimicrobial agents may affect susceptibility test results and therapeutic success. In this study, we investigated heteroresistance to cephalosporins and penicillins in Acinetobacter baumannii, a major pathogen causing nosocomial infections. Two A. baumannii isolates exhibited heteroresistance to ampicillin-sulbactam, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, and cefpirome, showing a distinct colony morphology of circular rings within the inhibition halos. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and outer membrane protein (OMP) analysis demonstrated that subpopulations around the disks/Etest strips and the original strains all belonged to the same PFGE type and OMP profile. Population analysis profile (PAP) showed the presence of heteroresistant subpopulations with high cefepime resistance levels in two isolates (008 and 328). Interestingly, A. baumannii 008 contained two peaks: one was grown in the presence of up to 1 μg of cefepime/ml, the other apparently occurred when the concentration of cefepime was raised to 256 μg/ml. After serial passages without exposure to cefepime, the PAP curve maintained the same trend observed for the original strain of A. baumannii 008. However, the PAP curve showed a shift to relatively lower cefepime resistance (from 256 to 64 μg/ml) in A. baumannii 328 after 10 passages in antibiotic-free Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Convergence to a monotypic resistance phenotype did not occur. Growth rate analysis revealed that slower growth in resistant subpopulations may provide a strategy against antibiotic challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of heteroresistance to cephalosporins and penicillins in A. baumannii.
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Yegian D, Vanderlinde RJ. A Quantitative Analysis of the Resistance of Mycobacteria to Streptomycin. J Bacteriol 2006; 56:177-86. [PMID: 16561558 PMCID: PMC518563 DOI: 10.1128/jb.56.2.177-186.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Yegian
- Ray Brook State Tuberculosis Hospital, Ray Brook, New York
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7
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Paine TF, Finland M. Observations on Bacteria Sensitive to, Resistant to, and Dependent upon Streptomycin. J Bacteriol 2006; 56:207-18. [PMID: 16561563 PMCID: PMC518568 DOI: 10.1128/jb.56.2.207-218.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T F Paine
- The Thorndike Memorial Laboratory, Second and Fourth Medical Services (Harvard), Boston City Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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9
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CATLIN BW. Transformation of Neisseria meningitidis by deoxyribonucleates from cells and from culture slime. J Bacteriol 1998; 79:579-90. [PMID: 13808418 PMCID: PMC278735 DOI: 10.1128/jb.79.4.579-590.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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10
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JYSSUM K, LIE S. GENETIC FACTORS DETERMINING COMPETENCE IN TRANSFORMATION OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS. 1. A PERMANENT LOSS OF COMPETENCE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 63:306-16. [PMID: 14295450 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1965.63.2.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Finken M, Kirschner P, Meier A, Wrede A, Böttger EC. Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot. Mol Microbiol 1993; 9:1239-46. [PMID: 7934937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have resulted in several recent outbreaks. Recognition of drug resistance is important both for treatment and to prevent further transmission. Here we use molecular biology techniques to study the basis of streptomycin resistance in single and multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis. We demonstrate that streptomycin resistance is associated with mutations implicated in ribosomal resistance. The mutations found either lead to amino acid changes in ribosomal protein S12 or alter the primary structure of the 16S rRNA. The 16S rRNA region mutated perturbs a pseudoknot structure in a region which has been linked to ribosomal S12 protein.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Genes, Bacterial
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Point Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Ribosomal Proteins/genetics
- Ribosomes/drug effects
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Streptomycin/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- M Finken
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The significance of the discovery of prontosil in 1932 as the initiating step in the development of the modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy is reviewed. The history of the discovery and the development of chemotherapeutic agents, from penicillin in 1929 to present-day antibiotics, are summarized. The various mechanisms by which bacteria are able to overcome the protective effects of these therapeutic agents (from the sulphonamides to the new fluoroquinolones) and develop resistance to them are discussed in detail. Attempts to elucidate the mechanisms by which resistance to chemotherapeutic agents develops are vital to the future of antimicrobial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitsuhashi
- Episome Institute, Gunma Institute, Maebashi, Japan
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13
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Abstract
A strain of Neisseria pharyngis was isolated in pure culture from a specimen of sputum. Growth was markedly enhanced by sub-lethal concentrations of rifampicin, spectinomycin, erythromycin and clindamycin. The effect was temporary with tetracycline. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Winstanley
- Department of Bacteriology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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14
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Andersson DI, Andersson SG, Kurland CG. Functional interactions between mutated forms of ribosomal proteins S4, S5 and S12. Biochimie 1986; 68:705-13. [PMID: 3089329 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(86)80164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we show that ram mutations, either in ribosomal protein S4 or S5, decrease the proofreading flows for both cognate and noncognate ternary complexes bound by streptomycin-dependent (SmD) ribosomes. This effect is accompanied by a slight increase in the overall error frequency. More important, however, is the decreased proofreading of the cognate species which is almost reduced to wild-type levels. The data suggest that it may be the reduction of the proofreading of the cognate substrate that is important for suppressing streptomycin dependence. Furthermore, we show that rpsE mutants, selected from streptomycin-dependent strains, behave kinetically very similarly to the previously described rpsD mutants.
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Bohman K, Ruusala T, Jelenc PC, Kurland CG. Kinetic impairment of restrictive streptomycin-resistant ribosomes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 198:90-9. [PMID: 6394968 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Comparisons in vivo and in vitro of wild-type and otherwise isogenic bacteria with five different mutant alleles of the gene (rpsL) specifying ribosomal protein S12, all resistant to high levels of streptomycin, show that the streptomycin-resistant (Smr) phenotype can be subdivided into major groups: restrictive and non-restrictive. The restrictive bacteria have a characteristically lower frequency of nonsense suppression in vivo, and are also slower than the wild type in their rate of protein synthesis. Non-restrictive Smr bacteria on the other hand do not differ significantly from the wild type either in nonsense suppression frequencies or in the rate of translation. A complementary pattern is seen in vitro, where ribosomes from the restrictive Smr bacteria translate poly(U) with a significantly lower missense error frequency than wild-type ribosomes, and also show an increased Michaelis constant (KM) with respect to their substrate, i.e. ternary complexes. Both effects are correlated with the more aggressive proofreading function that is characteristic of these restrictive ribosomes. In contrast, ribosomes isolated from the non-restrictive Smr bacteria do not show any major difference in either proofreading or missense error in vitro when compared to the wild type.
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Ruusala T, Kurland CG. Streptomycin preferentially perturbs ribosomal proofreading. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 198:100-4. [PMID: 6394958 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of streptomycin (Sm) on the kinetics and accuracy of translation by wild-type as well as Ram-mutant ribosomes in an in vitro system that mimics the performance characteristics of ribosomes in bacteria. It can be shown in this system that the accuracy of translation is made up of an initial selection step and one or more proofreading steps. The data show that the antibiotic has only a small influence on the initial selectivity step of wild-type or mutant ribosomes. Streptomycin stimulates the missense rate primarily by suppressing the proofreading of the ribosomes. The kinetic effects of Sm and of Ram alteration are not additive, but seem to be overlapping if not identical.
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Hummel H, Böck A. On the basis of aminoglycoside-dependent growth of mutants from E. coli: physiological studies. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1983; 191:167-75. [PMID: 6194413 DOI: 10.1007/bf00334809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Kubota H. Development of resistance to and dependence on streptomycin in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in vitro. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1974; 18:157-63. [PMID: 4139296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1974.tb00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Drug dependence of enteroviruses: Variants of Coxsackie A9 and ECHO 13 viruses that require 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole for growth. Virology 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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[Not Available]. Bull World Health Organ 1963; 28 Suppl:100-114. [PMID: 20604153 PMCID: PMC2554624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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SIMON EM, BERMAN DT. PATHOGENICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT MUTANTS OF
BRUCELLA. J Bacteriol 1962; 83:1347-55. [PMID: 13913089 PMCID: PMC279459 DOI: 10.1128/jb.83.6.1347-1355.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simon, Ellen
M. (University of Wisconsin, Madison)
and David T. Berman
. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of streptomycin-dependent mutants of
Brucella
. J. Bacteriol.
83:
1347–1355. 1962.—Streptomycin-dependent (Sd) mutants of
Brucella suis
and
B. abortus
were avirulent for guinea pigs whether selected in the presence of streptomycin only or streptomycin and normal or immune serum. Administration of large quantities of streptomycin to guinea pigs increased the numbers of organisms which could be recovered, but did not cause the development of progressive infections. Vaccination with Sd mutants of
B. abortus
diminished the pathological response of guinea pigs infected with a large challenge dose of virulent
B. abortus
, but equal numbers of organisms were recovered from vaccinated animals and unvaccinated controls. Vaccination with Sd mutants of
B. suis
protected some guinea pigs from small challenge doses. Immunization by multiple injections or by one injection plus streptomycin was superior to a single inoculation of organisms.
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ENGELBERG H, ARTMAN M. Absence of Carbon Monoxide-sensitive Respiration in a Streptomycin-dependent Mutant of Escherichia coli grown in Limited Amount of Streptomycin. Nature 1960; 187:801-2. [PMID: 13696816 DOI: 10.1038/187801a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Microbial Drug Resistance. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1955. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Goeters W. Die Wirkung von Penicillin und Streptomycin auf Meningokokken bei alleiniger und kombinierter Anwendung. Med Microbiol Immunol 1954. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02184859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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SMITH JAM, SMITH J. The action of antibiotics on Bacterium coli infections associated with obstetrical and gynaecological conditions; terramycin and combined streptomycin and terramycin. BJOG 1954; 61:145-54. [PMID: 13152574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1954.tb07461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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GOETERS W. [Separate and combined effect of penicillin and streptomycin on meningococci]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HYGIENE UND INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN; MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE, IMMUNOLOGIE UND VIROLOGIE 1954; 140:464-80. [PMID: 14360239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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30
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STENDERUP A. Experimental investigations on streptomycin-dependent variants of E. coli. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1954; 34:161-73. [PMID: 13138214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1954.tb00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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HERZBERG M, ELBERG S. Immunization against brucella infection. I. Isolation and characterization of a streptomycin-dependent mutant. J Bacteriol 1953; 66:585-99. [PMID: 13108861 PMCID: PMC317439 DOI: 10.1128/jb.66.5.585-599.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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GOETERS W. [Streptomycin resistant variants of Micrococcus]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HYGIENE UND INFEKTIONSKRANKHEITEN; MEDIZINISCHE MIKROBIOLOGIE, IMMUNOLOGIE UND VIROLOGIE 1953; 136:456-70. [PMID: 13103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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35
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LONG PH. Bacterial resistance as a factor in antibiotic therapy. BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 1952; 28:809-16. [PMID: 12987943 PMCID: PMC1877269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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36
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WELSCH M. Some aspects of microbial resistance to streptomycin. Bull World Health Organ 1952; 6:173-83. [PMID: 14954419 PMCID: PMC2554184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
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37
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MEADS M, HARRIS CM, HASLAM NM, CLINE WA. Chloramphenicol-fastness: development in vivo and experimental production in vitro. J Clin Invest 1950; 29:1474-9. [PMID: 14794774 PMCID: PMC436194 DOI: 10.1172/jci102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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38
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39
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Yegian D, Vanderlinde RJ. THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT MYCOBACTERIUM RANAE. J Bacteriol 1949; 57:169-78. [PMID: 16561662 PMCID: PMC385492 DOI: 10.1128/jb.57.2.169-178.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Yegian
- Ray Brook State Tuberculosis Hospital, Ray Brook, New York
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40
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41
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WILLCOX RR. Streptomycin in gonorrhoea; with its effects upon dark-field positive lesions of syphilis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1948; 2:1015-8. [PMID: 18100442 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4588.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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43
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