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Garcillán-Barcia MP, Redondo-Salvo S, de la Cruz F. Plasmid classifications. Plasmid 2023; 126:102684. [PMID: 37116631 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2023.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Plasmids are universally present in bacteria and play key roles in the dissemination of genes such as antibiotic resistance determinants. Major concepts in Plasmid Biology derive from the efforts to classify plasmids. Here, we review the main plasmid classification systems, starting by phenotype-based methods, such as fertility inhibition and incompatibility, followed by schemes based on a single gene (replicon type and MOB class), and finishing with recently developed approaches that use genetic distances between whole plasmid sequences. A comparison of the latter highlights significant differences between them. We further discuss the need for an operational definition of plasmid species that reveals their biological features, akin to plasmid taxonomic units (PTUs).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Garcillán-Barcia
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria), Cantabria, Spain.
| | - Santiago Redondo-Salvo
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria), Cantabria, Spain; Biomar Microbial Technologies, León, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Cruz
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Cantabria), Cantabria, Spain.
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2
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Abstract
In the late 1950s, a number of laboratories took up the study of plasmids once the discovery was made that extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance (R) factors are the responsible agents for the transmissibility of multiple antibiotic resistance among the enterobacteria. The use of incompatibility for the classification of plasmids is now widespread. It seems clear now on the basis of the limited studies to date that the number of incompatibility groups of plasmids will likely be extremely large when one includes plasmids obtained from bacteria that are normal inhabitants of poorly studied natural environments. The presence of both linear chromosomes and linear plasmids is now established for several Streptomyces species. One of the more fascinating developments in plasmid biology was the discovery of linear plasmids in the 1980s. A remarkable feature of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the presence of two DNA transfer systems. A definitive demonstration that plasmids consisted of duplex DNA came from interspecies conjugal transfer of plasmids followed by separation of plasmid DNA from chromosomal DNA by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The formation of channels for DNA movement and the actual steps involved in DNA transport offer many opportunities for the discovery of proteins with novel activities and for establishing fundamentally new concepts of macromolecular interactions between DNA and specific proteins, membranes, and the peptidoglycan matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Helinski
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Rozwandowicz M, Brouwer MSM, Fischer J, Wagenaar JA, Gonzalez-Zorn B, Guerra B, Mevius DJ, Hordijk J. Plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1121-1137. [PMID: 29370371 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is constantly evolving and horizontal gene transfer through plasmids plays a major role. The identification of plasmid characteristics and their association with different bacterial hosts provides crucial knowledge that is essential to understand the contribution of plasmids to the transmission of AMR determinants. Molecular identification of plasmid and strain genotypes elicits a distinction between spread of AMR genes by plasmids and dissemination of these genes by spread of bacterial clones. For this reason several methods are used to type the plasmids, e.g. PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) or relaxase typing. Currently, there are 28 known plasmid types in Enterobacteriaceae distinguished by PBRT. Frequently reported plasmids [IncF, IncI, IncA/C, IncL (previously designated IncL/M), IncN and IncH] are the ones that bear the greatest variety of resistance genes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of all known AMR-related plasmid families in Enterobacteriaceae, the resistance genes they carry and their geographical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozwandowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M S M Brouwer
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Fischer
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - B Gonzalez-Zorn
- Department of Animal Health and VISAVET, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Berlin, Germany
| | - D J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Hordijk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Whole-genome sequencing is revolutionizing the analysis of bacterial genomes. It leads to a massive increase in the amount of available data to be analyzed. Bacterial genomes are usually composed of one main chromosome and a number of accessory chromosomes, called plasmids. A recently developed methodology called PLACNET (for
pla
smid
c
onstellation
net
works) allows the reconstruction of the plasmids of a given genome. Thus, it opens an avenue for plasmidome analysis on a global scale. This work reviews our knowledge of the genetic determinants for plasmid propagation (conjugation and related functions), their diversity, and their prevalence in the variety of plasmids found by whole-genome sequencing. It focuses on the results obtained from a collection of 255
Escherichia coli
plasmids reconstructed by PLACNET. The plasmids found in
E. coli
represent a nonaleatory subset of the plasmids found in proteobacteria. Potential reasons for the prevalence of some specific plasmid groups will be discussed and, more importantly, additional questions will be posed.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokumitsu Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
| | - Hajime Hashimoto
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
| | - Yutaka Nagai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
| | - Susumu Mitsuhashi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine; Gunma University; Maebashi
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6
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Takano T. Behavior of Some Episomal Elements in a Recombination-Deficient Mutant ofEscherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1966.tb00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Takano
- Department of Microbiology; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo
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7
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Kannoly S, Shao Y, Wang IN. Rethinking the evolution of single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) bacteriophages based on genomic sequences and characterizations of two R-plasmid-dependent ssRNA phages, C-1 and Hgal1. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5073-9. [PMID: 22821966 PMCID: PMC3430324 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00929-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced and characterized two R-plasmid-dependent single-stranded RNA bacteriophages (RPD ssRNA phages), C-1 and Hagl1. Phage C-1 requires a conjugative plasmid of the IncC group, while Hgal1 requires the IncH group. Both the adsorption rate constants and one-step growth curves are determined for both phages. We also empirically confirmed the lysis function of the predicted lysis genes. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that both phages belong to the Levivirus group and are most closely related to another IncP-plasmid-dependent ssRNA phage, PRR1. Furthermore, our result strongly suggests that the stereotypical bauplans of genome organization found in Levivirus and Allolevivirus predate phage specialization for conjugative plasmids, suggesting that the utilization of conjugative plasmids for cell attachment and entry comprises independent evolutionary events for these two main clades of ssRNA phages. Our result is also consistent with findings of a previous study, making the Levivirus-like genome organization ancestral and the Allolevivirus-like genome derived. To obtain a deeper insight into the evolution of ssRNA phages, more phages specializing for various conjugative plasmids and infecting different bacterial species would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Kannoly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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8
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Smith DH, Janjigian JA, Prescott N, Anderson PW. Resistance factor-mediated spectinomycin resistance. Infect Immun 2010; 1:120-7. [PMID: 16557684 PMCID: PMC415863 DOI: 10.1128/iai.1.1.120-127.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 100 natural isolates of drug-resistant enteric bacteria, 51 were resistant to spectinomycin (Spc) and 46 contained transferable R factors mediating Spc resistance. All Spc(R) R factors mediated streptomycin and bluensomycin resistance and were fi(+) type. Extracts of R-Spc(R) strains adenylated Spc, dihydrospectinomycin, actinamine, streptomycin, and bluensomycin in vitro in the presence of adenosine triphosphate and Mg(++). Results of genetic and biochemical studies support the hypothesis that these reactions are mediated by a single enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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9
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Watanabe T, Takano T, Arai T, Nishida H, Sato S. Episome-mediated Transfer of Drug Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae X. Restriction and Modification of Phages by fi R Factors. J Bacteriol 2010; 92:477-86. [PMID: 16562138 PMCID: PMC276266 DOI: 10.1128/jb.92.2.477-486.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Watanabe, Tsutomu (Keio University, Tokyo, Japan), Toshiya Takano, Toshihiko Arai, Hiroshi Nishida, and Sachiko Sato. Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. X. Restriction and modification of phages by fi(-) R factors. J. Bacteriol. 92:477-486. 1966.-An fi(-) R factor, which restricts phages lambda, T1, and T7 without modifying them, was found to restrict and not to modify an F(-)-specific phage, W-31, in Escherichia coli K-12, but not to restrict phage P-22 in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2, whereas other fi(-) R factors restricted and modified P-22 but not W-31; fi(+) R factors did not restrict these phages. Transduction and lysogenization with phages lambda and P-22 were reduced by these fi(-) R factors in K-12 and LT-2, respectively, and the transducing phages lambda and P-22 were modified by these fi(-) R factors. Spontaneous as well as ultraviolet-induced production of phage P-22 and zygotic induction of phage lambda were not significantly affected by any R factor. Injection of the nucleic acids of phages T1 and lambda was not affected by R factors, but the injected phage nucleic acids were rapidly broken down in the bacteria carrying fi(-) R factors. The nucleic acids of the modified phages were not broken down in these bacteria. It was assumed from these results that the mechanism of restriction of phages by fi(-) R factors is due to the breakdown of the injected phage nucleic acids by a deoxyribonuclease(s), presumably located near the cell surface in the cells carrying fi(-) R factors. The deoxyribonuclease(s), formed in the cells carrying the nonmodifying fi(-) R factor, is considered to be different from that synthesized in the cells carrying the modifying fi(-) R factors. It was further shown that the average burst sizes of the unmodified as well as modified phages are slightly reduced by the presence of the fi(-) R factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Abstract
The routine methods used in the Enteric Reference Laboratory for the study of enterobacterial plasmids are described. The results of their application to plasmids of diverse origin, and their value for the categorization of those plasmids, are presented and discussed.
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Abstract
Bacterial plasmids are self-replicating, extrachromosomal elements that are key agents of change in microbial populations. They promote the dissemination of a variety of traits, including virulence, enhanced fitness, resistance to antimicrobial agents, and metabolism of rare substances. Escherichia coli, perhaps the most studied of microorganisms, has been found to possess a variety of plasmid types. Included among these are plasmids associated with virulence. Several types of E. coli virulence plasmids exist, including those essential for the virulence of enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coli, and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Despite their diversity, these plasmids belong to a few plasmid backbones that present themselves in a conserved and syntenic manner. Thanks to some recent research, including sequence analysis of several representative plasmid genomes and molecular pathogenesis studies, the evolution of these virulence plasmids and the implications of their acquisition by E. coli are now better understood and appreciated. Here, work involving each of the E. coli virulence plasmid types is summarized, with the available plasmid genomic sequences for several E. coli pathotypes being compared in an effort to understand the evolution of these plasmid types and define their core and accessory components.
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Bergfors S, Burman LG, Eklöf PH, Nordström K, Tärnvik A. Transferable and non-transferable drug resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from urinary specimens in Northern Sweden. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 80:511-8. [PMID: 4566181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Garcillán-Barcia MP, de la Cruz F. Why is entry exclusion an essential feature of conjugative plasmids? Plasmid 2008; 60:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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16
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Schelz Z, Molnar J, Hohmann J. Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:279-85. [PMID: 16690225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils (orange oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, geranium oil, juniper oil, peppermint oil, rosemary oil, purified turpentine oil, thyme oil, Australian tea tree oil) and of menthol, the main component of peppermint oil, were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined on the Gram (+) Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Gram (-) Escherichia coli F'lac K12 LE140, and on two yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0425 delta/1 and 0425 52C strains. The antiplasmid activities were investigated on E. coli F'lac bacterial strain. Each of the oils exhibited antimicrobial activity and three of them antiplasmid action. The interaction of peppermint oil and menthol with the antibiotics was studied on the same bacterial strain with the checkerboard method. Peppermint oil and menthol displayed additive synergy with oxytetracycline. A new mechanism of plasmid curing was established for one of the oil components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Schelz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged H-6720, Szeged, Dóm tér 10, Hungary.
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17
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Mortelmans K. Isolation of plasmid pKM101 in the Stocker laboratory. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2006; 612:151-164. [PMID: 16716644 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
pKM101 is a mutagenesis-enhancing resistance transfer plasmid (R plasmid) that was introduced into several tester strains used in the Salmonella/microsome mutation assay (Ames test). Plasmid pKM101 has contributed substantially to the effectiveness of the Ames assay, which is used on a world-wide basis to detect mutagens and is required by many government regulatory agencies for approval to market new drugs and other chemical agents. Widely used since 1975, the Ames test is still regarded as one of the most sensitive genetic toxicity assays and a useful short-term test for predicting carcinogenicity in animals. Plasmid pKM101, which is a deletion derivative of plasmid R46 (also referred to as R-Brighton after its origin of isolation in Brighton, England), has also been used to elucidate molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. It was isolated in the laboratory of Professor Bruce A.D. Stocker at Stanford University as part of my doctoral research with 20 R plasmids. Professor Stocker's phenomenal insight into the genetics of Salmonella typhimurium and plasmid behavior was a major factor that led to the isolation of pKM101. This paper includes a tribute to Bruce Stocker, together with a summary of my research with mutagenesis-enhancing R plasmids and a brief discussion of the molecular mechanisms involved in pKM101 plasmid-mediated bacterial mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Mortelmans
- SRI International, Biosciences Division, Microbiology Program, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493, United States.
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18
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Aoki T, Egusa S, Arai T. Detection of R factors in naturally occurring Vibrio anguillarum strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 6:534-8. [PMID: 15825300 PMCID: PMC444687 DOI: 10.1128/aac.6.5.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
R factors were detected in Vibrio anguillarum strains from vibrio-diseased freshwater fish, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), in Japan. It was found that 65 out of the 68 random isolates from epidemics of vibrio disease in 1973 carried transferable drug resistance factors. The most common type determined resistance to sulfonamides, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline and belong to the fi(-) type. The high incidence of R factors in Vibrio anguillarum from cultured fish is assumed to be due to selective pressure exerted by chemotherapeutic agents used in fish culturing.
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Partridge SR, Recchia GD, Stokes HW, Hall RM. Family of class 1 integrons related to In4 from Tn1696. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:3014-20. [PMID: 11600350 PMCID: PMC90776 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.11.3014-3020.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The class 1 integron In28, found in the multidrug resistance transposon Tn1403, was found to be located in the res site of the backbone transposon and is flanked by a 5-bp direct duplication, indicating that it reached this position by transposition. In28 has a backbone structure related to that of In4, but has lost internal sequences, including the sul1 gene, due to an IS6100-mediated deletion. In28 also lacks the partial copy of IS6100 found in In4 and contains different gene cassettes, blaP1, cmlA1, and aadA1. In1, the class 1 integron found in the multidrug resistance plasmid R46, is also located in a putative res site and belongs to the In4 group. In1 has a shorter internal deletion than In28 and has also lost one end. Additional integrons with structures related to In4 were also found in databases, and most of them had also lost either one end or internal regions or both. Tn610 belongs to this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Partridge
- CSIRO Molecular Science, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia
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20
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Gadó I, László VG, Nagy B, Milch H, Drin I, Awad-Masalmeh M, Horváth J. Phage restriction and the presence of small plasmids in Salmonella enteritidis. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1998; 287:509-19. [PMID: 9638880 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(98)80192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Between 1990-1994, a total of 16,505 S. enteritidis strains of human, animal and food origin were phage-typed, using the Hungarian scheme and the changes of incidence of the dominant phage types were monitored. The incidence of PT1 (corresponding to Ward's PT1 was very high between 1990 and 1992 (67.9-71.0% of the total S. enteritidis isolates), later, it decreased. The prevalence of PT6 (corresponding to Ward's PT4) was rare until 1992, then it gradually increased. The phage type and plasmid content of 78 Salmonella enteritidis strains were determined. Small plasmids were present in 59% of the isolates, together with a serotype-specific (38 MDa) plasmid. A correlation was found between the presence of the small plasmid and phage restriction to two phages used for subdividing the Hungarian phage types 1 (PT1) and 6 (PT6) of S. enteritidis (corresponding to PT1 and PT4 in Ward's typing scheme, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gadó
- Phage Department, B. Johan National Institute of Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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WATANABE T, OGATA C, SATO S. EPISOME-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE. 8. SIX-DRUG-RESISTANCE R FACTOR. J Bacteriol 1996; 88:922-8. [PMID: 14219055 PMCID: PMC314833 DOI: 10.1128/jb.88.4.922-928.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Watanabe, Tsutomu (Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan), Chizuko Ogata, and Sachiko Sato. Episome-mediated transfer of drug resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. VIII. Six-drug-resistance R factor. J. Bacteriol. 88:922-928. 1964.-The multiple-drug-resistant Escherichia coli strain isolated by Lebek in 1963 was found to transfer resistance to sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, and neomycin together by conjugation, as well as by transduction with phage P1kc, suggesting that these drug-resistance markers are carried by a single R factor (R(6)). The results of transductional and spontaneous segregations of the drug-resistance markers of R(6) have shown that R(6) has independent genetic determinants for sulfonamide, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin-neomycin resistance. Resistance to kanamycin and neomycin is probably controlled by a single gene, because no segregation was observed between these two. The resistance transfer factor of R(6) was found to be of the fi(+) type.
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22
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Xodo LE, Alunni-Fabbroni M, Manzini G. Effect of 5-methylcytosine on the structure and stability of DNA. Formation of triple-stranded concatenamers by overlapping oligonucleotides. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1994; 11:703-20. [PMID: 8204209 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1994.10508027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A triple helix can be formed upon binding of a pyrimidine oligonucleotide to the major groove of a homopurine-homopyrimidine (R.Y) double-stranded DNA target site. Here, we report that this reaction can be influenced by base methylation. The pyrimidine strand 5'-TmCTmCTmCTmCTTmCT (mY12), whose cytosine residues are methylated at C5, does not bind the duplex 5'-AGAGAGAGAAGA.3'-TCTCTCTCTTCT (R12.Y12) to yield a 12-triad triplex, as would be expected from these DNA sequences. Rather, a complex of overlapping oligonucleotides, which we define concatenamer, is formed. The concatenamer is clearly evidenced by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) since it migrates with a smeared band of very low mobility. The stoichiometry of the concatenamer, determined by both UV mixing curves and electrophoresis, is surprisingly found to be (R12.2mY12)n, thus showing that the unmethylated Y12 strand is excluded from the complex. Denaturation experiments performed by ultraviolet absorbance (UV) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show that the concatenamers melt with a single and highly cooperative transition whose Tm strongly depends on pH. Overall, the data point to the conclusion that the concatenamers are in triple helix, where the methylated mY12 strand is engaged in both Watson-Crick and Hoogsteen base pairings, thus displacing the Y12 strand from the R12.Y12 duplex. A possible mechanism of concatenamer formation is proposed. The results presented in this paper show that 5-methylcytosine brings about a strong stabilizing effect on both double and triple DNA helices, and that pyrimidine oligonucleotides containing 5-methylcytosine can displace from R.Y duplexes the analogous non-methylated strand. The advantage of using methylated oligonucleotides in antisense technology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Xodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Italy
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23
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Shearer BG. Dental amalgam and multiple antibiotic resistance: an untested hypothesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1730-1. [PMID: 8215296 PMCID: PMC188056 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.8.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Stassen AP, Schoenmakers EF, Yu M, Schoenmakers JG, Konings RN. Nucleotide sequence of the genome of the filamentous bacteriophage I2-2: module evolution of the filamentous phage genome. J Mol Evol 1992; 34:141-52. [PMID: 1556749 DOI: 10.1007/bf00182391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the circular single-stranded genome of the filamentous Escherichia coli phage I2-2 has been determined and compared with those of the filamentous E. coli phages Ff(M13, fl, or fd) and IKe. The I2-2 DNA sequence comprises 6744 nucleotides; 139 nucleotides less than that of the N- and I2-plasmid-specific phage IKe, and 337 (336) nucleotides more than that of the F-plasmid-specific phage Ff. Nucleotide sequence comparisons have indicated that I2-2, IKe, and Ff have a similar genetic organization, and that the genomes of I2-2 and IKe are evolutionarily more closely related than those of I2-2 and Ff. The studies have further demonstrated that the I2-2 genome is a composite replicon, composed of only two-thirds of the ancestral genome of IKe. Only a contiguous I2-2 DNA sequence of 4615 nucleotides encompassing not only the coat protein and phage assembly genes, but also the signal required for efficient phage morphogenesis, was found to be significantly homologous to sequences in the genomes of IKe and Ff. No homology was observed between the consecutive DNA sequence that contains the origins for viral and complementary strand replication and the replication genes. Although other explanations cannot be ruled out, our data strongly suggest that the ancestor filamentous phage genome of phages I2-2 and IKe has exchanged its replication module during evolution with that of another replicon, e.g., a plasmid that also replicates via the so-called rolling circle mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Stassen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Murchie AI, Lilley DM. Base methylation and local DNA helix stability. Effect on the kinetics of cruciform extrusion. J Mol Biol 1989; 205:593-602. [PMID: 2648008 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of base methylation on the rate of cruciform extrusion. A number of inverted repeats with central restriction sites were methylated at N6-adenine and C-5-cytosine, and rate constants for cruciform extrusion at 37 degrees C were measured. The effect of A-methylation at two bases was to enhance the rate for extrusion by nearly fourfold, while C-methylation lead to reduced extrusion rates, by factors of 1.7 and 2.7. The bkb inverted repeat, which has a central GGATCC sequence, was independently and simultaneously methylated at adenine and cytosine. It was found that the effects of the two kinds of modification could be treated effectively independently. The results reveal the local helical destabilization and stabilization due to A and C-methylation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Murchie
- Department of Biochemistry, The University, Dundee, U.K
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26
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Ranhand JM, Nur I, Rose DL, Tully JG. Spiroplasma species share common DNA sequences among their viruses, plasmids and genomes. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. MICROBIOLOGY 1987; 138:509-22. [PMID: 2830894 DOI: 10.1016/0769-2609(87)90037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline-Southern-blot analyses showed that a spiroplasma plasmid, pRA1, obtained from Spiroplasma citri (Maroc-R8A2), contained DNA sequences that were homologous to spiroplasma type 3 viruses (SV3) obtained from S. citri (Maroc-R8A2), S. citri (608) and S. mirum (SMCA). In addition, pRA1 and SV3(608) DNA shared common, but not necessarily related, sequences with extrachromosomal DNA derived from 11 Spiroplasma species or strains. Furthermore, SV3(608) had DNA homology with the chromosome from 6 distinct spiroplasmas but not with chromosomal DNA from eight other Spiroplasma species or strains. The biological function of these common sequences is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ranhand
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21701
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27
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Armstrong KA, Ohtsubo H, Bauer WR, Yoshioka Y, Miyazaki C, Maeda Y, Ohtsubo E. Characterization of the gene products produced in minicells by pSM1, a derivative of R100. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1986; 205:56-65. [PMID: 3025559 DOI: 10.1007/bf02428032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
At least ten polypeptides larger than 6 kilodaltons (K) are produced in minicells from the miniplasmid pSM1 in vivo. pSM1 (5804 bp) is a small derivative of the drug resistance plasmid R100 (ca. 90 kb) and carries the R100 essential replication region as well as some non-essential functions. Cloned restriction fragments of pSM1 and plasmids with deletions within pSM1 sequences were used to assign eight of the ten observed polypeptides to specific coding regions of pSM1. Two of these polypeptides were identified as RepA1 and RepA2, proteins encoded by the essential replication region of pSM1/R100. The nucleotide sequence consisting of 885 bp outside the essential replication region is presented here. This sequence contains an open reading frame, orf4, for a protein 22.9 K in size, and one of the pSM1-encoded polypeptides was identified as the orf4 gene product. Five additional polypeptides were shown to be the products of other open reading frames mapping outside the essential replication region. Specific functions have been assigned to four of these polypeptides and tentatively to the fifth.
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28
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Abstract
Restriction sites for seven hexanucleotide-specific endonucleases were located on the map of the conjugative IncN plasmid R15 (SmrSurHgr, 62.3 kb). The distribution of the cleavage sites is strongly asymmetric. Twenty-eight of thirty-four sites for BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, SalI, SmaI, and PstI were located close to or within the sequences of an IS5-like element and the transposons Tn2353 and Tn2354. By analysis of R15::Tn1756 deletion derivatives and recombinant plasmids harboring R15 fragments, the genetic determinants for the streptomycin, sulfonamide, and mercury resistances were mapped, as well as the regions necessary for EcoRII restriction-modification and for plasmid replication and conjugation. The features of physical and genetic structures of the plasmid R15 and other IncN plasmids are discussed.
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29
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Friedman S. The irreversible binding of azacytosine-containing DNA fragments to bacterial DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferases. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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30
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Brown AM, Coupland GM, Willetts NS. Characterization of IS46, an insertion sequence found on two IncN plasmids. J Bacteriol 1984; 159:472-81. [PMID: 6086571 PMCID: PMC215669 DOI: 10.1128/jb.159.2.472-481.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The IncN plasmids R46 and N3 each contain two copies of an insertion sequence which we denote IS46. This insertion sequence has single PstI and SalI restriction sites and is 0.81 kilobases long. All four copies of IS46 were capable of forming cointegrates, although the DNA between the insertion sequences, which in each case carries a tetracycline resistance gene, was not transposable in the form of a compound transposon. IS46-mediated cointegrates resolved in Rec+ but not in RecA- cells. Recombination between two copies of IS46, causing an inversion, accounts for the existence of two distinct forms of R46. IS46-mediated deletions were probably responsible for the formation of the plasmid pKM101 from R46. IS46 was not homologous to IS1 but did show homology with IS15.
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31
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Dobritsa AP. IS8- and Tn2353-mediated cointegration of the plasmids R15 and RP4::Tn1. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 194:206-10. [PMID: 6328214 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The plasmids R15 and RP4::Tn1 form fused structures (85 Md and 92 Md cointegrates). The cointegrates do not resolve practically in recA- Escherichia coli cells and have a mean life-time of more than 50 generations in a recA+ background. The 85 Md cointegrates were generated at a frequency of 4 x 10(-4) per R15 transconjugant during a mating between E. coli [R15; RP4::Tn1] and E. coli [F' ColVBtrp :: Tn1755 ]. These plasmids carry two directly repeated copies of the mobile element IS8 at the junctions between R15 and RP4::Tn1. The transposition of IS8 from RP4::Tn1 to the R15 plasmid and the formation of hybrid molecules promoted by this process appear to be induced by the IS8 element of the Tn1755 structure during or after conjugal transfer of F' ColVBtrp :: Tn1755 into E. coli [R15; RP4::Tn1] cells. The formation of the 92 Md cointegrates occurs at a frequency of 2 x 10(-5). The fused molecules of R15 and RP4::Tn1 carry two direct copies of an 8.65 Md R15 fragment at the junctions between these replicons. The fragment has specific features of a new transposon. This element designated Tn2353 determines resistance to Hg, Sm and Su and contains two sites for each BamHI, Bg/II and Sa/I and three sites for both EcoRI and PstI. The physical map and some other characteristics of Tn2353 are presented.
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32
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Yamamoto T, Motegi A, Takei T, Okayama H, Sawai T. Plasmid R46 provides a function that promotes recA-independent deletion, fusion and resolution of replicon. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 193:255-62. [PMID: 6319964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report that plasmid R46 provides a function which promotes recA-independent deletion, replicon fusion, and resolution of the fusion. R46 belongs to the incompatibility group N and specifies resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin and sulfonamide. Four kinds of deletion derivatives were observed by selection for susceptability to tetracycline from ampicillin-resistant clones. A common region, will be called alpha region thereafter, was postulated to be involved in these deletions. The replicon fusion occurred by a conjugative mobilization of each derivative with plasmid R388. The fusion was suggested to contain both replicons linked at each junction by the sequence in the alpha region in direct orientation. The resolution of the replicon fusion was found between two alpha regions and a consequently generated, parental deletion derivative and an R388 derivative which gained one alpha region. It is possible that the alpha region contains one potential Insertion Sequence (IS) element. These events were also speculated to occur as a consequence of insertion of the potential IS onto the intramolecular or intermolecular target sequence, or reciprocal recombination between two potential IS elements.
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33
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O'Connor KA, Zusman DR. Coliphage P1-mediated transduction of cloned DNA from Escherichia coli to Myxococcus xanthus: use for complementation and recombinational analyses. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:317-29. [PMID: 6305916 PMCID: PMC217683 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.1.317-329.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have found that coliphage P1 can be used to transduce cloned DNA from Escherichia coli to Myxococcus xanthus. Transduction occurred at a high efficiency, and no evidence for DNA restriction was observed. The analysis of the transductants showed that they fall into three general categories: (i) haploid cells which contain portions of the cloned DNA substituted for homologous chromosomal DNA; (ii) heterozygous merodiploids which contain the recombinant plasmid integrated into the chromosome at a region of homology; and (iii) homozygous merodiploids which contain two copies of a portion of the cloned DNA with the loss of the chromosomal copy of the genes. The merodiploids, once formed, are relatively stable. They were used to analyze two genes necessary for aggregation and thus fruiting body formation. P1 transduction also permits the reintroduction and substitution of mutated regions of cloned DNA into M. xanthus for the analysis of the role of the DNA in cellular physiology and development.
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34
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Dempsey WB, McIntire SA. The finO gene of antibiotic resistance plasmid R100. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1983; 190:444-51. [PMID: 6224070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lambda phages carrying the R100 finO gene have been isolated from an R100:: lambda cointegrate in which lambda was inserted into the R100 traD gene at kb coordinate 72.1. Physical analyses of these phages place the finO gene within R100 SalI fragment D, near kb coordinate 82.0. Analysis of proteins synthesized by the phages did not identify the finO gene product, although a constitutive protein of m.w. 30,100 was encoded by R100 DNA between kb coordinates 78.7 and 81.2.
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35
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Dobritsa AP, Ivanova ZA, Fedoseeva VB. Transposition of DNA fragments flanked by two inverted Tn1 sequences: translocation of the plasmid RP4::Tn1 region harboring the Tcr marker. Gene X 1983; 22:237-43. [PMID: 6307824 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated the possibility of transposition of the plasmid RP4::Tn1 fragment (21.2 kb) carrying the tetracycline resistance (Tcr) gene and flanked by two Tn1 copies. The new transposon, designated Tn1756, bears lethal genes that kill host cells. Therefore, its transposition can only be revealed in the presence of lethality-compensating helper regions of the plasmid RP4. Thus, RP4::Tn1 consists of two transposons, Tn1755 (Tn1-Kmr-Tn1) and Tn1756 (Tn1-Tcr-Tn1), sharing the Tn1 sequences. Both of these transposons are capable of recA-independent translocation to other plasmids. Therefore, transposition of DNA fragments flanked by two inverted Tn1 sequences does not depend on Tn1 orientation.
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36
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Yoshida Y, Mise K, Terakado N. New host specificity of DNA produced by Escherichia coli carrying trimethoprim resistant R plasmid. Microbiol Immunol 1982; 26:733-5. [PMID: 6294486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1982.tb00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Schipkov VP. Ability of conjugative plasmids of serologically typedE. coli to inhibit genetic transfer functions of derepressed Flac and pAP22-4 plasmids. Bull Exp Biol Med 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00837563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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39
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Dobritsa AP, Dobritsa SV, Popov EI, Fedoseeva VB. Transposition of a DNA fragment flanked by two inverted Tn1 sequences. Gene 1981; 14:217-25. [PMID: 6269963 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(81)90117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 32 Md fragment (derived from plasmid RP4::Tn1) carrying the Kmr gene and flanked by two inverted Tn1 elements is capable of recA-independent translocation to other plasmids. We designated this new transposon Tn1755. In various crosses, frequencies of Tn1755 transposition to plasmids Co1B-R3, R15 and F'Co1VBtrp varied from 2.5 to 90% of the frequencies of Tn1 transposition. Tn1755 can integrate into various sites of the recipient plasmids. We failed to observe transposition of another RP4::Tn1 fragment flanked by two opposingly oriented Tn1 transposons and harboring the Tcr gene. Presumably, to form a new transposable structure, other features must also be of importance.
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40
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Duckworth DH, Glenn J, McCorquodale DJ. Inhibition of bacteriophage replication by extrachromosomal genetic elements. Microbiol Rev 1981; 45:52-71. [PMID: 6452572 PMCID: PMC281498 DOI: 10.1128/mr.45.1.52-71.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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41
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Glatman LI, Moroz AF, Yablokova MB, Rebentish BA, Kcholmina GV. A novel plasmid-mediated DNA restriction-modification system in E. coli. Plasmid 1980; 4:350-1. [PMID: 6261280 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(80)90072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Dobritsa AP, Dobritsa SV. DNA protection with the DNA methylase M . BbvI from Bacillus brevis var. GB against cleavage by the restriction endonucleases PstI and PvuII. Gene 1980; 10:105-12. [PMID: 6248417 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(80)90128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BamHI fragments of the Bacillus brevis var. GB plasmid pAD1 have been cloned in Escherichia coli HB101 using pBR322 plasmid as a vector. The analysis of the recombinant plasmids showed that additional PstI sites had appeared in cloned fragments of pAD1. Methylation of the recombinant plasmids in vitro by enzymes from B. brevis GB cells blocks cleavage at these additional PstI sites of cloned pAD1 fragments and at the PstI site of pBR322. Among DNA methylases of B. brevis GB, the cytosine DNA methylase M . BbvI is the most likely agent modifying the recognition sequences of PstI. The methylase can modify cytosine residues in PstI or PvuII sites if these recognition sequences are linked to G at 5'- or to C at 3'-termini. In particular, in vitro methylation of the SV40 DNA by B. brevis GB methylases protects one of the two PstI sites and two of the three PvuII sites. The described effect of the protection of the specific PstI and PvuII sites may be used for physical mapping of genomes and DNA cloning.
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43
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Bradley DE. Morphology of pili determined by the N incompatibility group plasmid N3 and interaction with bacteriophages PR4 and IKe. Plasmid 1979; 2:632-6. [PMID: 43547 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Hinkle NF, Miller RV. pMG7-mediated restriction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage DNAs is determined by a class II restriction endonuclease. Plasmid 1979; 2:387-93. [PMID: 113797 DOI: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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45
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Stobberingh EE, Meijers JA, van Kats-Renaud JH. The sensitivity of phage DNA and plasmid DNA for a restriction enzyme for Staphylococcus aureus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1979; 45:19-23. [PMID: 233289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus transduction of different tetracycline and chloramphenicol plasmids with a group I/III modification was possible to group I and III strains. Group II strains, containing a restriction endonuclease, had a restriction both for the phage and the plasmids: two restriction-deficient group II strains were good acceptors for these plasmids.
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46
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Fleischhacker M, Böhme H. [F' transfer from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1979; 19:3-8. [PMID: 375599 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630190102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The task of this work was the establishment of an effective transfer system for F'-plasmids from Escherichia coli to Proteus mirabilis. It is shown that cells of PG VI act as recipients in crosses with E. coli F' strains but with a low transfer rate of the plasmid. The presumption that a restriction -- modification system in P. mirabilis was the only reason for the low transfer could not be confirmed. An indirect selection method was developed to isolate P. mirabilis cells which are better recipients. Conjugation experiments showed that the isolated mutants had a better recipient capacity (increase of about 100). This is true not only for the transfer of a F'-plasmid but also for a R-plasmid. The stability of these plasmids in the mutant cells, however, was much lower than in the wild type.
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47
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48
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49
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50
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Sagai H, Uyobe S, Mitsuhashi S. Inhibition and facilitation of transfer among Pseudomonas aeruginos R plasmids. J Bacteriol 1977; 131:765-9. [PMID: 408326 PMCID: PMC235528 DOI: 10.1128/jb.131.3.765-769.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Esamining 12 plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found two types of interaction in their transfer (inhibition and facilitation), using donor cells carrying two compatible plasmids. (i) Ten plasmids representing incompatibility groups P-1, P-2, P-5, P-6, and P-7 were all transmissible at a high frequency, 10-2 to 10-1, except for one with a lower frequency of about 10-3. The transfer of P-5 plasmids was inhibited by P-2 plasmids reciprocally or unilaterally, and the unilateral transfer inhibition was observed in other combinations between plasmids belonging to groups P-1, P-2, P-6, and P-7. It was characteristic of Pseudomonas plasmids that most plasmids with high transferability inhibited the transfer of other coexisting plasmids without distinct inhibition of their own transfer. (ii) Two plasmids, Rms149 of P-8 group and Rlb679, which was not classified, were transmissible at an exceptionally low frequency of 10-7 to 10-6, but their transfer was facilitated by plasmids with high transferability.
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