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A multi-pumping flow analysis system for β-galactosidase activity assays. Food Chem 2019; 294:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Watson AL, Chiu NH. Fluorometric cell-based assay for β-galactosidase activity in probiotic gram-positive bacterial cells — Lactobacillus helveticus. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:58-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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A constitutive unregulated expression of β-galactosidase in Lactobacillus fermentum M1. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:253-9. [PMID: 25319027 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A constitutively β-galactosidase (LacL)-producing Lactobacillus fermentum M1 isolated from fermented milk was found to produce β-galactosidase in the presence of glucose. β-galactosidase activity produced in glucose (30 mM) medium was 2.17 U/mL as compared to 2.27 and 2.19 U/mL with galactose and lactose, respectively. When a combination of glucose (30 or 60 mM) with galactose (30 mM) was used as carbon source, β-galactosidase activity was not repressed rather was found increased when compared to carbon sources used individually. In real-time PCR analysis of mRNA synthesized on individual and combined carbon sources, repression of the lacL gene expression was not observed. This observation suggests that the strain M1 lacked normal carbon catabolite repression. Examination of nucleotide sequence of lacL identified two catabolite responsive elements (cre): cre1 located downstream near the promoter region and cre2 within the coding sequence. Each of which differed from the 14-bp consensus by a single nucleotide. In cre1, it is C in place of highly conserved T at position 1 in the consensus. In cre 2, it is G in place of C, a residue completely conserved at position 13. Since catabolite genes in Gram-positive bacteria are regulated by carbon catabolite protein A (CcpA) through interaction with DNA at a specific cis-acting cre, it is assumed that base changes at conserved position in the cre elements disrupt CcpA binding and thereby leading to constitutive expression of lacL gene. The study noted to be the first report about the constitutive production of β-galactosidase in L. fermentum.
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Characterization of Lactose Utilization and β-Galactosidase in Lactobacillus brevis KB290, the Hetero-Fermentative Lactic Acid Bacterium. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:679-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gonzalez CF, Kunka BS. Evidence for Plasmid Linkage of Raffinose Utilization and Associated alpha-Galactosidase and Sucrose Hydrolase Activity in Pediococcus pentosaceus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 51:105-9. [PMID: 16346958 PMCID: PMC238824 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.1.105-109.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to ferment the trisaccharide raffinose was linked with the presence of plasmid DNA in three strains of Pediococcus pentosaceus. Parental strains showed associated inducible alpha-galactosidase and sucrose hydrolase activities when grown in alpha-galactosides and sucrose, respectively. Derivative strains of PPE1.0, PPE2.0, and PPE5.0, which had lost 30-, 28-, and 23-megadalton plasmids, respectively, had no alpha-galactosidase or sucrose hydrolase activity.
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Bounaix S, Benachour A, Novel G. Presence of lactose genes and insertion sequences in plasmids of minor species of the genus lactococcus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 62:1112-5. [PMID: 16535262 PMCID: PMC1388819 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.3.1112-1115.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type strains of all known species and biovars of the Lactococcus genus were tested for the presence of plasmids, lactose genes, and insertion sequences cloned from the lactose plasmid of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Only the biovar xylosus of this subspecies is plasmid free. The lactose plasmid is present only in lactose-positive strains except in Lactococcus plantarum. The distribution of insertion sequences varies within the type strains of the Lactococcus genus.
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Daryaei H, Coventry J, Versteeg C, Sherkat F. Effects of high pressure treatment on glycolytic enzymes of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
SummaryTwentyLactococcus lactissubsp.lactisstrains isolated from cheese made from raw milk have been, studied and compared with well known starter strains. Many of them produced acid bacteriocins resembling those of other lactic streptococci and their patterns of antimicrobial agent susceptibility were also similar to previously studied dairy strains. On the basis of their ability to clot milk they could be divided into two groups. Some strains were rapid fermenters, with highβ-phosphogalactosidase and proteolytic activities. The other group had lowβ-phosphogalactosidase activity and coagulated milk slowly, but seemed to have proteolytic activity. All the strains had plasmid DNA in amounts and sizes similar to starter strains. Aβ-phosphogalactosidase probe was constructed with plasmid DNA from aLc. lactissubsp.lactisNCDO 712 derivative. Southern hybridization located homologous sequences in chromosomal and plasmid DNA from the wild isolates that fermented lactose efficiently, but the degree of homology was lower than that observed between starter strains.
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Abstract
SUMMARYIn the past the classification of ATCC 7962 as a strain ofStreptococcus lactishas been questioned because it contains β-galactosidase and not β-phosphogalactosidase, and because all extracts do not react with group N antiserum. A comparison was made between ATCC 7962 and known strains ofStr. lactisusing physiological properties, some of the properties of the lactate dehydrogenases and percent guanine plus cytosine in the DNA. ATCC 7962 was distinguished only by its ability to ferment pentoses. The degree of hydribization between the DNA of ATCC 7962 and that of a typical strain ofStr. lactiswas 67 %. ATCC 7962 is an atypical strain ofStr. lactis. The properties of a wild strain ofStr. lactisisolated from radishes in Brunei which contains β-galactosidase and β-phosphogalactosidase, are given also. This strain ferments pentoses.
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Teixeira P, Castro H, Kirby R. Spray drying as a method for preparing concentrated cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Honda H, Kataoka F, Nagaoka S, Kawai Y, Kitazawa H, Itoh H, Kimura K, Taketomo N, Yamazaki Y, Tateno Y, Saito T. β-Galactosidase, phospho-β-galactosidase and phospho-β-glucosidase activities in lactobacilli strains isolated from human faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:461-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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. PR, . PKS. The Effect of pH, Temperature and Alkali Metal Ions on the Hydrolsis of Whey Lactose Catalysed by β-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces marxianus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2006.167.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Grattard N, Pernin M, Marty B, Roudaut G, Champion D, Le Meste M. Study of release kinetics of small and high molecular weight substances dispersed into spray-dried ethylcellulose microspheres. J Control Release 2002; 84:125-35. [PMID: 12468216 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spray-dried ethylcellulose microspheres were used as matrices for the encapsulation of a fungal lactase and/or small paramagnetic probes (Tempol or Tempo). Their dissolution in water was studied. Kinetics fitted with the model Q = kt(n) of Korsemeyer et al. [Int. J. Pharm. 15 (1983) 25] exhibited a non-Fickian diffusion. The calculated diffusional exponent (n) values were near 0.26 whatever the encapsulated probes. The release rates (k) were only slightly different for paramagnetic probes and lactase. This result indicated that the probes' release mechanisms are not diffusion controlled. Other factors such as matrix porosity and probe solubility in the matrix and in water could influence the probes' release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grattard
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie Moléculaire et Sensorielle de l'Aliment, ENSBANA, 1, Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Vaughan EE, Pridmore RD, Mollet B. Transcriptional regulation and evolution of lactose genes in the galactose-lactose operon of Lactococcus lactis NCDO2054. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:4893-902. [PMID: 9733693 PMCID: PMC107515 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.18.4893-4902.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics of lactose utilization within the slow-lactose-fermenting Lactococcus lactis strain NCDO2054 was studied with respect to the organization, expression, and evolution of the lac genes. Initially the beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli mutant on a 7-kb HpaI fragment. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the complete fragment revealed part of a gal-lac operon, and the genes were characterized by inactivation and complementation analyses and in vitro enzyme activity measurements. The gene order is galK-galT-lacA-lacZ-galE; the gal genes encode enzymes of the Leloir pathway for galactose metabolism, and lacA encodes a galactoside acetyltransferase. The galT and galE genes of L. lactis LM0230 (a lactose plasmid-cured derivative of the fast-lactose-fermenting L. lactis C2) were highly similar at the nucleotide sequence level to their counterparts in strain NCDO2054 and, furthermore, had the same gene order except for the presence of the intervening lacA-lacZ strain NCDO2054. Analysis of mRNA for the gal and lac genes revealed an unusual transcriptional organization for the operon, with a surprisingly large number of transcriptional units. The regulation of the lac genes was further investigated by using fusions consisting of putative promoter fragments and the promoterless beta-glucuronidase gene (gusA) from E. coli, which identified three lactose-inducible intergenic promoters in the gal-lac operon. The greater similarity of the lacA and lacZ genes to homologs in gram-negative organisms than to those of gram-positive bacteria, in contrast to the homologies of the gal genes, suggests that the genes within the gal operon of L. lactis NCDO2054 have been recently acquired. Thus, the lacA-lacZ genes appear to have engaged the promoters of the gal operon in order to direct and control their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Vaughan
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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18
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Tryland I, Fiksdal L. Enzyme characteristics of beta-D-galactosidase- and beta-D-glucuronidase-positive bacteria and their interference in rapid methods for detection of waterborne coliforms and Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1018-23. [PMID: 9501441 PMCID: PMC106360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.3.1018-1023.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria which were beta-D-galactosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase positive or expressed only one of these enzymes were isolated from environmental water samples. The enzymatic activity of these bacteria was measured in 25-min assays by using the fluorogenic substrates 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide. The enzyme activity, enzyme induction, and enzyme temperature characteristics of target and nontarget bacteria in assays aimed at detecting coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli were investigated. The potential interference of false-positive bacteria was evaluated. Several of the beta-D-galactosidase-positive nontarget bacteria but none of the beta-D-glucuronidase-positive nontarget bacteria contained unstable enzyme at 44.5 degrees C. The activity of target bacteria was highly inducible. Nontarget bacteria were induced much less or were not induced by the inducers used. The results revealed large variations in the enzyme levels of different beta-D-galactosidase- and beta-D-glucuronidase-positive bacteria. The induced and noninduced beta-D-glucuronidase activities of Bacillus spp. and Aerococcus viridans were approximately the same as the activities of induced E. coli. Except for some isolates identified as Aeromonas spp., all of the induced and noninduced beta-D-galactosidase-positive, noncoliform isolates exhibited at least 2 log units less mean beta-D-galactosidase activity than induced E. coli. The noncoliform bacteria must be present in correspondingly higher concentrations than those of target bacteria to interfere in the rapid assay for detection of coliform bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tryland
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Castro H, Teixeira P, Kirby R. Evidence of membrane damage in Lactobacillus bulgaricus following freeze drying. J Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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González-Andrada JI, Romero C, Morales FJ, Jiménez-Pérez S. An improved method for determination of the activity of β-galactosidase in yoghurt by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Yeeh Y, Jo YB, Kwon OC. Protoplast fusion between Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00127893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Johnson J, Etzel M. Properties of Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ-32 Attenuated by Spray-Drying, Freeze-Drying, or Freezing. J Dairy Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Huang D, Prévost H, Diviès C. Principal characteristics of β-galactosidase from Leuconostoc spp. Int Dairy J 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0958-6946(94)p1597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Hemme D, Gaier W, Winters DA, Foucaud C, Vogel RF. Expression of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 beta-galactosidase encoded by plasmid pLZ15 in Lactococcus lactis CNRZ 1123. Lett Appl Microbiol 1994; 19:345-8. [PMID: 7765447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CNRZ 1123, a Lac- derivative of CNRZ 1122 was transformed by electroporation with the Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 plasmid pLZ15, which bears a beta-galactosidase gene. The transformants expressed a constitutive beta-galactosidase activity at a higher level than in Lact. casei, and in the cell-free extract two additional protein bands were detected by SDS-PAGE which could correspond to lactose metabolism enzymes. Both plasmid and beta-gal activity were stable in Lactococcus after 100 generations in glucose-containing medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hemme
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie, Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Ibrahim H, Yamada M, Matsushita K, Kobayashi K, Kato A. Enhanced bactericidal action of lysozyme to Escherichia coli by inserting a hydrophobic pentapeptide into its C terminus. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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26
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Huang DQ, Prévost H, Diviès C. Principal characteristics of α-galactosidase fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides. J Basic Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620340204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Huang DQ, Prévost H, Kihal M, Diviès C. Instability of plasmid encoding for β-galactosidase inLeuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides. J Basic Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620340105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Sasaki K, Samant SK, Suzuki M, Toba T, Itoh T. β-Galactosidase and 6-phospho-β-galactosidase activities in strains of the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex. Lett Appl Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1993.tb00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Prévost H, Phalip V, Huang DQ, Diviés C. Metabolism and physiological behaviour ofLeuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.mesenteroides growing on raffinose. J Basic Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620330612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Foucaud C, Poolman B. Lactose transport system of Streptococcus thermophilus. Functional reconstitution of the protein and characterization of the kinetic mechanism of transport. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)41639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hekmat S, McMahon DJ. Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in ice cream for use as a probiotic food. J Dairy Sci 1992; 75:1415-22. [PMID: 1500547 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(92)77895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic ice cream was made by fermenting a standard ice cream mix with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum cultures and then freezing the mix in a batch freezer. Survival of the L. acidophilus and B. bifidum, as well as beta-galactosidase activity, was monitored during 17 wk of frozen storage at -29 degrees C. After freezing of the fermented mix, bacterial counts were 1.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for L. acidophilus and 2.5 x 10(8) cfu/ml for B. bifidum. Seventeen weeks after freezing, these counts had decreased to 4 x 10(6) and 1 x 10(7) cfu/ml, respectively. During the same period, beta-galactosidase activity decreased from 1800 to 1300 units/ml. Probiotic ice cream was prepared at pH 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 to determine consumer preferences and was compared with standard Utah State University "Aggie" ice cream. All samples were strawberry-flavored and were evaluated by 88 judges. The preferred pH of probiotic ice cream, based on overall acceptance, was pH 5.5. We demonstrated that probiotic ice cream is a suitable vehicle for delivering beneficial microorganisms such as L. acidophilus and B. bifidum to consumers. The bacteria can be grown to high numbers in ice cream mix and remain viable during frozen storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hekmat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Utah State University, Logan 84322-8700
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Burchhardt G, Bahl H. Cloning and analysis of the beta-galactosidase-encoding gene from Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1. Gene 1991; 106:13-9. [PMID: 1840542 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1 produced a thermostable (up to 70 degrees C) beta-galactosidase (beta Gal) with a pH optimum of 7 during growth on lactose. The gene (lacZ) encoding this enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli using pUC18 as a vector. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.7-kb PstI fragment carrying the lacZ gene was determined. The open reading frame for lacZ, which encoded a protein of 716 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 83,728, was confirmed by the identity of its deduced aa sequence with the chemically determined N-terminal aa sequence of the purified beta Gal of C. thermosulfurogenes EM1. The structural gene was preceded by a possible promoter sequence, 5'-TTGTAG (-35), 5'-TAATAT (-10); and a ribosome-binding site, 5'-AGGAGG. The cloned beta Gal was found to be indistinguishable from the native enzyme. The Mr of the active beta Gal was 170,000, as determined by Superose 12HR gel filtration and gradient gel electrophoresis. This indicated that this enzyme is composed of two identical subunits. Comparison of the aa sequences of different beta Gal revealed that five large regions of similarity with the enzymes from E. coli (lacZ, ebgA), Klebsiella pneumoniae (lacZ), and Lactobacillus bulgaricus are present in the beta Gal of C. thermosulfurogenes EM1 and that the putative active site residues (Glu461 and Tyr503 in the E. coli lacZ-encoded beta Gal) are conserved (Glu389 and Tyr429). Therefore, the thermostable beta Gal of C. thermosulfurogenes EM1 is more closely related to the enzyme of E. coli than to the likewise thermostable one of Bacillus stearothermophilus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burchhardt
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, F.R.G
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Atlan D, Laloi P, Portalier R. X-Prolyl-Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase of
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
subsp.
bulgaricus
: Characterization of the Enzyme and Isolation of Deficient Mutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:2174-9. [PMID: 16348239 PMCID: PMC184579 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.7.2174-2179.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
subsp.
bulgaricus
CNRZ 397 is able to hydrolyze X-proline-
para
-nitroanilides and X-proline-β-naphthylamides (X for alanyl- or glycyl-). A single metal-independent cytoplasmic enzyme with a molecular weight estimated to be 82,000 is responsible for these activities and was named X-prolyl-dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (X-Pro-DPAP). Isolation and analysis of mutants totally deficient for X-Pro-DPAP activity showed that a total lack of this enzyme induces (i) a decrease in the growth rate; (ii) an increase in cell wall proteinase activity; (iii) the loss of three cell wall proteins with respective molecular masses of 16, 40, and 52 kilodaltons; and (iv) enhancement of a cell wall protein with a molecular mass of 150 kilodaltons. The involvement of X-Pro-DPAP in casein catabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Atlan
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire (CNRS UMR 106), Bât. 405, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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?-Galactosidase of Pediococcus species: induction, purification and partial characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00164529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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36
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Priyolkar M, Nair CK, Pradhan DS. Purification and characterisation of an inducible beta-galactosidase from Corynebacterium murisepticum. Arch Microbiol 1988; 151:49-53. [PMID: 2492796 DOI: 10.1007/bf00444668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.32) of Corynebacterium murisepticum (inducible by lactose and galactose) was purified by successive column chromatography on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and DEAE-cellulose (DE52). The enzyme was found to be a dimer of identical subunits of molecular mass 100,000 daltons. The Km values of the enzyme for the substrates lactose and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) are 16.7 mM and 4.4 mM, respectively, indicating, its low affinity for the substrates. The Ouchterlony immunodiffusion method exhibited immunological homogeneity of the enzyme preparation. The catalytic site of the enzyme does not take part in antigen-antibody reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Priyolkar
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay, India
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Sandine WE. Looking backward and forward at the practical applications of genetic researches on lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Johnson MC, Ray B, Bhowmik T. Selection of Lactobacillus acidophilus strains for use in "acidophilus products". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1987; 53:215-31. [PMID: 3118804 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies by DNA-DNA hybridization revealed that strains now designated as L. acidophilus, can be divided into several groups and only one group should be classified as L. acidophilus. We studied several phenotypic characteristics in representative strains from the six DNA-homology groups of L. acidophilus. No group specific pattern was observed among the strains for fermentation of eight carbohydrates, growth at 15 and 45 degrees C, resistance to 0.2% oxgall, lysis by lysozyme or sensitivity to 17 antibiotics. However, some differences among groups were observed in beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity and surface layer (s-layer) protein. Strains in B1 do not have a s-layer or beta-gal while B2 strains also lack a s-layer but do possess beta-gal. All strains in groups A1, A2, A3 and A4, capable of growing in lactose, have beta-gal activity and also have a s-layer composed of protein subunits of different molecular weights (MW). Strains in A1 homology group have a s-layer with 46 Kd protein subunits while strains in other A groups have s-layer protein subunits that varied in MW within each group. On the basis of these two traits several isolates of unknown homology groups have been tentatively placed in A1, B1 or B2 groups. L. acidophilus from A1 group showed strain variation in beta-gal specific activity and rate of acid production and growth. For use in dietary adjuncts, L. acidophilus strains should be selected for these three and other desirable traits. They should be maintained and grown in media containing lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Johnson
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie 82071
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Wright A, Suominen M, Sivelä S. Identification of lactose fermentation plasmids of streptococcal dairy starter strains by Southern hybridization. Lett Appl Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1986.tb01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Inamine JM, Lee LN, LeBlanc DJ. Molecular and genetic characterization of lactose-metabolic genes of Streptococcus cremoris. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:855-62. [PMID: 3091581 PMCID: PMC215952 DOI: 10.1128/jb.167.3.855-862.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lac+ plasmid DNA from Streptococcus cremoris H2 was subcloned with an Escherichia coli vector on a 3.5-kilobase-pair PstI-AvaI fragment. Genetic analysis of the cloned DNA was possible because linear Lac+ DNA fragments were productive in the S. sanguis transformation system. Complementation of S. sanguis Lac-mutants showed that the 3.5-kilobase-pair fragment included the structural gene for 6-phospho-beta-D-galactosidase and either enzyme II-lac or factor III-lac of the lactose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. Expression of the S. cremoris-like 40,000-dalton 6-phospho-beta-D-galactosidase in S. sanguis Lac+ transformants, rather than the 52,000-dalton wild-type S. sanguis enzyme, demonstrated the occurrence of gene replacement and not gene repair. The evidence supports chromosomal integration as the mechanism by which S. sanguis Lac- recipients are converted to a Lac+ phenotype after transformation with Lac+ DNA. Southern blot data suggest that the Lac+ DNA does not reside on a transposon, but that integration always occurs within a specific HincII fragment of the recipient chromosome. Hybridization experiments demonstrate homology between the S. cremoris Lac+ DNA and cellular DNA from Lac+ strains of Streptococcus lactis, S. mutans, S. faecalis, and S. sanguis.
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Hickey MW, Hillier AJ, Jago GR. Transport and Metabolism of Lactose, Glucose, and Galactose in Homofermentative Lactobacilli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1986; 51:825-31. [PMID: 16347041 PMCID: PMC238968 DOI: 10.1128/aem.51.4.825-831.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of species of lactobacilli were examined for their ability to ferment both the glucose and galactose moieties of lactose.
Lactobacillus helveticus
strains metabolized both the glucose and galactose moieties, whereas
L. bulgaricus, L. lactis
, and
L. acidophilus
strains metabolized only the glucose moiety and released galactose into the growth medium. All four species tested contained β-galactosidase activity, and no significant phospho-β-galactosidase activity was observed.
L. bulgaricus
and
L. helveticus
had a phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):glucose phosphotransferase system for the uptake of glucose, but no evidence for a PEP:lactose phosphotransferase or PEP:galactose phosphotransferase system was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hickey
- Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, and Dairy Research Laboratory, Division of Food Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Highett, Victoria 3190, Australia
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Somerlate Barbosa MDF, Silva DO, Pinheiro AJR, Guimarães WV, Borges AC. Production of Beta-D-Galactosidase from Kluyveromyces fragilis Grown in Cheese Whey. J Dairy Sci 1985. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(85)81004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cesca B, Manca de Nadra MC, Strasser de Saad AM, Pesce de Ruiz Holgado A, Oliver G. beta-D-galactosidase of Lactobacillus species. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1984; 29:288-94. [PMID: 6434381 DOI: 10.1007/bf02875959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The activity of beta-D-galactosidase was studied in 13 strains of lactobacilli (groups Streptobacterium, Thermobacterium and Betabacterium). Using 2-nitrophenyl galactopyranoside as substrate, the enzyme activity varied with the strain. The values found in the Thermobacterium group were superior to those in the Streptobacterium group. The optimum pH for the species belonging to the Thermobacterium group was uniform, in contrast to the pH for those from the Streptobacterium which varied according to the species. The optimum temperature was quite uniform within each group and higher in the Streptobacterium. Lactose acted as a competitive inhibitor. MgCl2 protected the enzyme from thermal denaturation. The calcium ions inhibited the activity in all cases. The behaviour of the protectors of the SH groups varied according to the strain. 6-Phospho-beta-D-galactosidase activity was also determined, levels lower than beta-D-galactosidase were found, except in Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 and 14917.
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Garvie EI, Cole CB, Fuller R, Hewitt D. The effect of yoghurt on some components of the gut microflora and on the metabolism of lactose in the rat. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1984; 56:237-45. [PMID: 6427170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1984.tb01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Feeding yoghurt or base milk (from which the yoghurt was prepared by fermentation) to rats increased the counts of coliforms in the gut whereas the counts of lactobacilli were reduced by yoghurt but not by the base milk. Lactobacillus bulgaricus survived in the guts of gnotobiotic and conventional rats when yoghurt was fed continuously. Streptococcus thermophilus also survived in gnotobiotic rats but its ability to survive in conventional rats could not be examined. Both organisms failed to colonise the gut when a small inoculum of yoghurt was administered orally to germfree rats maintained on the stock diet. Streptococcus thermophilus but not Lact. bulgaricus grew in the rat diet when tested in vitro. Two enzyme systems (beta-galactosidase and lactase) were studied using, respectively, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) and lactose as the test substrates. Enzyme levels estimated with both substrates increased in the gut contents when rats were fed yoghurt but an increase was only found with ONPG in the intestinal mucosa fraction. The bacterial origin of all this increased activity is discussed. The other lactose-containing diets did not affect enzyme activity to the same degree. Feeding yoghurt changed the lactobacillus flora from one which was predominantly heterofermentative (Lact. reuteri ) to one which was predominantly homofermentative (Lact. salivarius).
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Abstract
Breath hydrogen production was used as a measure of lactose malabsorption in human test subjects following the consumption of both heated and unheated cultured yogurt. Less hydrogen was produced when the subjects consumed the unheated cultured yogurt than when they consumed the heated product, indicating that lactose hydrolysis was improved in the small intestine of the individuals consuming the unheated cultured yogurt. Lactase activity in yogurt samples was increased in the presence of bile. Yogurt starter bacteria growing in milk normally do not hydrolyze more lactose than needed for their growth. However, the increased lactase activity in the presence of bile indicates that these bacteria could function as a source of lactase to hydrolyze lactose in the small intestine even though the organisms themselves are not expected to grow in that environment.
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Influence de l'ingestion de yogourtsur l'activité lactasique intestinale chez des souris axéniques ou holoxéniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2609(83)80082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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London J, Hausman S. Xylitol-mediated transient inhibition of ribitol utilization by Lactobacillus casei. J Bacteriol 1982; 150:657-61. [PMID: 6802797 PMCID: PMC216413 DOI: 10.1128/jb.150.2.657-661.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of Lactobacillus casei strain Cl-16 at the expense or ribitol was inhibited if the non-metabolizable substrate xylitol was included in the medium at concentrations of 6 mM or greater. At these concentrations, xylitol, did not competitively inhibit ribitol transport. The cessation of growth was caused by the intracellular accumulation of xylitol-5-phosphate, which occurred because growth on ribitol had gratuitously induced a functional xylitol-specific phosphotransferase system but not the enzymes necessary for the further metabolism of xylitol-5-phosphate. Eventually, the cells overcame the xylitol-mediated inhibition by repressing the synthesis of enzyme II of the xylitol phosphotransferase system so that xylitol-5-phosphate would no longer be accumulated within the cell.
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Toba T, Tomita Y, Itoh T, Adachi S. β-Galactosidases of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Characterization by Oligosaccharides Formed During Hydrolysis of Lactose. J Dairy Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(81)82552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The importance of inorganic phosphate in regulation of energy metabolism of Streptococcus lactis. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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