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Brauer A, Rosendahl S, Kängsep A, Lewańczyk AC, Rikberg R, Hõrak R, Tamman H. Isolation and characterization of a phage collection against Pseudomonas putida. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16671. [PMID: 38863081 PMCID: PMC7616413 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The environmental bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, possesses a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways. This makes it highly promising for use in biotechnological production as a cell factory, as well as in bioremediation strategies to degrade various aromatic pollutants. For P. putida to flourish in its environment, it must withstand the continuous threats posed by bacteriophages. Interestingly, until now, only a handful of phages have been isolated for the commonly used laboratory strain, P. putida KT2440, and no phage defence mechanisms have been characterized. In this study, we present a new Collection of Environmental P. putida Phages from Estonia, or CEPEST. This collection comprises 67 double-stranded DNA phages, which belong to 22 phage species and 9 phage genera. Our findings reveal that most phages in the CEPEST collection are more infectious at lower temperatures, have a narrow host range, and require an intact lipopolysaccharide for P. putida infection. Furthermore, we show that cryptic prophages present in the P. putida chromosome provide strong protection against the infection of many phages. However, the chromosomal toxin-antitoxin systems do not play a role in the phage defence of P. putida. This research provides valuable insights into the interactions between P. putida and bacteriophages, which could have significant implications for biotechnological and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Age Brauer
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sirli Rosendahl
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Kängsep
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alicja Cecylia Lewańczyk
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Roger Rikberg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rita Hõrak
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hedvig Tamman
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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2
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Ultrafast and Multiplexed Bacteriophage Susceptibility Testing by Surface Plasmon Resonance and Phase Imaging of Immobilized Phage Microarrays. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of bacteriophage (phage) therapy, there is an urgent need for a method permitting multiplexed, parallel phage susceptibility testing (PST) prior to the formulation of personalized phage cocktails for administration to patients suffering from antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections. Methods based on surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and phase imaging were demonstrated as candidates for very rapid (<2 h) PST in the broth phase. Biosensing layers composed of arrays of phages 44AHJD, P68, and gh-1 were covalently immobilized on the surface of an SPRi prism and exposed to liquid culture of either Pseudomonas putida or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., either the phages’ host or non-host bacteria). Monitoring of reflectivity reveals susceptibility of the challenge bacteria to the immobilized phage strains. Investigation of phase imaging of lytic replication of gh-1 demonstrates PST at the single-cell scale, without requiring phage immobilization. SPRi sensorgrams show that on-target regions increase in reflectivity more slowly, stabilizing later and to a lower level compared to off-target regions. Phage susceptibility can be revealed in as little as 30 min in both the SPRi and phase imaging methods.
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3
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O’Connell L, Roupioz Y, Marcoux PR. Container Material Dictates Stability of Bacteriophage Suspensions: Light Scattering & Infectivity Measurements Reveal Mechanisms of Infectious Titer Decay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:529-543. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry O’Connell
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F‐38054 Grenoble France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, F‐38000 Grenoble France
| | - Yoann Roupioz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, SyMMES, F‐38000 Grenoble France
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Kazantseva OA, Buzikov RM, Pilipchuk TA, Valentovich LN, Kazantsev AN, Kalamiyets EI, Shadrin AM. The Bacteriophage Pf-10-A Component of the Biopesticide "Multiphage" Used to Control Agricultural Crop Diseases Caused by Pseudomonas syringae. Viruses 2021; 14:42. [PMID: 35062246 PMCID: PMC8779105 DOI: 10.3390/v14010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic pseudomonads are widespread in the world and cause a wide range of plant diseases. In this work, we describe the Pseudomonas phage Pf-10, which is a part of the biopesticide "Multiphage" used for bacterial diseases of agricultural crops caused by Pseudomonas syringae. The Pf-10 chromosome is a dsDNA molecule with two direct terminal repeats (DTRs). The phage genomic DNA is 39,424 bp long with a GC-content of 56.5%. The Pf-10 phage uses a packaging mechanism based on T7-like short DTRs, and the length of each terminal repeat is 257 bp. Electron microscopic analysis has shown that phage Pf-10 has the podovirus morphotype. Phage Pf-10 is highly stable at pH values from 5 to 10 and temperatures from 4 to 60 °C and has a lytic activity against Pseudomonas strains. Phage Pf-10 is characterized by fast adsorption rate (80% of virions attach to the host cells in 10 min), but has a relatively small number of progeny (37 ± 8.5 phage particles per infected cell). According to the phylogenetic analysis, phage Pf-10 can be classified as a new phage species belonging to the genus Pifdecavirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae, order Caudovirales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya A. Kazantseva
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Biology, G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Rustam M. Buzikov
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Biology, G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Tatsiana A. Pilipchuk
- Institute of Microbiology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (T.A.P.); (L.N.V.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Leonid N. Valentovich
- Institute of Microbiology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (T.A.P.); (L.N.V.); (E.I.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrey N. Kazantsev
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Emilia I. Kalamiyets
- Institute of Microbiology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Belarus; (T.A.P.); (L.N.V.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Andrey M. Shadrin
- Laboratory of Bacteriophage Biology, G. K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
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5
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Kropinski AM. Bacteriophage research - What we have learnt and what still needs to be addressed. Res Microbiol 2018; 169:481-487. [PMID: 29777837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacteriophages has significantly enhanced our understanding of molecular biology, the genomes of prokaryotic cells, and viral ecology. Phages and lysins offer a viable alternative to the declining utility of antibiotics in this post-antibiotic era. They also provide ideal teaching tools for genomics and bioinformatics. This article touches on the first 100 years of phage research with the author commenting on what he thinks are the highlights, and what needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Kropinski
- Departments of Food Science and Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 1W1, Canada.
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6
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Magill DJ, Krylov VN, Shaburova OV, McGrath JW, Allen CCR, Quinn JP, Kulakov LA. Pf16 and phiPMW: Expanding the realm of Pseudomonas putida bacteriophages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184307. [PMID: 28877269 PMCID: PMC5587285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the analysis of two novel Pseudomonas putida phages, pf16 and phiPMW. Pf16 represents a peripherally related T4-like phage, and is the first of its kind infecting a Pseudomonad, with evidence suggesting cyanophage origins. Extensive divergence has resulted in pf16 occupying a newly defined clade designated as the pf16-related phages, lying at the interface of the Schizo T-Evens and Exo T-Evens. Recombination with an ancestor of the P. putida phage AF is likely responsible for the tropism of this phage. phiPMW represents a completely novel Pseudomonas phage with a genome containing substantial genetic novelty through its many hypothetical proteins. Evidence suggests that this phage has been extensively shaped through gene transfer events and vertical evolution. Phylogenetics shows that this phage has an evolutionary history involving FelixO1-related viruses but is in itself highly distinct from this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J. Magill
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Victor N. Krylov
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Shaburova
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - John W. McGrath
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Christopher C. R. Allen
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - John P. Quinn
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Leonid A. Kulakov
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
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7
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Glukhov AS, Krutilina AI, Shlyapnikov MG, Severinov K, Lavysh D, Kochetkov VV, McGrath JW, de Leeuwe C, Shaburova OV, Krylov VN, Akulenko NV, Kulakov LA. Genomic analysis of Pseudomonas putida phage tf with localized single-strand DNA interruptions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51163. [PMID: 23236447 PMCID: PMC3517423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete sequence of the 46,267 bp genome of the lytic bacteriophage tf specific to Pseudomonas putida PpG1 has been determined. The phage genome has two sets of convergently transcribed genes and 186 bp long direct terminal repeats. The overall genomic architecture of the tf phage is similar to that of the previously described Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages PaP3, LUZ24 and phiMR299-2, and 39 out of the 72 products of predicted tf open reading frames have orthologs in these phages. Accordingly, tf was classified as belonging to the LUZ24-like bacteriophage group. However, taking into account very low homology levels between tf DNA and that of the other phages, tf should be considered as an evolutionary divergent member of the group. Two distinguishing features not reported for other members of the group were found in the tf genome. Firstly, a unique end structure – a blunt right end and a 4-nucleotide 3′-protruding left end – was observed. Secondly, 14 single-chain interruptions (nicks) were found in the top strand of the tf DNA. All nicks were mapped within a consensus sequence 5′-TACT/RTGMC-3′. Two nicks were analyzed in detail and were shown to be present in more than 90% of the phage population. Although localized nicks were previously found only in the DNA of T5-like and phiKMV-like phages, it seems increasingly likely that this enigmatic structural feature is common to various other bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly S. Glukhov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | | | - Michael G. Shlyapnikov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Konstantin Severinov
- Institutes of Molecular Genetics and Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daria Lavysh
- Institutes of Molecular Genetics and Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Kochetkov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
| | - John W. McGrath
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin de Leeuwe
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Olga V. Shaburova
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor N. Krylov
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory for Genetics of Bacteriophages, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Akulenko
- Institutes of Molecular Genetics and Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Leonid A. Kulakov
- School of Biological Sciences, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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8
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Delfan AS, Etemadifar Z, Bouzari M, Emtiazi G. Screening of Novel Bacteriophage Infection in Pseudomonas putida Isolated From Potato Disease. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012; 5:550-554. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
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9
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BVPaP-3, a T7-Like Lytic Phage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Its Isolation and Characterisation. Curr Microbiol 2012; 64:305-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Radhakrishnan A, Ananthasubramanian M. Characterization and lytic activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens phages from sewage. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:356-62. [PMID: 24031839 PMCID: PMC3768991 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120001000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens phages from sewage were tested against P. fluorescens isolates of soil and sewage. The phages were characterized as to host range, morphology, structural proteins and genome fingerprint. Of the seven phages isolated, one was found to be abundant in sewage (5.9×107 pfu/mL), having broad host range, and distinct protein and DNA profile when compared to the other six phages. DNA restriction and protein profiles of the phages and their morphology indicate the diversity in the sewage environment. None of the isolates from the rhizosphere regions of various cultivated soils were susceptible to phages isolated from sewage.
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11
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Campbell JI, Albrechtsen M, Sørensen J. Large Pseudomonas phages isolated from barley rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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12
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Kovalyova IV, Kropinski AM. The complete genomic sequence of lytic bacteriophage gh-1 infecting Pseudomonas putida--evidence for close relationship to the T7 group. Virology 2003; 311:305-15. [PMID: 12842620 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the lytic Pseudomonas putida bacteriophage gh-1 is linear double-stranded DNA containing 37,359 bp with 216-bp direct terminal repeats. Like other members of the T7 group, the gh-1 genome contains regions of high homology to T7 interspersed with nonhomologous regions that contain small open reading frames of unknown function. The genome shares 31 genes in common with other members of the T7 group, including RNA polymerase, and an additional 12 unique putative genes. A major difference between gh-1 and other members of this group is the absence of any open reading frames between the left direct terminal repeat and gene 1. Sequence analysis of the gh-1 genome also revealed the presence of 10 putative phage promoters with a consensus sequence similar to the promoters of T3 and phiYeO3-12 (consensus: TAAAAACCCTCACTRTGGCHSCM). P. putida mutants resistant to gh-1 were demonstrated to have an altered lipopolysaccharide structure, indicating that members of this group use lipopolysaccharide as their cellular receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Kovalyova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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13
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Chang PL, Yen TF. Interaction of
Pseudomonas putida
ATCC 12633 and Bacteriophage gh-1 in Berea Sandstone Rock. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:1545-7. [PMID: 16346956 PMCID: PMC238797 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.6.1545-1547.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of the passage of
Pseudomonas putida
ATCC 12633 and a phage-resistant mutant through Berea sandstone rock were made. When bacteriophage gh-1 was adsorbed within the rock matrix, a reduction in the passage of the susceptible but not the resistant cells through the rock was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Chang
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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14
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Abstract
The program of transcription in phage gh-1-infected Pseudomonas putida was examined. It was found that the host P. putida RNA polymerase transcribes early RNA from the L strand of gh-1 DNA during the initial stages of infection. The host RNA polymerase is also undoubtedly responsible for transcription of complementary RNA late in the infectious cycle because complementary RNA was not transcribed when rifampin was added to the infected cell culture. The gh-1-induced RNA polymerase transcribes late RNA from the L strand of gh-1 DNA late in the infectious cycle. The P. putida RNA polymerase transcribed only early RNA from primarily the L strand of gh-1 DNA in vitro when the molar ratio of enzyme to gh-1 DNA was 0.5. When the molar ratio was 50 the P. putida RNA polymerase transcribed RNA from the H strand of gh-1 DNA as well as complementary RNA. Thgh-1 RNA polymerase transcribed only the L strand of gh-1 DNA in vitro but transcribed both early and late RNA.
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15
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16
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Purification and characterization of bacteriophage gh-I-induced deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Kropinski AM. Bacteriophage DNA: correlation of buoyant density, melting temperature, and the chemically determined base composition. J Virol 1974; 13:753-6. [PMID: 4823318 PMCID: PMC355362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.3.753-756.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mathematical relationships between the buoyant density, melting temperature, and chemically determined base composition of bacteriophage DNA are described and compared with regression equations derived from studies with bacterial DNA.
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18
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Whitman PA, Marshall RT. Characterization of two psychrophilic Pseudomonas bacteriophages isolated from ground beef. Appl Microbiol 1971; 22:463-8. [PMID: 4107517 PMCID: PMC376334 DOI: 10.1128/am.22.3.463-468.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterization studies were performed on two psychrophilic phages which were isolated from ground beef samples. Phage inactivation by exposure to heat, low pH, osmotic shock conditions, and freezing showed that these two isolates were different. One-step growth experiments indicated that one isolate had a burst size five times as large (500) and a latent period two times as long (4 hr) as the other when tested at 7 C. Nucleic acid type was 2-deoxyribonucleic acid for both. Electron micrographs showed one to belong to Bradley's phage group A and the other to phage group C.
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19
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Abstract
Thirty-eight bacteriophage-host systems were isolated from 22 of 45 refrigerated food products examined under psychrophilic conditions. Isolates were obtained from ground beef, pork sausage, chicken, raw skim milk, and oysters, whereas no isolations were made from liquid egg whites and processed meat products. Thirty of the 38 psychrophilic bacterial hosts were gram-negative rods, and 27 of these were classified within the genus Pseudomonas; three were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The remaining eight were gram-positive cocci, which were tentatively classified as Leuconostoc. Plate counts of psychrophilic bacteria were greater than 2.2 x 10(5)/ml (g) in all but one sample which contained phage, whereas phage titers ranged from less than 100 to 6.3 x 10(6) plaque-forming units/ml (g). Phage isolates showed limited host ranges usually attacking only those hosts upon which they were isolated. Of eight phages tested against 13 cultures of known identity, one showed lytic action, and this was against strains of P. fragi.
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20
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21
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Myers RB, Cantino EC. DNA profile of the spore of Blastocladiella emersonii: evidence for -particle DNA. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 78:252-67. [PMID: 5099151 DOI: 10.1007/bf00424898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Payne K, Boezi J. The Purification and Characterization of Adenosine Triphosphate-Ribonucleic Acid Adenylyltransferase from Pseudomonas putida. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)63247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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23
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De Ley J. Reexamination of the association between melting point, buoyant density, and chemical base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 1970; 101:738-54. [PMID: 5438045 PMCID: PMC250386 DOI: 10.1128/jb.101.3.738-754.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The equations currently used for the calculation of the chemical base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), expressed as moles per cent guanine plus cytosine (% GC), from either buoyant density (rho) or midpoint of thermal denaturation (T(m)) were recalculated by using only sets of data on DNA determined with the same strains. All available information from the literature was screened and supplemented by unpublished data. The results were calculated by regression and correlation analysis and treated statistically. From the data on 96 strains of bacteria, it was calculated that% GC = 2.44 (T(m) - 69.4). T(m) appears to be unaffected by the substitution of cytosine by hydroxymethylcytosine. This equation is also valid for nonbacterial DNA. From the data on 84 strains of bacteria, the relation% GC = 1038.47 (-1.6616) was calculated. The constants in this equation are slightly modified when data on nonbacterial DNA are included. Both correlations differ only slightly from those currently used, but now they lean on a statistically sound basis. As a control, the relation between rho and T(m) was calculated from data of 197 strains; it agrees excellently with the above two equations.
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O'Callaghan RJ, O'Mara WO, Grogen JB. Physical stability and biological and physicochemical properties of twelve Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophages. Virology 1969; 37:642-8. [PMID: 4976536 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Johnson JC, Shanoff M, Bass ST, Boezi JA, Hansen RG. An enzymic method for determination of inorganic pyrophosphate and its use as an assay for RNA polymerase. Anal Biochem 1968; 26:137-45. [PMID: 4394440 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(68)90037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Olsen RH, Metcalf ES, Todd JK. Characteristics of bacteriophages attacking psychrophilic and mesophilic pseudomonads. J Virol 1968; 2:357-64. [PMID: 4986902 PMCID: PMC375621 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.4.357-364.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten Pseudomonas phage were isolated by sewage enrichment. Five psychrophilic and five mesophilic phage were selected for a description of some of their biological properties. In addition to growth on psychrophilic hosts, the psychrophilic phage studied were also able to grow on a mesophilic host within its growth temperature range. Latent periods for psychrophilic phage at 3.5 C were 6 to 12 hr and at 25 C were 30 to 60 min. Mesophilic phage had a latent period of 85 to 190 min at 25 C and 35 to 85 min at 37 C. Psychrophilic phage were significantly more heat-sensitive than the mesophilic phage. Of all the parameters studied, only thermal sensitivity correlated with growth at 3.5 C. Phage used in this study had a deoxyribonucleic acid base composition ranging from 39.6 to 68.2% guanine plus cytosine, deduced from melting temperature measurements.
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Lee LF, Boezi JA. Sedimentation analysis of Pseudomonas putida A.3.12 bacteriophage gh-1 deoxyribonucleic acid. J Virol 1967; 1:1274-6. [PMID: 5621492 PMCID: PMC375419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.6.1274-1276.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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