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Tian G, Qin C, Hu J, Zou X, Yin J. Effect of Side-Chain Functional Groups in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Surface Glycans. Molecules 2023; 28:7112. [PMID: 37894591 PMCID: PMC10609480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans on the surface of bacteria have diverse and essential biological functions and have widely been employed for treating various bacterial infectious diseases. Furthermore, these glycans comprise various functional groups, such as O-, N-, and carboxyl-modified, which significantly increase the diversity of glycan structures. These functional groups are not only crucial for glycans' structural identity but are also essential for their biological functions. Therefore, a clear understanding of the biological functions of these modified groups in corresponding bacterial glycans is crucial for their medical applications. Thus far, the activities of functional groups in some biomedical active carbohydrates have been elucidated. It has been shown that some functional groups are key constituents of biologically active bacterial glycans, while others are actually not essential and may even mask the functions of the glycans. This paper reviews the structures of naturally occurring side-chain functional groups in glycans located on the bacterial surface and their roles in immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jing Hu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (G.T.); (C.Q.); (X.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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O-acetylation of typhoid capsular polysaccharide confers polysaccharide rigidity and immunodominance by masking additional epitopes. Vaccine 2019; 37:3866-3875. [PMID: 31160100 PMCID: PMC6997886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The binding of anti-Vi mAb and polyclonal immune sera correlated with the level of O-acetylation. C. freundii Vi resists de-O-acetylation and is more viscous than S. Typhi Vi. Sera from human vaccine recipients contains IgG that recognizes the backbone of Vi. Simulations show O-acetyls are exposed on the surface of Vi and confer rigidity. MD gives conformational rationale for effect of O-acetylation on Vi antigenicity and viscosity.
In this work, we explore the effects of O-acetylation on the physical and immunological characteristics of the WHO International Standards of Vi polysaccharide (Vi) from both Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. We find that, although structurally identical according to NMR, the two Vi standards have differences with respect to susceptibility to de-O-acetylation and viscosity in water. Vi standards from both species have equivalent mass and O-acetylation-dependent binding to a mouse monoclonal antibody and to anti-Vi polyclonal antisera, including the WHO International Standard for human anti-typhoid capsular Vi PS IgG. This study also confirms that human anti-Vi sera binds to completely de-O-acetylated Vi. Molecular dynamics simulations provide conformational rationales for the known effect of de-O-acetylation both on the viscosity and antigenicity of the Vi, demonstrating that de-O-acetylation has a very marked effect on the conformation and dynamic behavior of the Vi, changing the capsular polysaccharide from a rigid helix into a more flexible coil, as well as enhancing the strong interaction of the polysaccharide with sodium ions. Partial de-O-acetylation of Vi revealed hidden epitopes that were recognized by human and sheep anti-Vi PS immune sera. These findings have significance for the manufacture and evaluation of Vi vaccines.
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Role of O-Acetylation in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Polysaccharide Vaccines. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061340. [PMID: 29865239 PMCID: PMC6100563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of infectious diseases caused by several bacterial pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis, has been dramatically reduced over the last 25 years through the use of glycoconjugate vaccines. The structures of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens, extracted and purified from microbial cultures and obtained with very high purity, show that many of them are decorated by O-acetyl groups. While these groups are often considered important for the structural identity of the polysaccharides, they play a major role in the functional immune response to some vaccines such as meningococcal serogroup A and Salmonella typhi Vi, but do not seem to be important for many others, such as meningococcal serogroups C, W, Y, and type III Group B Streptococcus. This review discusses the O-acetylation status of CPSs and its role in the immunological responses of these antigens.
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Ni Y, Springer MJ, Guo J, Finger-Baker I, Wilson JP, Cobb RR, Turner D, Tizard I. Development of a synthetic Vi polysaccharide vaccine for typhoid fever. Vaccine 2017; 35:7121-7126. [PMID: 29150208 PMCID: PMC5754192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a serious public health problem with a high impact on toddlers and young children. Vaccines against the Vi capsular polysaccharide are efficacious against typhoid fever demonstrating that antibodies against Vi confer protection. The currently licensed Vi typhoid vaccines have however limited efficacy and are manufactured by a complex process from wild-type bacteria. Due to these inherent issues with the current vaccines, an alternative vaccine based on an O-acetylated high molecular weight (HMW) polygalacturonic acid (GelSite-OAc™) was generated. The HMW polygalacturonic acid shares the same backbone as the Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi. The GelSite-OAc™ has a high molecular weight (>1 × 106 Da) and a high degree of O-acetylation (DOAc) (>5 μmole/mg), both exceeding the potency specifications of the current Vi vaccine. Studies in Balb/c mice demonstrated that GelSite-OAc™ was highly immunogenic, inducing a strong antigen-specific antibody response in a DOAc- and dose-dependent manner which was comparable to or higher than those induced by the licensed Vi vaccine. Importantly, the GelSite-OAc™ was shown to be fully protective in mice against lethal challenge with Salmonella Typhi. Furthermore, the GelSite-OAc™ demonstrated a boosting effect or memory response, exhibiting a >2-fold increase in antibody levels upon the second immunization with either GelSite-OAc™ or the Vi vaccine. This novel boosting effect is unique among polysaccharide antigens and potentially makes GelSite-OAc™ effective in people under 2 years old. Together these results suggest that the GelSite-OAc™ could be a highly effective vaccine against Salmonella Typhi.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunologic Memory
- Mice
- Pectins/administration & dosage
- Pectins/chemistry
- Pectins/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Salmonella typhi/immunology
- Typhoid Fever/immunology
- Typhoid Fever/microbiology
- Typhoid Fever/prevention & control
- Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/chemistry
- Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Ni
- Research and Development, Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, FL, USA.
| | | | - Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - James P Wilson
- Research and Development, Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, FL, USA
| | - Ronald R Cobb
- Research and Development, Nanotherapeutics, Inc., Alachua, FL, USA
| | - Debra Turner
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Lake JP, Reed ND, Ulrich JT, Varitek VA. Development of a localized hemolysis-in-gel assay for Vi antigen: characterization of the Vi-specific PFC response of nude and normal mice. IMMUNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATIONS 1977; 6:149-65. [PMID: 324895 DOI: 10.3109/08820137709055808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An assay to detect specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) to Vi antigen (Vi) was developed and the optimal conditions for sensitization of sheep erythrocytes (SE) and plaque development were determined. Using PFC and passive hemagglutination (PHA) assays, Vi-specific immune responses of athymic (nude) and normal mice were characterized. Vi was found to elicit only IgM PFC. No discernable secondary response was detected following a second injection of antigen. Nude and normal mice responded in a quantitatively similar manner to all doses of Vi tested and responded similarly on varying days following immunization. Also, both nude and normal mice produced the greatest number of Vi-specific PFC 4 days following immunization with an optimally immunogenic dose of Vi (1.0 microng/mouse). These results indicate that functional thymus-derived cells are not necessary to elicit an immune response against Vi antigen.
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Choy YM, Fehmel F, Frank N, Stirm S. Escherichia coli capsule bacteriophages. IV. Primary structure of the bacteriophage 29 receptor, the E. coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide. J Virol 1975; 16:581-90. [PMID: 169391 PMCID: PMC354706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.3.581-590.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, characterization of oligosaccharides by Smith degradation or partial acid hydrolysis, as well as proton magnetic resonance, the primary structure of the Escherichia coli serotype 29 capsular polysaccharide (the receptor of E. coli K phage 29) was reinvestigated. The polymer was found to consist of hexasaccharide repeating units of the following structure: (see article).
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Driesens RJ. Effect of glass on pH-dependent stability of typhoid vaccine. J Clin Microbiol 1975; 2:85-8. [PMID: 9421 PMCID: PMC274137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines made from the Ty-2 strain of Salmonella typhosa were tested periodically for stability of pH and of potency. The acetone-treated cultures prepared in buffered saline solutions retained potency beyond 30 months of storage at 0 to 5 C. Similar vaccines in unbuffered saline solutions lost potency coincident with increase of alkalinity. Vaccines packaged in United States Pharmacopeia borosilicate glass vials retained potency and pH stability, whereas those in Type III United States Pharmacopeia soda-lime glass vials were less stable.
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Thurow H, Choy YM, Frank N, Niemann H, Stirm S. The structure of Klebsiella serotype II capsular polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 1975; 41:241-55. [PMID: 236829 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)87023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, the characterization of oligosaccharides obtained by partial acid hydrolysis, p.m.r. spectroscopy, and analytical ultracentrifugation, the structure of the (mildly alkali-treated) Klebsiella serotype 11 capusular polysaccharide has been elucidated. The tetrasaccharide repeating-unit comprises the sequence yields 3)-beta-D-Glcp-(1 yields 3)-beta-D-GlcUAp-(1 yields 3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1 yields with a 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-alpha-D-galactosyl residue linked to O-4 of the glucuronic acid residue. The structural basis for some serological cross-reactions of the Klebseilla K11 antigen is discussed, and it is shown that rabbit antisera against the Klebsiella K11 test-strain predominantly contain K agglutinins specific for branch-terminal 4,6-O-(1-carboxyethylidene)-D-galactose.
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McNicol LA, Baker EE. Role of O-acetyl groups in the interaction of Vi antigen with protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 229:233-9. [PMID: 5101162 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(71)90338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Stirm S. Escherichia coli K bacteriophages. I. Isolation and introductory characterization of five Escherichia coli K bacteriophages. J Virol 1968; 2:1107-14. [PMID: 5723715 PMCID: PMC375443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.1107-1114.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of five Escherichia coli K phages has been isolated. These phages are adsorbed to and lyse the capsular forms of the host bacteria, whereas their spontaneous, acapsular mutants are not affected. All host strains are heavily encapsulated test strains for E. coli K antigens of the thermostable A type and they readily segregate acapsular mutants. In four of the phage-host systems, all secondary growth obtained was found to be acapsular. When tested for host-range mutants on 38 strains of E. coli and Klebsiella, less than one mutant per 10(5) plaque-forming units was found. No cross-reacting neutralizing antibodies were obtained when rabbits were immunized with the K phages. The latent periods (between 16 and 30 min) and average burst sizes (between 145 and 580) were determined by one-step growth experiments.
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Jann K, Jann B, Schneider KF, Orskov F, Orskov I. Immunochemistry of K antigens of Escherichia coli. 5. The K antigen of E. coli 08:K27(A):H negative. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 5:456-65. [PMID: 4972384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Martin DG, Jarvis FG, Milner KC. Physicochemical and biological properties of sonically treated Vi antigen. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:1411-6. [PMID: 4964477 PMCID: PMC276840 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1411-1416.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophoretically purified Vi antigen from Citrobacter freundii 5396/38 was depolymerized by sonic treatment. The treatment caused an 80% reduction in specific viscosity and a reduction in molecular weight from 1.6 x 10(6) to 3.9 x 10(4). The O-acetyl and N-acetyl contents of the antigen and its infrared spectrum remained unchanged. The sonically treated antigen was only 1% as effective as the original antigen in eliciting protection in mice against challenge with Salmonella typhi. Sonically treated antigen also elicited lower antibody titers after single injections in mice and rabbits. No loss in ability to precipitate antibody or to sensitize red blood cells for hemagglutination was observed.
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