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Careghini A, Saponaro S, Sezenna E, Daghio M, Franzetti A, Gandolfi I, Bestetti G. Lab-scale tests and numerical simulations for in situ treatment of polluted groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 287:162-170. [PMID: 25644032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is used at significant percentages as an additive of unleaded gasoline. The physical-chemical properties of the substance (water solubility, soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient) cause high mobility and high concentrations in groundwater. Laboratory scale batch and column tests and mathematical modeling were performed to study the feasibility of a biobarrier (BB), that is an in situ permeable biological barrier with or without inoculation, for the remediation of MTBE and other gasoline-derived pollutants (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and m+p-xylenes, BTEXs) polluted groundwater and to estimate kinetic constants. The experimental results showed simultaneous biodegradation of MTBE and BTEXs, with similar removals in the uninoculated and the inoculated systems. Ranges for the first order kinetic removal were obtained for MTBE ((0.18±0.02)/(0.28±0.11d(-1))), B ((0.39±0.12)/(0.56±0.12d(-1))), T ((0.51±0.03)/(0.78±0.15d(-1))), E ((0.46±0.18)/(1.57±0.21d(-1))), o-X ((0.24±0.08)/(0.64±0.09d(-1))) and m+p-X ((0.20±0.04)/(1.21±0.04d(-1))). The results of the laboratory tests allowed to improve mathematical modeling in order to design a full-scale BB at a gasoline-contaminated site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Careghini
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA Sez. Ambientale, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - S Saponaro
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA Sez. Ambientale, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - E Sezenna
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA Sez. Ambientale, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Daghio
- Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - A Franzetti
- Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - I Gandolfi
- Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - G Bestetti
- Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Corkrey R, McMeekin TA, Bowman JP, Ratkowsky DA, Olley J, Ross T. Protein thermodynamics can be predicted directly from biological growth rates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96100. [PMID: 24787650 PMCID: PMC4006894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Life on Earth is capable of growing from temperatures well below freezing to above the boiling point of water, with some organisms preferring cooler and others hotter conditions. The growth rate of each organism ultimately depends on its intracellular chemical reactions. Here we show that a thermodynamic model based on a single, rate-limiting, enzyme-catalysed reaction accurately describes population growth rates in 230 diverse strains of unicellular and multicellular organisms. Collectively these represent all three domains of life, ranging from psychrophilic to hyperthermophilic, and including the highest temperature so far observed for growth (122°C). The results provide credible estimates of thermodynamic properties of proteins and obtain, purely from organism intrinsic growth rate data, relationships between parameters previously identified experimentally, thus bridging a gap between biochemistry and whole organism biology. We find that growth rates of both unicellular and multicellular life forms can be described by the same temperature dependence model. The model results provide strong support for a single highly-conserved reaction present in the last universal common ancestor (LUCA). This is remarkable in that it means that the growth rate dependence on temperature of unicellular and multicellular life forms that evolved over geological time spans can be explained by the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tom A. McMeekin
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David A. Ratkowsky
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - June Olley
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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3
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Corkrey R, Olley J, Ratkowsky D, McMeekin T, Ross T. Universality of thermodynamic constants governing biological growth rates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32003. [PMID: 22348140 PMCID: PMC3279425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mathematical models exist that quantify the effect of temperature on poikilotherm growth rate. One family of such models assumes a single rate-limiting ‘master reaction’ using terms describing the temperature-dependent denaturation of the reaction's enzyme. We consider whether such a model can describe growth in each domain of life. Methodology/Principal Findings A new model based on this assumption and using a hierarchical Bayesian approach fits simultaneously 95 data sets for temperature-related growth rates of diverse microorganisms from all three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Remarkably, the model produces credible estimates of fundamental thermodynamic parameters describing protein thermal stability predicted over 20 years ago. Conclusions/Significance The analysis lends support to the concept of universal thermodynamic limits to microbial growth rate dictated by protein thermal stability that in turn govern biological rates. This suggests that the thermal stability of proteins is a unifying property in the evolution and adaptation of life on earth. The fundamental nature of this conclusion has importance for many fields of study including microbiology, protein chemistry, thermal biology, and ecological theory including, for example, the influence of the vast microbial biomass and activity in the biosphere that is poorly described in current climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture/School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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4
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BROCKLEHURST TF, LUND BM. Properties of Pseudomonads Causing Spoilage of Vegetables Stored at Low Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb00890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Ogilvie B, Rutter M, Nedwell D. Selection by temperature of nitrate-reducing bacteria from estuarine sediments: species composition and competition for nitrate. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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6
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Influence of the modelling approach on the estimation of the minimum temperature for growth in Belehrádek-type models. Food Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2000.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Panoff JM, Thammavongs B, Guéguen M, Boutibonnes P. Cold stress responses in mesophilic bacteria. Cryobiology 1998; 36:75-83. [PMID: 9527869 DOI: 10.1006/cryo.1997.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of the prokaryotes that have been studied, combined with the many different effects of low temperature, has led to an extensive literature concerning cold stress responses in mesophilic bacteria. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of cold on the behavior of bacteria. The following three responses will be described: (i) biochemical modifications consisting first of membrane fatty acid desaturation and second of the synthesis of cold stress proteins, (ii) physiological responses of the cells to permit growth at low temperatures above 0 degrees C and cryotolerance at lower temperatures, and (iii) control of the cold shock response at a transcriptional and/or translational level. This paper reviews knowledge, most of which has been acquired in the last 10 years, in the field of cold stress responses. It is hoped that these data will help to focus attention on the metabolic responses associated with environmental disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Panoff
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Alimentaire, IRBA, Caen cedex, 14032, France
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8
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Thammavongs B, Corroler D, Panoff JM, Auffray Y, Boutibonnes P. Physiological response of Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 to cold shock: growth at low temperatures and freezing/thawing challenge. Lett Appl Microbiol 1996; 23:398-402. [PMID: 8987900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1996.tb01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth at low positive temperatures and induced phenotypic resistance to extreme cold temperature (freezing/thawing cycles) of Enterococcus faecalis were investigated. The effect of low temperatures on the specific growth rates was studied; use of Arrhenius profile and Ratkovsky 'square-root' model allowed determination of the 'temperature characteristic' (mu approximately equal to 13,800 cal mol-1), the critical temperature (Tcrit approximately equal to 17.9 degrees C) and the notional minimum growth temperature (T0 approximately equal to 3.6 degrees C). Preincubation of Ent. faecalis cells at low temperatures (8-16 degrees C) during periods corresponding to their generation time resulted in an increased ability of the bacterial cells to withstand short periods of freezing/thawing (-20 degrees C/+37 degrees C) challenge. Moreover, the increase of the incubation period at low positive temperature led to a higher degree of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thammavongs
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de Environnement, Université de Caen, France
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9
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Gram-negative bacteria viable in ultrapure water: identification of bacteria isolated from ultrapure water and effect of temperature on their behavior. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0927-7765(95)01230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Gounot AM. Bacterial life at low temperature: physiological aspects and biotechnological implications. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1991; 71:386-97. [PMID: 1761432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb03806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Gounot
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Physiologique et Appliquée, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, France
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11
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Westermann P, Ahring BK, Mah RA. Temperature Compensation in
Methanosarcina barkeri
by Modulation of Hydrogen and Acetate Affinity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1262-6. [PMID: 16347915 PMCID: PMC184287 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.5.1262-1266.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The affinity of
Methanosarcina barkeri
227 for acetate and hydrogen at different incubation temperatures was investigated. Increasing the temperature from 20 to 37�C resulted in a 4.5-fold increase in
K
m
for acetate and a 4.8-fold increase for hydrogen. The corresponding increase in
V
max
for acetate was 8.3-fold (5.4-fold for hydrogen). This response implied a decrease in the temperature coefficient (Q
10
) and hence a decrease in the temperature dependency as a function of decreasing substrate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Westermann
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024
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12
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13
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Abstract
Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms have the ability to grow at 0 degree C. Psychrotrophic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth above 20 degrees C and are widespread in natural environments and in foods. Psychrophilic microorganisms have a maximum temperature for growth at 20 degrees C or below and are restricted to permanently cold habitats. This ability to grow at low temperature may be correlated with a lower temperature characteristic than that of the mesophiles, an increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the lipid phase of the cell membrane, which makes it more fluid, and a protein conformation functional at low temperature. The relatively low maximum temperature of growth for these microorganisms is often considered to be due to the thermolability of one or more essential cellular components, particularly enzymes, while some degradative activities are enhanced, resulting in an exhaustion of cell energy, a leakage of intracellular substances or complete lysis. Psychrotrophic microorganisms are well-known for their degradative activities in foods. Some are pathogenic or toxinogenic for man, animals or plants. However in natural microbial ecosystems psychrotrophic and psychrophilic microorganisms can play a large role in the biodegradation of organic matter during cold seasons.
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14
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Aziz SBA, Nedwell D. The nitrogen cycle of an East Coast, U.K., saltmarsh: I. Nitrogen assimilation during primary production; Detrital mineralization. ESTUARINE, COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE 1986; 22:559-575. [DOI: 10.1016/0272-7714(86)90014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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15
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Stannard C, Williams A, Gibbs P. Temperature/growth relationships for psychrotrophic food-spoilage bacteria. Food Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(85)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Ratkowsky DA, Olley J, McMeekin TA, Ball A. Relationship between temperature and growth rate of bacterial cultures. J Bacteriol 1982; 149:1-5. [PMID: 7054139 PMCID: PMC216584 DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.1.1-5.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arrhenius Law, which was originally proposed to describe the temperature dependence of the specific reaction rate constant in chemical reactions, does not adequately describe the effect of temperature on bacterial growth. Microbiologists have attempted to apply a modified version of this law to bacterial growth by replacing the reaction rate constant by the growth rate constant, but the modified law relationship fits data poorly, as graphs of the logarithm of the growth rate constant against reciprocal absolute temperature result in curves rather than straight lines. Instead, a linear relationship between in square root of growth rate constant (r) and temperature (T), namely, square root = b (T - T0), where b is the regression coefficient and T0 is a hypothetical temperature which is an intrinsic property of the organism, is proposed and found to apply to the growth of a wide range of bacteria. The relationship is also applicable to nucleotide breakdown and to the growth of yeast and molds.
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18
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Kaiser I, Oelze J. Growth and adaptation to phototrophic conditions of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides at different temperatures. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00511226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Baldock BM, Baker JH, Sleigh MA. Laboratory growth rates of six species of freshwater Gymnamoebia. Oecologia 1980; 47:156-159. [PMID: 28309464 DOI: 10.1007/bf00346813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1980] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory growth rates of six species of Gymnamoebia, isolated from English chalk streams and cultured on bacteria, have been determined at four different temperatures. Generation times ranged from 4.46 to 33.3 h. A linear relationship between log10 specific growth rate and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature was demonstrated for four species. A significant regression of log10 generation time on log10 cell volume was obtained for data on amoebae in combination with data on ciliates taken from the literature. This regression may be used to predict the growth rates of other species of amoebae and ciliates of known cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Baldock
- River Laboratory, Freshwater Biological Association, East Stoke, BH20 6BB, Wareham, Dorset
| | - J H Baker
- River Laboratory, Freshwater Biological Association, East Stoke, BH20 6BB, Wareham, Dorset
| | - M A Sleigh
- Department of Biology, University of Southampton, SO93TU, England
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20
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Effects of growth temperature on maximal specific growth rate, yield, maintenance, and death rate in glucose-limited continuous culture of the thermophilic Bacillus caldotenax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00498727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Krüger GH, Eloff JN. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE AND ACTIVATION ENERGY OF MICROCYSTIS AND SYNECHOCOCCUS ISOLATES RELEVANT TO THE ONSET OF NATURAL BLOOMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1080/03779688.1978.9633144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Amelunxen RE, Murdock AL. Mechanisms of thermophily. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1978; 6:343-93. [PMID: 365460 DOI: 10.3109/10408417809090626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Young JM, Luketina RC, Marshall AM. The effects on temperature on growth in vitro of Pseudomonas syringae and and Xanthomonas pruni. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1977; 42:345-54. [PMID: 885818 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Abstract
The cardinal growth characteristics of Myxococcus xanthus were examined from 14 to 40 degree C, and the examinations indicated that the organism is mesophilic in character. The maximum growth rate (0,3 doublings per h) was between 34 and 36 degree C and the temperature characteristic (micron) is 17,000 cal/mol (71,162 J/mol).
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25
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26
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Billing E. The effect of temperature on the growth of the fireblight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1974; 37:643-8. [PMID: 4436163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1974.tb00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Oliver JD, Colwell RR. Extractable lipids of gram-negative marine bacteria: phospholipid composition. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:897-908. [PMID: 4197274 PMCID: PMC285343 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.3.897-908.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipid compositions of 20 strains of marine and estuarine bacteria were determined. Results showed that phospholipids of marine bacteria differed very little from those of nonmarine organisms with phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol being the predominant phospholipids in all strains examined. Lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine occurred in significant quantities among a number of the marine bacteria, and two of the isolates contained significant quantities of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Effects of age and growth temperature on the phospholipid composition were also investigated. It is suggested that phylogenetic relationships among bacteria may be correlated with phospholipid composition.
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Ward J, Cockson A. Studies on a thermophilic bacillus: its isolation, properties, and temperature coefficient of growth. J Bacteriol 1972; 112:1040-2. [PMID: 4565524 PMCID: PMC251528 DOI: 10.1128/jb.112.3.1040-1042.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic bacillus with minimal, optimal, and maximal growth temperatures of 40, 64.5, and 72 C, respectively, was isolated from soil. Biochemical and morphological studies place the isolate in group 1 of the classification of Walker and Wolf. After adaption to nitrate broth, the temperature coefficient for growth was found to be 20,400 cal/mol. When the temperature coefficient for growth of the isolate, psychrophilic bacteria, mesophilic bacteria, and a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus are compared, there is no correlation with optimal temperature. The form of the Arrhenius equation, as used by some workers, is commented on.
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29
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30
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Harder W, Veldkamp H. Competition of marine psychrophilic bacteria at low temperatures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1971; 37:51-63. [PMID: 5313512 DOI: 10.1007/bf02218466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Shehata TE, Duran A, Collins EB. Influence of temperature on the growth of psychrophilic strains of Bacillus. J Dairy Sci 1971; 54:1579-82. [PMID: 5000941 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(71)86074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Abstract
Six of the 13 Aeromonas hydrophila, 1 of 10 A. shigelloides, and none of 10 A. salmonicida were found to be psychrophiles. All of the rest of the strains were mesophiles. The mu values (temperature characteristics) could not be used to distinguish psychrophiles from mesophiles.
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33
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Reichardt W. [Ecophysiologic studies on dephosphorylation in Cyanophyceae cultures]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 11:501-24. [PMID: 5003890 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630110606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Meeks JC, Castenholz RW. Growth and photosynthesis in an extreme thermophile, Synechococcus lividus (Cyanophyta). ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1971; 78:25-41. [PMID: 4999393 DOI: 10.1007/bf00409086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Felter RA, Kennedy SF, Colwell RR, Chapman GB. Intracytoplasmic membrane structures in Vibrio marinus. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:552-60. [PMID: 4911546 PMCID: PMC247585 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.2.552-560.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An electron microscope study of Vibrio marinus strains MP-1, an obligate psychrophile, and PS-207, a moderate psychrophile, revealed numerous intracellular membranous structures. The structures were found to occur more frequently in V. marinus strain MP-1 than in strain PS-207. The frequency of occurrence and complexity of structure were related to age of the culture. In early logarithmic phase, cells revealed invaginations of the plasma membrane. More complex membrane forms, found in late logarithmic and stationary phase, were either myelin-like sheaths, for which the term "myelemma" is proposed, or membranes randomly arranged throughout the cells. The complex membrane forms were not observed to be directly connected with the plasma membrane. However, they were often found in approximation to the plasma membrane or associated with vacuoles and circular membrane profiles. Individual membranes were of a tripartite structure and of dimensions similar to the cell wall and plasma membrane.
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36
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Baig IA, Hopton JW. Psychrophilic properties and the temperature characteristic of growth of bacteria. J Bacteriol 1969; 100:552-3. [PMID: 4981065 PMCID: PMC315434 DOI: 10.1128/jb.100.1.552-553.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An attempt was made to define psycrophily on the basis of the temperature characteristic mu.
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37
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Epstein I, Grossowicz N. Prototrophic thermophilic bacillus: isolation, properties, and kinetics of growth. J Bacteriol 1969; 99:414-7. [PMID: 5808072 PMCID: PMC250032 DOI: 10.1128/jb.99.2.414-417.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermophilic bacillus (minimal growth temperature 41 C, optimal 55 to 58 C, and maximal 65 C) was isolated from a manure pile. It is very similar to Bacillus stearothermophilus, but it differs in its inability to hydrolyze starch. The thermophilic isolate is a prototroph which grows in a minimal medium consisting of glucose, ammonium salt, phosphate buffer, and inorganic salts. At all temperatures studied (low to high), the same minimal nutritional requirements prevailed. The Arrhenius constant for growth was found to be 15,000 and 13,500 cal/mole in the minimal and rich media, respectively.
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