1
|
Zhao Y, Han L, Sang H, Liu S, Yang P, Hou Y, Xiao Y. Swine Influenza Viruses Isolated from 2019 to 2022 in Shandong Province, China, Exemplify the Dominant Genotype. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:849. [PMID: 39062628 PMCID: PMC11275327 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have been circulating in swine globally and are potential threats to human health. During the surveillance of SIVs in Shandong Province, China, from 2019 to 2022, 21 reassortant G4 genotype Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 subtypes containing genes from the EA H1N1 (HA and NA), 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 virus (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, and M), and classical swine (CS) H1N1 (NS) lineages were isolated. The analysis of the key functional amino acid sites in the isolated viruses showed that two mutation sites (190D and 225E) that preferentially bind to the human α2-6 sialic acid receptor were found in HA. In PB2, three mutation sites (271A, 590S, and 591R) that may increase mammalian fitness and a mutation site (431M) that increases pathogenicity in mice were found. A typical human signature marker that may promote infection in humans, 357K, was found in NP. The viruses could replicate efficiently in mouse lungs and turbinates, and one of the H1N1 isolates could replicate in mouse kidneys and brains without prior adaption, which indicates that the viruses potentially pose a threat to human health. Histopathological results showed that the isolated viruses caused typical bronchopneumonia and encephalitis in mice. The results indicate that G4 genotype H1N1 has potential transmissibility to humans, and surveillance should be enhanced, which could provide important information for assessing the pandemic potential of the viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yihong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.Z.); (L.H.); (H.S.); (S.L.); (P.Y.); (Y.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Lan R, Chang H, Li H, Yu H, Tong Q, Liu J, Sun H. Isolation and characterization of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs suffering from pneumonia. Virology 2024; 592:110009. [PMID: 38330852 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Swine influenza viruses pose ongoing threat to pork industry throughout the world. In 2023, fattening pigs from a swine farm in Inner Mongolia of China experienced influenza-like symptoms. Co-infection of influenza A virus with Pasteurella multocida was diagnosed in lung tissues of diseased pigs and a genotype 4 (G4) Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus was isolated, which was named as A/swine/Neimenggu/0326/2023. We demonstrated the virus preferentially bound human-like SAα2,6Gal receptor. It was noteworthy that the virus possessed multiple genetic markers for mammalian adaptation in the internal genes. Animal studies showed that compared with genotype 1 (G1) EA H1N1 virus and early prevalent G4 EA H1N1 virus, A/swine/Neimenggu/0326/2023 virus exhibited increased virus shedding, enhanced replication in lungs, and caused more severe lung lesions in pigs. These findings indicate that the G4 EA H1N1 virus poses increased threat to pork industry, controlling the prevailing viruses in pigs should be promptly implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jizhe Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Riguo Lan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haoyu Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Han Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haili Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Gong Y, Zhang C, Sun J, Wong G, Shi W, Liu W, Gao GF, Bi Y. Co-existence and co-infection of influenza A viruses and coronaviruses: Public health challenges. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100306. [PMID: 35992368 PMCID: PMC9384331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 20th century, humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1/1918, H2N2/1957, H3N2/1968, and H1N1/2009) and the coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts. Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs, further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 may maintain long-term circulation in humans as seasonal IAVs. Co-existence and co-infection of both viruses in humans could alter disease transmission patterns and aggravate disease burden. Herein, we demonstrate how virus-host ecology correlates with the co-existence and co-infection of IAVs and/or CoVs, further affecting virus evolution and disease dynamics and burden, calling for active virus surveillance and countermeasures for future public health challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhuan Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ju Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gary Wong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian 271016, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Immune Escape Adaptive Mutations in Hemagglutinin Are Responsible for the Antigenic Drift of Eurasian Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0097122. [PMID: 35916512 PMCID: PMC9400474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00971-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous antigenic variation of influenza A viruses remains a major hurdle for vaccine selection; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms of antigenic change remain largely unknown. In this study, two escape mutants were generated by serial passages of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus (EA H1N1 SIV) A/swine/Henan/11/2005 (HeN11) in the presence of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which were designated HeN11-2B6-P5 and HeN11-4C7-P8, respectively. The HeN11-2B6-P5 mutant simultaneously harbored the N190D and I230M substitutions in HA, whereas HeN11-4C7-P8 harbored the M269R substitution in HA (H3 numbering). The effects of each of these substitutions on viral antigenicity were determined by measuring the neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers with mAbs and polyclonal sera raised against the representative viruses. The results indicate that residues 190 and 269 are key determinants of viral antigenic variation. In particular, the N190D mutation had the greatest antigenic impact, as determined by the HI assay. Further studies showed that both HeN11-2B6-P5 and HeN11-4C7-P8 maintained the receptor-binding specificity of the parent virus, although the single mutation N190D decreased the binding affinity for the human-type receptor. The replicative ability in vitro of HeN11-2B6-P5 was increased, whereas that of HeN11-4C7-P8 was decreased. These findings extend our understanding of the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses under immune pressure and provide insights into the functional effects of amino acid substitutions near the receptor-binding site and the interplay among receptor binding, viral replication, and antigenic drift. IMPORTANCE The antigenic changes that occur continually in the evolution of influenza A viruses remain a great challenge for the effective control of disease outbreaks. Here, we identified three amino acid substitutions (at positions 190, 230, and 269) in the HA of EA H1N1 SIVs that determine viral antigenicity and result in escape from neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. All three of these substitutions have emerged in nature. Of note, residues 190 and 230 have synergistic effects on receptor binding and antigenicity. Our findings provide a better understanding of the functional effects of amino acid substitutions in HA and their consequences for the antigenic drift of influenza viruses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang SY, Wen F, Yu LX, Wang J, Wang MZ, Yan JC, Zhou YJ, Tong W, Shan TL, Li GX, Zheng H, Liu CL, Kong N, Tong GZ, Yu H. Potential Threats to Human Health from Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A(H1N1) Virus and Its Reassortants. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1489-1493. [PMID: 35680129 PMCID: PMC9239861 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.211822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2018-2020, we isolated 32 Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A(H1N1) viruses and their reassortant viruses from pigs in China. Genomic testing identified a novel reassortant H3N1 virus, which emerged in late 2020. Derived from G4 Eurasian H1N1 and H3N2 swine influenza viruses. This virus poses a risk for zoonotic infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Serological Surveillance of the H1N1 and H3N2 Swine Influenza A Virus in Chinese Swine between 2016 and 2021. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5833769. [PMID: 35528158 PMCID: PMC9071888 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5833769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) is a common cause of respiratory disease in pigs and poses a major public health threat. However, little attention and funding have been given to such studies. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1), 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdm/09 H1N1), and H3N2 subtype antibodies in unvaccinated swine populations through serological investigations. Such data are helpful in understanding the prevalence of the IAV-S. Methods A total of 40,343 serum samples from 17 regions in China were examined using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests against EA H1N1, pdm/09 H1N1, and H3N2 IAV-S from 2016 to 2021. The results were analyzed based on a reginal distribution, seasonal distribution, and in different breeding stages. Results A total of 19,682 serum samples out of the 40,343 were positive for IAV-S (48.79%). The positivity rates to the EA H1N1 subtype, pdm/09 H1N1 subtype, and H3N2 subtype were 24.75% (9,986/40,343), 7.94% (3,205/40,343), and 0.06% (24/40,343), respectively. The occurrences of coinfections from two or more subtypes were also detected. In general, the positivity rates of serum samples were related to the regional distribution and feeding stages. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the anti-EA H1N1 subtype and pdm/09 H1N1 subtype antibodies were readily detected in swine serum samples. The EA H1N1 subtype has become dominant in the pig population. The occurrences of coinfections from two or more subtypes afforded opportunities for their reassortment to produce new viruses. Our findings emphasized the need for continuous surveillance of influenza viruses.
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence, Genetics, and Evolutionary Properties of Eurasian Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Liaoning. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030643. [PMID: 35337050 PMCID: PMC8953428 DOI: 10.3390/v14030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) is an important zoonosis pathogen. The 2009 pandemic of H1N1 influenza A virus (2009/H1N1) highlighted the importance of the role of pigs as intermediate hosts. Liaoning province, located in northeastern China, has become one of the largest pig-farming areas since 2016. However, the epidemiology and evolutionary properties of SIVs in Liaoning are largely unknown. We performed systematic epidemiological and genetic dynamics surveillance of SIVs in Liaoning province during 2020. In total, 33,195 pig nasal swabs were collected, with an SIV detection rate of 2%. Our analysis revealed that multiple subtypes of SIVs are co-circulating in the pig population in Liaoning, including H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 SIVs. Furthermore, 24 H1N1 SIVs were confirmed to belong to the EA H1N1 lineage and divided into two genotypes. The two genotypes were both triple reassortant, and the predominant one with polymerase, nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix protein (M) genes originating from 2009/H1N1; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes originating from EA H1N1; and the nonstructural protein (NS) gene originating from triple reassortant H1N2 (TR H1N2) was detected in Liaoning for the first time. According to our evolutionary analysis, the EA H1N1 virus in Liaoning will undergo further genome variation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun H, Liu J, Xiao Y, Duan Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Yu Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Pu J, Sun Y, Liu J, Sun H. Pathogenicity of novel reassortant Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza virus in pigs. Virology 2021; 561:28-35. [PMID: 34139638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus, possessing 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) and triple-reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes, namely G4 genotype, has replaced the G1 genotype EA H1N1 virus (all the genes were of EA origin) and become predominant in swine populations in China. Understanding the pathogenicity of G4 viruses in pigs is of great importance for disease control. Here, we conducted comprehensive analyses of replication and pathogenicity of G4 and G1 EA H1N1 viruses in pigs. G4 virus exhibited enhanced replication, increased duration of virus shedding, and caused more severe respiratory lesions in pigs compared with G1 virus. G4 virus, with viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex genes of pdm/09 origin, exhibited higher levels of nuclear accumulation and higher polymerase activity, which is essential for improved replication of G4 virus. These findings indicate that G4 virus poses a great threat to both swine industry and public health, and control measures should be urgently implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuhong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhong Zhao
- Department of Fundamental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271000, Tai'an, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epidemiology and Genotypic Diversity of Eurasian Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in China. Virol Sin 2020; 36:43-51. [PMID: 32638231 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza virus (SIV) outside European countries was first detected in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Hong Kong, SAR) of China in 2001. Afterwards, EA H1N1 SIVs have become predominant in pig population in this country. However, the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of EA H1N1 SIVs in China are still unknown. Here, we collected the EA H1N1 SIVs sequences from China between 2001 and 2018 and analyzed the epidemic and phylogenic features, and key molecular markers of these EA H1N1 SIVs. Our results showed that EA H1N1 SIVs distributed in nineteen provinces/municipalities of China. After a long-time evolution and transmission, EA H1N1 SIVs were continuously reassorted with other co-circulated influenza viruses, including 2009 pandemic H1N1 (A(H1N1)pdm09), and triple reassortment H1N2 (TR H1N2) influenza viruses, generated 11 genotypes. Genotype 3 and 5, both of which were the reassortments among EA H1N1, A(H1N1)pdm09 and TR H1N2 viruses with different origins of M genes, have become predominant in pig population. Furthermore, key molecular signatures were identified in EA H1N1 SIVs. Our study has drawn a genotypic diversity image of EA H1N1 viruses, and could help to evaluate the potential risk of EA H1N1 for pandemic preparedness and response.
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevalent Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus with 2009 pandemic viral genes facilitating human infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17204-17210. [PMID: 32601207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921186117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered as important hosts or "mixing vessels" for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. Systematic surveillance of influenza viruses in pigs is essential for early warning and preparedness for the next potential pandemic. Here, we report on an influenza virus surveillance of pigs from 2011 to 2018 in China, and identify a recently emerged genotype 4 (G4) reassortant Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 virus, which bears 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) and triple-reassortant (TR)-derived internal genes and has been predominant in swine populations since 2016. Similar to pdm/09 virus, G4 viruses bind to human-type receptors, produce much higher progeny virus in human airway epithelial cells, and show efficient infectivity and aerosol transmission in ferrets. Moreover, low antigenic cross-reactivity of human influenza vaccine strains with G4 reassortant EA H1N1 virus indicates that preexisting population immunity does not provide protection against G4 viruses. Further serological surveillance among occupational exposure population showed that 10.4% (35/338) of swine workers were positive for G4 EA H1N1 virus, especially for participants 18 y to 35 y old, who had 20.5% (9/44) seropositive rates, indicating that the predominant G4 EA H1N1 virus has acquired increased human infectivity. Such infectivity greatly enhances the opportunity for virus adaptation in humans and raises concerns for the possible generation of pandemic viruses.
Collapse
|
11
|
Song W, Qin K. Human‐infecting influenza A (H9N2) virus: A forgotten potential pandemic strain? Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:203-212. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
- Department of Microbiology The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute of Viral Disease Control and PreventionChina CDCBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Li Z, Cui Y, Yang H, Shan H, Zhang C. Emergence of an Eurasian avian-like swine influenza A (H1N1) virus from mink in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 240:108509. [PMID: 31902506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the phenotype and genotype of a fatal influenza/canine distemper virus coinfection found in farmed mink in China. We identified a novel subtype H1N1 influenza virus strain from the lungs of infected mink designated A/Mink/Shandong/1121/2017 (H1N1). The results of phylogenetic analysis of 8 gene fragments of the H1N1 strain showed the virus was a swine origin triple-reassortant H1N1 influenza virus: with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 segments (PB2, PB1, PA, NP and M), Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine segments (HA and NA) and classical swine (NS) lineages. The EID50/0.2 mL of this strain was 10-6.2 and pathogenicity tests were 100 % lethal in a mouse model of infection. We found that while not lethal and lacking any overt signs of infection in mink, the virus could proliferate in the upper respiratory tracts and the animals were converted to seropositive for the HA protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zihe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanlei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xie JF, Zhang YH, Zhao L, Xiu WQ, Chen HB, Lin Q, Weng YW, Zheng KC. Emergence of Eurasian Avian-Like Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus from an Adult Case in Fujian Province, China. Virol Sin 2018; 33:282-286. [PMID: 29797225 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Xie
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Xiu
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yu-Wei Weng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Kui-Cheng Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Fuzhou, 350001, China. .,School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Q, Wang SY, Zhang P, Liu XM, Yu LX, Shan TL, Tong W, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Zheng H, Gao F, Jiang YF, Kong N, Li LW, Tong GZ, Yu H. Monoclonal Antibody Against HA Protein of the European Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Virus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:69-72. [PMID: 29630477 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified whole-virus proteins derived from A/swine/Shanghai/1/2014 (H1N1) (SH1) were chosen to immunize BALB/c mice to prepare the monoclonal antibody (MAb) against hemagglutinin (HA) protein of an European avian-like (EA) H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV). After cloning three times by limiting dilution, one strain of hybridoma cells named 3C7 secreting anti-HA protein MAb was obtained by hybridoma technique. The results of indirect immunofluorescence assay and western blot analyses showed that the MAb 3C7 specifically reacted with the HA protein of EA H1N1 SIV. This work indicated that the MAb 3C7 would be a valuable tool as a specific diagnostic reagent for SIV epidemiological surveys and identification of HA protein epitopes of the EA H1N1 SIVs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai-Yong Wang
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xue Yu
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong-Ling Shan
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Gao
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Feng Jiang
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China .,2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology , Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- 1 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China .,2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology , Shanghai, China .,3 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sui J, Yang D, Qiao C, Xu H, Xu B, Wu Y, Yang H, Chen Y, Chen H. Protective efficacy of an inactivated Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza vaccine against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:3757-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
16
|
Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27067. [PMID: 27252023 PMCID: PMC4890009 DOI: 10.1038/srep27067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the present extensive co-circulation in pigs of Eurasian avian-like (EA) swine H1N1 and 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 viruses, reassortment between them is highly plausible but largely uncharacterized. Here, experimentally co-infected pigs with a representative EA virus and a pdm/09 virus yielded 55 novel reassortant viruses that could be categorized into 17 genotypes from Gt1 to Gt17 based on segment segregation. Majority of novel reassortants were isolated from the lower respiratory tract. Most of reassortant viruses were more pathogenic and contagious than the parental EA viruses in mice and guinea pigs. The most transmissible reassortant genotypes demonstrated in guinea pigs (Gt2, Gt3, Gt7, Gt10 and Gt13) were also the most lethal in mice. Notably, nearly all these highly virulent reassortants (all except Gt13) were characterized with possession of EA H1 and full complement of pdm/09 ribonucleoprotein genes. Compositionally, we demonstrated that EA H1-222G contributed to virulence by its ability to bind avian-type sialic acid receptors, and that pdm/09 RNP conferred the most robust polymerase activity to reassortants. The present study revealed high reassortment compatibility between EA and pdm/09 viruses in pigs, which could give rise to progeny reassortant viruses with enhanced virulence and transmissibility in mice and guinea pig models.
Collapse
|
17
|
Anderson BD, Ma M, Xia Y, Wang T, Shu B, Lednicky JA, Ma MJ, Lu J, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling in Modern Agriculture: A Novel Approach for Emerging Pathogen Surveillance? J Infect Dis 2016; 214:537-45. [PMID: 27190187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern agricultural practices create environmental conditions conducive to the emergence of novel pathogens. Current surveillance efforts to assess the burden of emerging pathogens in animal production facilities in China are sparse. In Guangdong Province pig farms, we compared bioaerosol surveillance for influenza A virus to surveillance in oral pig secretions and environmental swab specimens. METHODS During the 2014 summer and fall/winter seasons, we used 3 sampling techniques to study 5 swine farms weekly for influenza A virus. Samples were molecularly tested for influenza A virus, and positive specimens were further characterized with culture. Risk factors for influenza A virus positivity for each sample type were assessed. RESULTS Seventy-one of 354 samples (20.1%) were positive for influenza A virus RNA by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples was a statistically significant predictor for influenza A virus positivity in pig oral secretion and environmental swab samples. Temperature of <20°C was a significant predictor of influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples. DISCUSSIONS Climatic factors and routine animal husbandry practices may increase the risk of human exposure to aerosolized influenza A viruses in swine farms. Data suggest that bioaerosol sampling in pig barns may be a noninvasive and efficient means to conduct surveillance for novel influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yao Xia
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Tao Wang
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - Bo Shu
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun YF, Wang XH, Li XL, Zhang L, Li HH, Lu C, Yang CL, Feng J, Han W, Ren WK, Tian XX, Tong GZ, Wen F, Li ZJ, Gong XQ, Liu XM, Ruan BY, Yan MH, Yu H. Novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses in pigs in Tianjin, Northern China. Vet Microbiol 2015; 183:85-91. [PMID: 26790939 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and therefore have been proposed to be mixing vessels for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment. In this study, for the first time, we report the isolation and genetic analyses of three novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses from pigs in Tianjin, Northern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel viruses contained genes from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (PB2, PB1, PA and NP), Eurasian swine (HA, NA and M) and triple-reassortant swine (NS) lineages. This indicated that the reassortment among the 2009 pandemic H1N1, Eurasian swine and triple-reassortant swine influenza viruses had taken place in pigs in Tianjin and resulted in the generation of new viruses. Furthermore, three human-like H1N1, two classical swine H1N1 and two Eurasian swine H1N1 viruses were also isolated during the swine influenza virus surveillance from 2009 to 2013, which indicated that multiple genetic lineages of swine H1N1 viruses were co-circulating in the swine population in Tianjin, China. The emergence of novel triple-reassortant H1N1 swine influenza viruses may be a potential threat to human health and emphasizes the importance of further continuous surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Sun
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Xiu-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiu-Li Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Li Zhang
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Hai-Hua Li
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Chao Lu
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Chun-Lei Yang
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Jing Feng
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Wei Han
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Wei-Ke Ren
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Xiang-Xue Tian
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ze-Jun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Gong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Bao-Yang Ruan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming-Hua Yan
- Tianjin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381,China.
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang SF, Su MW, Tseng SP, Li MC, Tsao CH, Huang SW, Chu WC, Liu WT, Chen YMA, Huang JC. Analysis of codon usage preference in hemagglutinin genes of the swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:477-86. [PMID: 25442859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) has come to the forefront since 2009 and was identified as a new reassortant strain. The hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein mediates virus binding, contains antigenic regions recognized by neutralizing antibodies, and is associated with viral cross-species infection and adaption. The comparison study of codon usage preferences in influenza viral genomes was less extensive. In this study, we used codon usage pattern analyses to validate the adaption and origins of S-OIV. METHODS Codon usage pattern was used to estimate the host adaption of S-OIVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene was conducted to understand the phylogeny of H1N1 viruses isolated from different hosts. Amino acid signature pattern on antigenic sites of HA was analyzed to understand the antigenic characteristics. RESULTS Results of phylogenetic analyses of HA gene indicate that S-OIVs group in identical clusters. The synonymous codon usage pattern analyses indicate that the effective number of codons versus GC content at the third codon position in the HA1 gene slightly differ from those in swine H1N1 and gradually adapted to human. Our data indicate that S-OIV evolution occurred according to positive selection within these antigenic regions. A comparison of antigenic site amino acids reveals similar signature patterns between S-OIV and 1918 human influenza strains. CONCLUSION This study proposes a new and effective way to gain a better understanding of the features of the S-OIV genome and evolutionary processes based on the codon usage pattern. It is useful to trace influenza viral origins and cross-species virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; AIDS Prevention and Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Pin Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yang-Ming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Tsao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Chyn Chu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Tse Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Jason C Huang
- AIDS Prevention and Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Qiao C, Liu L, Yang H, Chen Y, Xu H, Chen H. Novel triple reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses bearing six internal genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 influenza virus were detected in pigs in China. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:529-34. [PMID: 25467861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. Transmissions of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 virus from humans to poultry and other species of mammals were reported from several continents during the course of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Reassortant H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 viruses containing genes of the pandemic 2009/H1N1 viruses appeared in pigs in some countries. STUDY DESIGN In winter of 2012, a total of 2600 nasal swabs were collected from healthy pigs in slaughterhouses located throughout 10 provinces in China. The isolated viruses were subjected to genetic and antigenic analysis. Two novel triple-reassortant H1N2 influenza viruses were isolated from swine in China in 2012, with the HA gene derived from Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1, the NA gene from North American swine H1N2, and the six internal genes from the pandemic 2009/H1N1 viruses. The two viruses had similar antigenic features and some significant changes in antigenic characteristics emerged when compared to the previously identified isolates. CONCLUSION We inferred that the novel reassortant viruses in China may have arisen from the accumulation of the three types of influenza viruses, which further indicates that swine herds serve as "mixing vessels" for influenza viruses. Influenza virus reassortment is an ongoing process, and our findings highlight the urgent need for continued influenza surveillance among swine herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Huanliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Huiyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Identification of a linear epitope on the haemagglutinin protein of pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza virus using monoclonal antibodies. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1413-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
22
|
Yin X, Yin X, Rao B, Xie C, Zhang P, Qi X, Wei P, Liu H. Antibodies against avian-like A (H1N1) swine influenza virus among swine farm residents in eastern China. J Med Virol 2013; 86:592-6. [PMID: 24497077 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the avian-like H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was first isolated in pigs in China. Recently, it was reported that a 3-year-old boy was infected with avian-like A (H1N1) swine influenza virus (SIV) in Jiangsu Province, China. To investigate the prevalence of avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infection among swine farm residents in eastern China, an active influenza surveillance program was conducted on swine farms in this region from May 21, 2010 through April 22, 2012. A total of 1,162 participants were enrolled, including 1,136 persons from 48 pig farms, as well as 26 pig farm veterinarians. A total of 10.7% and 7.8% swine farm residents were positive for antibodies against avian-like A (H1N1) SIV by HI and NT assay, respectively, using 40 as the cut-off antibody titer. Meanwhile, all the serum samples collected from a control of healthy city residents were negative against avian-like A (H1N1) SIV. As the difference in numbers of antibody positive samples between the swine farm residents and health city residents controls was statistically significant (P = 0.002), these data suggest that occupational exposure to pigs may increase swine farm residents' and veterinarians' risk of avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infection in eastern China. This study provides the first data on avian-like A (H1N1) SIV infections in humans in China; the potential for avian-like A (H1N1) SIV entering the human population should also be taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Yin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Municipal Key Laboratory of Agri-genetics and Breedings, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zu R, Dong L, Qi X, Wang D, Zou S, Bai T, Li M, Li X, Zhao X, Xu C, Huo X, Xiang N, Yang S, Li Z, Xu Z, Wang H, Shu Y. Virological and serological study of human infection with swine influenza A H1N1 virus in China. Virology 2013; 446:49-55. [PMID: 24074566 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are considered to be "mixing vessels" for the emergence of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. 2009 Pandemic Influenza H1N1 further proved this hypothesis, and raised the needs for risk assessment of human cases caused by swine influenza virus. METHODS A field investigation was conducted after a case identified with infection of European avian-like swine influenza H1N1 virus. The diagnosis was confirmed by real-time PCR, virus isolation, whole genome sequencing and serological assays. Samples from local pigs and close contacts were tested to identify the source of infection and route of transmission. RESULTS The virus from the index case was similar to viruses circulating in the local pigs. The case's grandfather was asymptomatic with sero-conversion. A total of 42.8% of swine sera were positive for European avian-like swine H1N1. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the importance of performing surveillance on swine influenza to monitor new virus emergence in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiang Zu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao G, Chen C, Huang J, Wang Y, Peng D, Liu X. Characterisation of one H6N6 influenza virus isolated from swine in China. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:434-6. [PMID: 23856405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is multiple evidence that swine may act as a vessel for the generation of novel influenza A viruses. In this study, we have analyzed the evolution and pathogenicity of one strain of H6N6 influenza virus isolated from swine with clinical signs of infection in China. Although phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus might originate from domestic ducks, pathogenicity experiments indicated that the virus replicated in mice without prior adaptation. These findings suggest that the virus has transmitted from ducks to swine in China, and replicated in mammalian hosts without prior adaptation, which may pose a threat to both veterinary and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Complete Genome Sequences of Six Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses from Northwestern China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:genomeA00098-12. [PMID: 23405304 PMCID: PMC3569291 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00098-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about swine influenza in northwestern China. Here, we report the complete genomic sequences of six avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) isolated in pigs in northwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of eight genomic segments demonstrated that they are avian-like H1N1 SIVs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Y, Wang J, Ji J, Chang S, Xue C, Ma J, Bi Y, Xie Q. Phylogenetic diversity and genotypic complexity of H1N1 subtype swine influenza viruses isolated in mainland China. Virol J 2012. [PMID: 23181491 PMCID: PMC3585526 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After the occurrence of 2009 pandemic H1N1, close attention has been paid to the H1N1 subtype swine influenza viruses (H1N1 SIV) by scientific communities in many countries. A large-scale sequence analysis of the NCBI Influenza Virus Resource Database on H1N1 SIVs submitted primarily by scientists in China during 1992 to 2011 was performed. The aims of this study were to elucidate the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of H1N1 SIVs, to identify and unify the lineages and genetic characteristics of the H1N1 SIVs isolated in mainland China. Results Most of the strains were isolated during the period of 2008 to 2010 from Guangdong and Shandong provinces, China. Based on the phylogenetic and genotypic analyses, all of the H1N1 SIV strains can be classified into 8 lineages and 10 genotypes. All strains were of the characteristics of low pathogenic influenza viruses. The viruses of different lineage are characterized with different amino acid residues at the receptor-binding sites. Viruses containing PB2 genes of the classical swine, early seasonal human and recent seasonal human lineage might be more infectious to human. Some genotypes were directly related with human influenza viruses, which include strains that harbored genes derived from human influenza viruses. Conclusions Phylogenetic diversity and complexity existed in H1N1 SIVs isolated in mainland China. These H1N1 SIV strains were closely related to other subtype influenza viruses, especially to human influenza viruses. Moreover, it was shown that, novel lineages and genotypes of H1N1 SIVs emerged recently in mainland China. These findings provided new and essential information for further understanding of the genetic and evolutionary characteristics and monitoring the H1N1 SIVs in mainland China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen Y, Zhang J, Qiao C, Yang H, Zhang Y, Xin X, Chen H. Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 13:331-8. [PMID: 23146831 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Qi X, Pan Y, Qin Y, Zu R, Tang F, Zhou M, Wang H, Song Y. Molecular characterization of avian-like H1N1 swine influenza a viruses isolated in Eastern China, 2011. Virol Sin 2012; 27:292-8. [PMID: 23055004 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, three predominant subtypes of influenza virus are prevalent in pig populations worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. European avian-like H1N1 viruses, which were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979, have been circulating in pigs in eastern China since 2007. In this study, six influenza A viruses were isolated from 60 swine lung samples collected from January to April 2011 in eastern China. Based on whole genome sequencing, molecular characteristics of two isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed the eight genes of the two isolates were closely related to those of the avian-like H1N1 viruses circulating in pig populations, especially similar to those found in China. Four potential glycosylation sites were observed at positions 13, 26, 198, 277 in the HA1 proteins of the two isolates. Due to the presence of a stop codon at codon 12, the isolates contained truncated PB1-F2 proteins. In this study, the isolates contained 591Q, 627E and 701N in the polymerase subunit PB2, which had been shown to be determinants of virulence and host adaptation. The isolates also had a D rather than E at position 92 of the NS1, a marker of mammalian adaptation. Both isolates contained the GPKV motif at the PDZ ligand domain of the 3' end of the NS1, a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1999, which is distinct from those of avian, human and classical swine viruses. The M2 proteins of the isolates have the mutation (S31N), a characteristic marker of the European avian-like swine viruses since about 1987, which may confer resistance to amantadine and rimantadine antivirals. Our findings further emphasize the importance of surveillance on the genetic diversity of influenza A viruses in pigs, and raise more concerns about the occurrence of cross-species transmission events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qi X, Cui L, Jiao Y, Pan Y, Li X, Zu R, Huo X, Wu B, Tang F, Song Y, Zhou M, Wang H, Cardona CJ, Xing Z. Antigenic and genetic characterization of a European avian-like H1N1 swine influenza virus from a boy in China in 2011. Arch Virol 2012; 158:39-53. [PMID: 22935945 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of influenza A viruses from swine to human occurs occasionally. In 2011, an influenza A H1N1 virus, A/Jiangsu/ALS1/2011 (JS/ALS1/2011), was isolated from a boy who suffered from severe pneumonia in China. The virus is closely related antigenically and genetically to avian-like swine H1N1 viruses that have recently been circulating in pigs in China and that were initially detected in European pig populations in 1979. The isolation of JS/ALS1/2011 provides additional evidence that swine influenza viruses can occasionally infect humans and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing influenza virus surveillance in both pigs and humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Child, Preschool
- China
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
He CQ, Ding NZ, Mou X, Xie ZX, Si HL, Qiu R, Ni S, Zhao H, Lu Y, Yan HY, Gao YX, Chen LL, Shen XH, Cao RN. Identification of three H1N1 influenza virus groups with natural recombinant genes circulating from 1918 to 2009. Virology 2012; 427:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
Genetic characterization of subtype H1 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2011. Virus Genes 2012; 44:441-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
32
|
Chmielewski R, Swayne DE. Avian influenza: public health and food safety concerns. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 2:37-57. [PMID: 22129374 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a disease or asymptomatic infection caused by Influenzavirus A. AI viruses are species specific and rarely cross the species barrier. However, subtypes H5, H7, and H9 have caused sporadic infections in humans, mostly as a result of direct contact with infected birds. H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus causes a rapid onset of severe viral pneumonia and is highly fatal (60% mortality). Outbreaks of AI could have a severe economic and social impact on the poultry industry, trade, and public health. Surveillance data revealed that H5N1 HPAI has been detected in imported frozen duck meat from Asia, and on the surface and in contaminated eggs. However, there is no direct evidence that AI viruses can be transmitted to humans via the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Implementing management practices that incorporate biosecurity principles, personal hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection protocols, as well as cooking and processing standards, are effective means of controlling the spread of the AI viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revis Chmielewski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao G, Pan J, Gu X, Lu X, Li Q, Zhu J, Chen C, Duan Z, Xu Q, Wang X, Hu S, Liu W, Peng D, Liu X, Wang X, Liu X. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of avian-origin European H1N1 swine influenza viruses in Jiangsu, China. Virus Genes 2011; 44:295-300. [PMID: 22198611 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0704-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Isolates of the A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus were first identified in asymptomatic swine in Jiangsu province, China in January 2010, indicating that the virus has retro-infected swine after circulating through humans in mainland China. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the avian-origin European H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV) and the A(H1N1)pdm2009 virus are cocirculating in swine in Jiangsu province of China. From May 2010 to May 2011, 1,030 nasal swab samples were collected from healthy swine in Jiangsu province of China and were tested for influenza A H1N1 using reverse transcription-PCR. Fragments of the complete genomes of viruses from the samples that were positive for influenza A H1N1 were sequenced and analysed. A total of 32 avian-origin European H1N1 SIVs were isolated, and no A(H1N1)pdm2009 viruses were identified; full-length genomes of 18 strains were sequenced. The eight gene segments of some of the isolated H1N1 viruses have 99.1-99.8% sequence identity with the human A/Jiangsu/ALS1/2011(H1N1) isolates in the same region. Our study indicates that the avian-origin European H1N1 SIVs remain endemic in swine and have retro-infected humans after circulating through swine, which may present a risk factor for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang H, Chen Y, Shi J, Guo J, Xin X, Zhang J, Wang D, Shu Y, Qiao C, Chen H. Reassortant H1N1 influenza virus vaccines protect pigs against pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and H1N2 swine influenza virus challenge. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:229-34. [PMID: 21596495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) virus has caused human influenza outbreaks in a worldwide pandemic since April 2009. Pigs have been found to be susceptible to this influenza virus under experimental and natural conditions, raising concern about their potential role in the pandemic spread of the virus. In this study, we generated a high-growth reassortant virus (SC/PR8) that contains the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from a novel H1N1 isolate, A/Sichuan/1/2009 (SC/09), and six internal genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) virus, by genetic reassortment. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of this reassortant virus were evaluated at different doses in a challenge model using a homologous SC/09 or heterologous A/Swine/Guangdong/1/06(H1N2) virus (GD/06). Two doses of SC/PR8 virus vaccine elicited high-titer serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies specific for the 2009 H1N1 virus and conferred complete protection against challenge with either SC/09 or GD/06 virus, with reduced lung lesions and viral shedding in vaccine-inoculated animals compared with non-vaccinated control animals. These results indicated for the first time that a high-growth SC/PR8 reassortant H1N1 virus exhibits properties that are desirable to be a promising vaccine candidate for use in swine in the event of a pandemic H1N1 influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanliang Yang
- Animal Influenza Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhao X, Sun Y, Pu J, Fan L, Shi W, Hu Y, Yang J, Xu Q, Wang J, Hou D, Ma G, Liu J. Characterization of an artificial swine-origin influenza virus with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus: a genesis clue of pandemic strain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22091. [PMID: 21799774 PMCID: PMC3143117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza virus, derived from a reassortment of avian, human, and swine influenza viruses, possesses a unique gene segment combination that had not been detected previously in animal and human populations. Whether such a gene combination could result in the pathogenicity and transmission as H1N1/2009 virus remains unclear. In the present study, we used reverse genetics to construct a reassortant virus (rH1N1) with the same gene combination as H1N1/2009 virus (NA and M genes from a Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine virus and another six genes from a North American triple-reassortant H1N2 swine virus). Characterization of rH1N1 in mice showed that this virus had higher replicability and pathogenicity than those of the seasonal human H1N1 and Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1 viruses, but was similar to the H1N1/2009 and triple-reassortant H1N2 viruses. Experiments performed on guinea pigs showed that rH1N1 was not transmissible, whereas pandemic H1N1/2009 displayed efficient transmissibility. To further determine which gene segment played a key role in transmissibility, we constructed a series of reassortants derived from rH1N1 and H1N1/2009 viruses. Direct contact transmission studies demonstrated that the HA and NS genes contributed to the transmission of H1N1/2009 virus. Second, the HA gene of H1N1/2009 virus, when combined with the H1N1/2009 NA gene, conferred efficient contact transmission among guinea pigs. The present results reveal that not only gene segment reassortment but also amino acid mutation were needed for the generation of the pandemic influenza virus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Pandemics
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reverse Genetics
- Swine
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangpeng Ma
- China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (GM)
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- The Shandong Animal Disease Control Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (GM)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao G, Fan Q, Zhong L, Li Y, Liu W, Liu X, Gao S, Peng D, Liu X. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of pandemic H1N1/09 influenza virus from swine in Jiangsu province of China. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:125-32. [PMID: 21723574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus was still being transmitted in swine, a total of 1029 nasal swab samples from healthy swine were collected from January to May 2010 in Jiangsu province of China. Eight H1N1 influenza viruses were isolated and identified, and their full length genomes were sequenced. We found that all eight of the H1N1 viruses shared higher than 98.0% sequence identity with the 2009 pandemic virus A/Jiangsu/1/2009 (JS1). In addition, some of these viruses had D225G (3/8) mutations in the receptor binding sites of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, indicating enhancement of their binding affinity to the sialic α2, 3Gal receptor. In conclusion, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus has retro-infected swine from humans in mainland China, and significant viral evolution is still ongoing in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Qu Y, Zhang R, Cui P, Song G, Duan Z, Lei F. Evolutionary genomics of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses (pH1N 1v). Virol J 2011; 8:250. [PMID: 21600019 PMCID: PMC3201028 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new strain of human H1N1 influenza A viruses was broken out in the April 2009 and caused worldwide pandemic emergency. The present study is trying to estimate a temporal reassortment history of 2009 H1N1 viruses by phylogenetic analysis based on a total 394 sequences of H1N1viruses isolated from swine, human and avian. Results Phylogenetic trees of eight gene segments showed that viruses sampled from human formed a well-supported clade, whereas swine and avian lineages were intermixed together. A new divergence swine sublineage containing gene segments of 2009 H1N1 viruses was characterized, which were closely related with swine viruses collected from USA and South Korea during 2004 to 2007 in six segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS), and to swine viruses isolated from Thailand during 2004 to 2005 in NA and M. Substitution rates were varied drastically among eight segments and the average substitution rate was generally higher in 2009 H1N1 than in swine and human viruses (F2,23 = 5.972, P < 0.01). Similarly, higher dN/dS substitution ratios were identified in 2009 H1N1 than in swine and human viruses except M2 gene (F2, 25 = 3.779, P < 0.05). The ages of 2009 H1N1 viruses were estimated around 0.1 to 0.5 year, while their common ancestors with closest related swine viruses existed between 9.3 and 17.37 years ago. Conclusion Our results implied that at least four reassortments or transmissions probably occurred before 2009 H1N1 viruses. Initial reassortment arose in 1976 and avian-like Eurasian swine viruses emerged. The second transmission happened in Asia and North America between 1988 and 1992, and mostly influenced six segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS). The third reassortment occurred between North American swine and avian viruses during 1998 to 2000, which involved PB2 and PA segments. Recent reassortments occurred among avian-to-swine reassortant, Eurasian and classical swine viruses during 2004 to 2005. South Korea, Thailand and USA, were identified as locations where reassortments most likely happened. The co-circulation of multiple swine sublineages and special lifestyle in Asia might have facilitated mixing of diverse influenza viruses, leading to generate a novel virus strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Choi YK, Pascua PNQ, Song MS. Swine Influenza Viruses: An Asian Perspective. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 370:147-72. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
39
|
Genetic characterization of H1 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds and domestic ducks in Korea. Virus Genes 2010; 42:55-63. [PMID: 20960044 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
H1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated from migratory birds and domestic ducks from 2003 to 2007 were analyzed to determine their genetic relationship. Phylogenic analysis with nucleotide sequences of all eight gene segments showed that 13 H1 AIVs from migratory birds and domestic ducks belonged to Eurasian avian lineages and were closely related to each other. Compared with H1 influenza viruses of swine or human origin in Korea, there was no evidence of reassortment among the human, swine, and avian hosts. Our results show that H1 AIVs isolated in Korea from 2003 to 2007 were genetically stable. However, continued surveillance is needed considering the role of migratory birds and domestic duck as a source of AIVs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Bi Y, Fu G, Chen J, Peng J, Sun Y, Wang J, Pu J, Zhang Y, Gao H, Ma G, Tian F, Brown IH, Liu J. Novel swine influenza virus reassortants in pigs, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:1162-4. [PMID: 20587196 PMCID: PMC3321907 DOI: 10.3201/eid1607.091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During swine influenza virus surveillance in pigs in China during 2006-2009, we isolated subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 and found novel reassortment between contemporary swine and avian panzootic viruses. These reassortment events raise concern about generation of novel viruses in pigs, which could have pandemic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fu G, Liu M, Zeng W, Pu J, Bi Y, Ma G, Liu J. Establishment of a multiplex RT-PCR assay to detect different lineages of swine H1 and H3 influenza A viruses. Virus Genes 2010; 41:236-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Xu M, Huang Y, Chen J, Huang Z, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Xie S, Chen Q, Wei W, Yang D, Huang X, Xuan H, Xiang H. Isolation and genetic analysis of a novel triple-reassortant H1N1 influenza virus from a pig in China. Vet Microbiol 2010; 147:403-9. [PMID: 20708352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses of subtype H1N1 have been reported widely in pigs in China, associated with clinical disease. These mainly include classical swine H1N1, avian-like H1N1, and human-like H1N1 viruses. In this study, we reported a novel triple-reassortant H1N1 virus (A/swine/Guangdong/1/2010) containing genes from the classical swine (NP, NS), human (PB1) and avian (HA, NA, M, PB2, PA) lineages, which was for the first time reported in China. Also, phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that five genes segments (NS, NP, PB2, PB1, PA) of the isolate were closely related to the novel reassortant H1N2 viruses isolated in China in 2006, while the other three (HA, NA, M) were closely related to avian-like H1N1 viruses in China. The isolation of triple-reassortant H1N1 influenza virus provides further evidence that pigs serve as emergence hosts or "mixing vessels", and swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance in China should be given a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Veterinary Public Health Public Laboratory of Guangdong, Veterinary Medicine Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Khurana S, Chearwae W, Castellino F, Manischewitz J, King LR, Honorkiewicz A, Rock MT, Edwards KM, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R, Golding H. Vaccines with MF59 adjuvant expand the antibody repertoire to target protective sites of pandemic avian H5N1 influenza virus. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:15ra5. [PMID: 20371470 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against influenza viruses with pandemic potential, including H5N1, are under development. Because of a lack of preexisting immunity to these viruses, adjuvants (immune potentiators or enhancers) are needed to improve immune responses, to conserve scarce vaccine, and for cross-protection against strains that have drifted evolutionarily from the original. Aluminum-based adjuvants do not improve vaccine immunogenicity for influenza subunit vaccines, whereas oil-in-water adjuvants are effective, especially with H5N1-inactivated vaccines. We used whole-genome-fragment phage display libraries followed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technologies to elucidate the effect of different adjuvants on the antibody repertoire against H5N1 vaccine in humans. The oil-in-water adjuvant MF59 induced epitope spreading from HA2 to HA1 in hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase relative to unadjuvanted or aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines. Moreover, we observed an increase by a factor of 20 in the frequency of HA1-to-HA2-specific phage clones in sera after MF59-adjuvanted vaccine administration and a factor of 2 to 3 increase in the avidity of antibodies binding to properly folded HA1(28-319), as measured by SPR. The adjuvant-dependent increase in binding to conformational HA1 epitopes correlated with broadening of cross-clade neutralization and predicted improved in vivo protection. Thus, MF59 adjuvant improves the immune response to a H5N1 vaccine by inducing qualitative and quantitative expansion of the antibody repertoires with protective potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
AbstractSwine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this review, we will discuss the current status of swine influenza worldwide as well as current and future options to control this economically important swine disease.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sun GQ, Liu QX, Jin Z, Chakraborty A, Li BL. Influence of infection rate and migration on extinction of disease in spatial epidemics. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:95-103. [PMID: 20085769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extinction of disease can be explained by the patterns of epidemic spreading, yet the underlying causes of extinction are far from being well understood. To reveal a mechanism of disease extinction, a cellular automata model with both birth, death rate and migration is presented. We find that, in single patch, when the infection rate is small or large enough, the disease will disappear for a long time. When the invasion form is in the coexistence of stable spiral and turbulent wave state, the disease will persist. Also, we find that the migration has dual effects on the epidemic spreading. On one hand, in the extinction region of single patch, if the migration rate is large enough, there is a phase transition from the disease free to endemic state in two patches. On the other hand, migration will induce extinction in the regime, which can ensure the persistence of the disease in single patch, due to emergence of anti-phase synchrony. The results obtained well reveal the effect of infection rate and migration on the extinction of the disease, which enriches the finding in the filed of epidemiology and may provide some new ideas to control the disease in the real world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Quan Sun
- Department of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shan'xi 030051, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu W, Wei MT, Tong Y, Tang F, Zhang L, Fang L, Yang H, Cao WC. Seroprevalence and genetic characteristics of five subtypes of influenza A viruses in the Chinese pig population: a pooled data analysis. Vet J 2009; 187:200-6. [PMID: 19945318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A literature review and pooled data analysis were carried out to examine the prevalence of antibodies against five influenza virus subtypes in pigs in China over a 10-year period (1999-2009). The average seropositive frequencies of subtypes H1, H3, H5, H7 and H9 were 3478/11,168 (31.1%), 2900/10,139 (28.6%), 77/5945 (1.3%), 0/1440 (0%) and 86/3619 (2.4%), respectively. There was a geographical variation in the seroprevalence of subtype H1, with the highest seroprevalence in pigs in South and East China. BLAST analysis of genetic sequences revealed that genome segments with moderate homology to the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus were present among swine influenza viruses isolated in China, especially in South and East China. It was concluded from both serological and genetic studies that subtypes H1, H3, H5 and H9 are currently co-circulating in pigs in China, with the H1 subtype most commonly detected, followed by H3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, 100071 Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|