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Ikeuchi S, Hirose S, Shimada K, Koyama A, Ishida S, Katayama N, Suzuki T, Tokairin A, Tsukamoto M, Tsue Y, Yamaguchi K, Osako H, Hiwatashi S, Chiba Y, Akiyama H, Hayashidani H, Hara-Kudo Y. Isolation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from the Surfaces of Beef Carcasses in Slaughterhouses in Japan. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100263. [PMID: 38484844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen worldwide. It is necessary to control and prevent STEC contamination on beef carcasses in slaughterhouses because STEC infection is associated with beef consumption. However, the frequencies of STEC contamination of beef carcasses in various slaughterhouses in Japan are not well known. Herein, we investigated the contamination of beef carcasses with STEC in slaughterhouses to assess the potential risks of STEC. In total, 524 gauze samples were collected from the surfaces of beef carcasses at 12 domestic slaughterhouses from November 2020 to February 2023. The samples were measured for aerobic plate counts and tested for pathogenic genes (stx and eae) and major O-serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) by real-time PCR screening. Subsequently, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was performed on samples positive for stx, eae, and at least one of the seven O-serogroups of STEC. Isolation process without IMS was performed on samples positive for stx, including those subjected to IMS. STEC O157:H7 and stx-positive E. coli other than serotype O157:H7 were isolated from 0.6% and 4.6% of beef carcass surfaces, respectively. Although the STEC O157:H7 isolation rate was low and stx-positive E. coli other than serotype O157:H7 belonged to minor O-serogroups, the results mean a risk of foodborne illness. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was observed between aerobic plate counts and detection rates of stx-positive samples by real-time PCR screening. The STEC O157:H7 isolated facilities showed higher values on aerobic plate counts and detection rates of stx-positive samples than the mean values of total samples. Therefore, these results suggest that it is important to evaluate hygiene treatments against beef carcasses for the reduction of STEC contamination risk, particularly in facilities with high aerobic plate counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ikeuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kohei Shimada
- Section of Meat Inspection, Division of Food Hygiene, Bureau of Health and Safety, Department of Health and Welfare, Hokkaido Government, Kita 3-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Ayako Koyama
- Higashimokoto Meat Inspection Center, 72-1, Chigusa, Higashimokoto, Ozora, Abashiri District, Hokkaido 099-3231, Japan
| | - Shoji Ishida
- Hokkaido Hayakita Meat Inspection Center, 695, Toasa, Abira-cho, Yufutsu District, Hokkaido 059-1433, Japan
| | - Naoto Katayama
- Tokushima Prefectural Meat Inspection Centre, 2-140-3 Fudohon-machi, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-0063, Japan
| | - Takehiko Suzuki
- Hokkaido Obihiro Meat Inspection Center, North 2, West 25, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-2465, Japan
| | - Akiko Tokairin
- Towada Meat Inspection Center, 1-13, Sambongi Nozaki, Towada, Aomori 034-0001, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsukamoto
- Gifu Prefectural Hida Meat Inspection Office, 17-1 Maehara-machi, Takayama, Gifu 506-0048, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsue
- Miyazaki Prefecture Tsuno Meat Inspection Center, 15530, Kawakita, Tsuno-cho, Koyu-gun, Miyazaki 889-1201, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Akita City Meat Hygiene Inspection Office, 2-6 Dosaka, Jinnai, Kawabe, Akita, Akita 019-2631, Japan
| | - Hideo Osako
- Kumamoto Prefectural Meat Inspection Office, 1341 Sozaki, Shichijyo-machi, Kikuchi, Kumamoto 861-1344, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hiwatashi
- Nagasaki Prefectural Isahaya Meat Inspection Station, 79-20 Saiwai-machi, Isahaya, Nagasaki 854-0022, Japan
| | - Yumi Chiba
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Akiyama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashidani
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hara-Kudo
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Detection of gamma-irradiated red peppers using a combination of 5,6-dihydrothymidine and thymidine as irradiation indicator. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Pan C, Liu X, Zhang X, Mao F, Xu P, Zhu Y, Deng H, Luo Z, Sun H, Zhang L, Guo Y. Fabrication and Excellent Antibacterial Activity of Well-defined CuO/Graphdiyne Nanostructure. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-1348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lingwood C. Therapeutic Uses of Bacterial Subunit Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060378. [PMID: 34073185 PMCID: PMC8226680 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The B subunit pentamer verotoxin (VT aka Shiga toxin-Stx) binding to its cellular glycosphingolipid (GSL) receptor, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) mediates internalization and the subsequent receptor mediated retrograde intracellular traffic of the AB5 subunit holotoxin to the endoplasmic reticulum. Subunit separation and cytosolic A subunit transit via the ER retrotranslocon as a misfolded protein mimic, then inhibits protein synthesis to kill cells, which can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome clinically. This represents one of the most studied systems of prokaryotic hijacking of eukaryotic biology. Similarly, the interaction of cholera AB5 toxin with its GSL receptor, GM1 ganglioside, is the key component of the gastrointestinal pathogenesis of cholera and follows the same retrograde transport pathway for A subunit cytosol access. Although both VT and CT are the cause of major pathology worldwide, the toxin–receptor interaction is itself being manipulated to generate new approaches to control, rather than cause, disease. This arena comprises two areas: anti neoplasia, and protein misfolding diseases. CT/CTB subunit immunomodulatory function and anti-cancer toxin immunoconjugates will not be considered here. In the verotoxin case, it is clear that Gb3 (and VT targeting) is upregulated in many human cancers and that there is a relationship between GSL expression and cancer drug resistance. While both verotoxin and cholera toxin similarly hijack the intracellular ERAD quality control system of nascent protein folding, the more widespread cell expression of GM1 makes cholera the toxin of choice as the means to more widely utilise ERAD targeting to ameliorate genetic diseases of protein misfolding. Gb3 is primarily expressed in human renal tissue. Glomerular endothelial cells are the primary VT target but Gb3 is expressed in other endothelial beds, notably brain endothelial cells which can mediate the encephalopathy primarily associated with VT2-producing E. coli infection. The Gb3 levels can be regulated by cytokines released during EHEC infection, which complicate pathogenesis. Significantly Gb3 is upregulated in the neovasculature of many tumours, irrespective of tumour Gb3 status. Gb3 is markedly increased in pancreatic, ovarian, breast, testicular, renal, astrocytic, gastric, colorectal, cervical, sarcoma and meningeal cancer relative to the normal tissue. VT has been shown to be effective in mouse xenograft models of renal, astrocytoma, ovarian, colorectal, meningioma, and breast cancer. These studies are herein reviewed. Both CT and VT (and several other bacterial toxins) access the cell cytosol via cell surface ->ER transport. Once in the ER they interface with the protein folding homeostatic quality control pathway of the cell -ERAD, (ER associated degradation), which ensures that only correctly folded nascent proteins are allowed to progress to their cellular destinations. Misfolded proteins are translocated through the ER membrane and degraded by cytosolic proteosome. VT and CT A subunits have a C terminal misfolded protein mimic sequence to hijack this transporter to enter the cytosol. This interface between exogenous toxin and genetically encoded endogenous mutant misfolded proteins, provides a new therapeutic basis for the treatment of such genetic diseases, e.g., Cystic fibrosis, Gaucher disease, Krabbe disease, Fabry disease, Tay-Sachs disease and many more. Studies showing the efficacy of this approach in animal models of such diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Lingwood
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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Saeki M, Sato T, Furuya D, Yakuwa Y, Sato Y, Kobayashi R, Ono M, Nirasawa S, Tanaka M, Nakafuri H, Nakae M, Shinagawa M, Asanuma K, Yanagihara N, Yokota SI, Takahashi S. Clonality investigation of clinical Escherichia coli isolates by polymerase chain reaction-based open-reading frame typing method. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iwata K, Goto M. Did the ban on serving raw beef liver in restaurants decrease Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection in Japan?: an interrupted time-series analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:949. [PMID: 31703557 PMCID: PMC6842200 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). After an EHEC outbreak involving uncooked beef, serving raw beef liver dishes at restaurants was completely banned starting on July 1, 2012 in Japan. However, its long-term associations with the incidence rates of EHEC infections have never been assessed by formal interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA). METHODS A retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of banning raw beef liver provision at restaurants was conducted. The weekly incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic EHEC infections, the incidence of HUS, and deaths were extracted from the national reportable diseases database from January 2008 to December 2017. ITSA was conducted to evaluate the impact of banning raw beef liver from July 2012. To account for a potential simultaneous external effect, the additional regulation on raw beef red meat handling (implemented in May 2011) and the seasonality were also incorporated into the model. RESULTS There were 32,179 asymptomatic and 21,250 symptomatic EHEC infections (including 717 HUS cases and 26 deaths) reported during the study period. During the pre-intervention period (before week 27, 2012), there were 0.45 asymptomatic EHEC infections per million-persons per week. The mean post-intervention asymptomatic EHEC infections were 0.51 per million-persons per week. ITSA revealed no baseline trend or change in the intercept and trend (0.002 infections per million-persons per week, 95% Confidence interval - 0.03-0.04, p = 0.93, 1.22, CI -1.96-4.39, p = 0.45, and - 0.006, CI -0.003-0.02, p = 0.68, respectively). For symptomatic EHEC infections, there were 0.30 cases per million per week during the pre-intervention period, and it became 0.33 cases per million per week after the intervention. Time series modeling again did not show a significant baseline trend or changes in the intercept and trend (0.0005, CI -0.02-0.02, p = 0.96, 0.69, CI -1.75-3.12, p = 0.58, and - 0.003, CI -0.02-0.01, p = 0.76, respectively). CONCLUSION We did not find a statistically significant reduction in the overall incidence rates of both asymptomatic and symptomatic EHEC infections in Japan after implementing measures, including a ban on serving raw beef liver dishes in the restaurant industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwata
- Division of Infectious Diseases Therapeutics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunokicho 7-5-2, Chuoku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017 Japan
| | - Michihiko Goto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
- Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52246-2208 USA
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Complete Genome Sequence of an Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111:H8 Strain Recovered from a Large Outbreak in Japan Associated with Consumption of Raw Beef. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/40/e00882-19. [PMID: 31582455 PMCID: PMC6776772 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00882-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the complete genome sequence of an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111:H8 strain. This strain was isolated from a hemolytic-uremic syndrome patient and was responsible for a large outbreak associated with the consumption of raw beef in 2011. We present the complete genome sequence of an enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111:H8 strain. This strain was isolated from a hemolytic-uremic syndrome patient and was responsible for a large outbreak associated with the consumption of raw beef in 2011.
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8
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Fujiwara T, Fukui N, Kitagawa Y, Kajimura K, Obana H, Ishikawa E, Furuta M, Takatori S. Estimation of Irradiation Doses of Raw Beef Liver Samples using 5,6-Dihydrothymidine as an Irradiation Marker. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:12325-12332. [PMID: 31460350 PMCID: PMC6682059 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quantities of (5S)- and (5R)-5,6-dihydrothymidine (total DHdThd) in frozen beef liver samples were compared between those irradiated by an electron beam (EB) and those subjected to γ-irradiation. DNA extracted from the samples was enzymatically digested to nucleosides and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for total DHdThd and 2'-deoxythymidine (dThd). Total DHdThd was formed radiospecifically and dose-dependently and the dose-response curves of the ratio of total DHdThd to dThd (total DHdThd/dThd) were similar for both the EB- and γ-irradiated samples. The total DHdThd/dThd was stable after long-term storage (4 months) at -20 °C and the followed heat treatment in a microwave oven. The total DHdThd/dThd could be a robust marker and is equally effective at quantitating both EB- and γ-ray irradiation history. The irradiation doses of raw beef liver samples were estimated using the dose-response curves of the total DHdThd/dThd of other irradiated samples. The ratio of the estimated dose to the actual dose was 0.74-1.30 in the irradiation range of 4.67-7.62 kGy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujiwara
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukui
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Yoko Kitagawa
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Obana
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ishikawa
- Laboratory
of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho,
Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8570, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory
of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho,
Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8570, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takatori
- Division
Hygienic Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Public
Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Castro VS, Figueiredo EEDS, Stanford K, McAllister T, Conte-Junior CA. Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia Coli in Brazil: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E137. [PMID: 31100803 PMCID: PMC6560443 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) can cause serious illnesses, including hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. This is the first systematic review of STEC in Brazil, and will report the main serogroups detected in animals, food products and foodborne diseases. Data were obtained from online databases accessed in January 2019. Papers were selected from each database using the Mesh term entries. Although no human disease outbreaks in Brazil related to STEC has been reported, the presence of several serogroups such as O157 and O111 has been verified in animals, food, and humans. Moreover, other serogroups monitored by international federal agencies and involved in outbreak cases worldwide were detected, and other unusual strains were involved in some isolated individual cases of foodborne disease, such as serotype O118:H16 and serogroup O165. The epidemiological data presented herein indicates the presence of several pathogenic serogroups, including O157:H7, O26, O103, and O111, which have been linked to disease outbreaks worldwide. As available data are concentrated in the Sao Paulo state and almost completely lacking in outlying regions, epidemiological monitoring in Brazil for STEC needs to be expanded and food safety standards for this pathogen should be aligned to that of the food safety standards of international bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Silva Castro
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Agronomy and Animal Science College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Nutrition College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Department of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo
- Agronomy and Animal Science College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Nutrition College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá-Mato Grosso, Brazil.
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, #100-5401 1st Ave. S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, #100-5401 1st Ave. S, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4V6, Canada.
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Food Technology, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24230-340 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food and Drug Administration Regarding Virulence Factors and Attributes that Define Foodborne Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as Severe Human Pathogens †. J Food Prot 2019; 82:724-767. [PMID: 30969806 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
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- NACMCF Executive Secretariat, * U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Office of Public Health Science, PP3, 9-178, 1400 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-3700, USA
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Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli non-O157 isolated from beef in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1117-1123. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-01792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with distinct properties, which have a tremendous impact on public health and food safety. In the meat industry, biofilms remain a serious concern because many foodborne pathogens can form biofilms in areas at meat plants that are difficult to sanitize properly, and biofilm cells are more tolerant to sanitization than their planktonic counterparts. Furthermore, nearly all biofilms in commercial environments consist of multiple species of microorganisms, and the complex interactions within the community significantly influence the architecture, activity, and sanitizer tolerance of the biofilm society. This review focuses on the effect of microbial coexistence on mixed biofilm formation with foodborne pathogens of major concern in the fresh meat industry and their resultant sanitizer tolerance. The factors that would affect biofilm cell transfer from contact surfaces to meat products, one of the most common transmission routes that could lead to product contamination, are discussed as well. Available results from recent studies relevant to the meat industry, implying the potential role of bacterial persistence and biofilm formation in meat contamination, are reviewed in response to the pressing need to understand the mechanisms that cause "high event period" contamination at commercial meat processing plants. A better understanding of these events would help the industry to enhance strategies to prevent contamination and improve meat safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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13
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Omer MK, Álvarez-Ordoñez A, Prieto M, Skjerve E, Asehun T, Alvseike OA. A Systematic Review of Bacterial Foodborne Outbreaks Related to Red Meat and Meat Products. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:598-611. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K. Omer
- Animalia–Norwegian Meat and Poultry Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordoñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Eystein Skjerve
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tekie Asehun
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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14
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Variability in Characterizing Escherichia coli from Cattle Feces: A Cautionary Tale. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030074. [PMID: 30037096 PMCID: PMC6165469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are diverse bacteria, with seven serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, O157; "Top 7") of interest due to their predominance in human disease. Confirmation of STEC relies on a combination of culturing, immunological and molecular assays, but no single gold standard for identification exists. In this study, we compared analysis of STEC between three independent laboratories (LAB) using different methodologies. In LAB A, colonies of Top 7 were picked after serogroup-specific immunomagnetic separation of feces from western-Canadian slaughter cattle. A fraction of each colony was tested by PCR (stx1, stx2, eae, O group), and Top 7 isolates were saved as glycerol stocks (n = 689). In LAB B, a subsample of isolates (n = 171) were evaluated for stx1 and stx2 using different primer sets. For this, approximately half of the PCR were performed using original DNA template provided by LAB A and half using DNA extracted from sub-cultured isolates. All Top 7 isolates were sub-cultured by LAB A and shipped to LAB C for traditional serotyping (TS) to determine O and H groups, with PCR-confirmation of virulence genes using a third set of primers. By TS, 76% of O groups (525/689) matched PCR-determined O groups. Lowest proportions (p < 0.05) of O group matches between PCR and TS (62.6% and 69.8%) occurred for O26 and O45 serogroups, respectively. PCR-detection of stx differed most between LAB A and LAB C. Excluding isolates where O groups by PCR and TS did not match, detection of stx1 was most consistent (p < 0.01) for O111 and O157:H7/NM. In contrast, for O45 and O103, stx1 was detected in >65% of isolates by LAB A and <5% by LAB C. Stx2 was only detected by LAB C in isolates of serogroups O121, O145, and O157:H7/NM. LAB B also detected stx2 in O26 and O157:H12/H29, while LAB A detected stx2 in all serogroups. Excluding O111 and O157:H7/NM, marked changes in stx detection were observed between initial isolation and sub-cultures of the same isolate. While multiple explanations exist for discordant O-typing between PCR and TS and for differences in stx detection across labs, these data suggest that assays for STEC classification may require re-evaluation and/or standardization.
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Matus V, Valenzuela JG, Hidalgo P, Pozo LM, Panes O, Wozniak A, Mezzano D, Pereira J, Sáez CG. Human platelet interaction with E. coli O111 promotes tissue-factor-dependent procoagulant activity, involving Toll like receptor 4. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185431. [PMID: 28957360 PMCID: PMC5619753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets have a major role in clotting activation and contribute to the innate immune response during systemic infections. Human platelets contain tissue factor (TF) and express functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the role of TLR4 in triggering the procoagulant properties of platelets, upon challenge with bacteria, is yet unknown. Our hypothesis is that E. coli O111-TLR4 interaction activates platelets and elicits their procoagulant activity. We demonstrated that the strain, but not ultrapure LPS, increased surface P-selectin expression, platelet dependent TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA) and prompted a faster thrombin generation (TG). Blockade of TLR4 resulted in decreased platelet activation, TF-PCA and TG, revealing the participation of this immune receptor on the procoagulant response of platelets. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which individuals with bacterial infections would have an increased incidence of blood clots. Furthermore, the identification of platelet TF and TLR4 as regulators of the effect of E. coli O111 might represent a novel therapeutic target to reduce the devastating consequences of the hemostatic disorder during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Matus
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J. Guillermo Valenzuela
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Hidalgo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L. María Pozo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olga Panes
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aniela Wozniak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Mezzano
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Pereira
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia G. Sáez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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16
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Yang SC, Lin CH, Aljuffali IA, Fang JY. Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:811-825. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Fukui N, Takatori S, Kitagawa Y, Okihashi M, Ishikawa E, Fujiyama T, Kajimura K, Furuta M, Obana H. Determination of irradiation histories of raw beef livers using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of 5,6-dihydrothymidine. Food Chem 2017; 216:186-93. [PMID: 27596408 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for detecting irradiation histories of raw beef livers was developed by measuring 5,6-dihydrothymidine (DHdThd) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Liver DNA was extracted using phenol-chloroform extraction followed by precipitation in 50% ethanol. DNA was then enzymatically digested and nucleosides were purified using an OASIS MCX column. DHdThd and thymidine (dThd) contents of resulting test solutions were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. DHdThd was detected specifically after γ-irradiation. Concentration ratios of DHdThd to dThd in the test solutions increased dose-dependently after irradiation at 1.0-11.3kGy, which included the practical dose for sterilization of 2-7kGy. Dose-response curves from beef livers of individual animals almost overlapped. Thus, this method is a candidate for the detection of irradiation histories of foods from which DNA can be extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fukui
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takatori
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kitagawa
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okihashi
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatomo Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Obana
- Division of Food Chemistry, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Tostes R, Goji N, Amoako K, Chui L, Kastelic J, DeVinney R, Stanford K, Reuter T. Subtyping Escherichia coli Virulence Genes Isolated from Feces of Beef Cattle and Clinical Cases in Alberta. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 14:35-42. [PMID: 27854514 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical outcomes of Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli infection are largely determined by virulence gene subtypes. This study used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-pyrosequencing assay to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphisms for subtyping three major virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae) of pathogenic E. coli (O157, O26, O111, and O103) isolated from cattle over a 2-year interval (n = 465) and human clinical cases (n = 42) in western Canada. Most bovine isolates were PCR positive for at least one target virulence gene (367/465), whereas 100% of human isolates harbored eae in combination with at least one stx gene. Four Shiga toxin (1a, 2a, 2c, and 2e) and four eae (λ/γ1-eae, ɛ-eae, θ/γ2-eae, and β-eae) subtypes were identified in over 25 distinct virulence genotypes. Among cattle isolates, every serogroup, but O103, presented a dominant genotype (O157: stx1a+stx2a+λ/γ1-eae, O26: β-eae alone, and O111: stx1a+θ/γ2-eae). Similar patterns were found in human isolates, although it was not possible to establish a clear genotypic association between the two sources. Many O157 and non-O157 cattle isolates lacked stx genes; the absence was greater in non-O157 (75/258) and O157:non-H7 (19/40) than in O157:H7 strains (1/164). In addition, there was a greater diversity of virulence genotypes of E. coli isolated from cattle than those of human diseases, which could be due to sample characteristics (e.g., source and clinical condition). However, the majority of cattle strains had virulence profiles identical to those of clinical cases. Consequently, determining the presence of certain stx (stx1a and stx2a) and eae (λ/γ1-eae) subtypes known to cause human disease would be a valuable tool for risk assessment and prediction of disease outcome along the farm-to-fork continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Tostes
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Noriko Goji
- 2 Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Kingsley Amoako
- 2 Lethbridge Laboratory, National Centres for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- 3 Alberta Provincial Laboratory for Public Health , Edmonton, Canada
| | - John Kastelic
- 4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rebekah DeVinney
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- 5 Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Tim Reuter
- 5 Alberta Agriculture and Forestry , Lethbridge, Canada
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19
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Imperi M, Pittiglio V, D'Avenio G, Gherardi G, Ciammaruconi A, Lista F, Pourcel C, Baldassarri L, Creti R. A new genotyping scheme based on MLVA for inter-laboratory surveillance of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 127:176-181. [PMID: 27302039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed MLVA seven-loci scheme for Streptococcus pyogenes is described. The method can be successfully applied by using both agarose gel with visual inspections of bands and Lab on Chip technology. The potential of the present MLVA has been tested on a collection of 100 clinical GAS strains representing the most common emm types found in high-income countries plus 18 published gap-free genomes, in comparison to PFGE and MLST. The MLVA analysis defined 30 MLVA types with ten out of the considered 15 emm types exhibiting multiple and specific MLVA types. In only one occasion the same MLVA profile was shared between isolates belonging to two different emm types. A robust congruency between the methods was observed, with MLVA discriminating within clonal complexes as defined by PFGE or MLST. This new MLVA scheme can be adopted as a quick, low-cost and reliable typing method to track the short-term diffusion of GAS clones in inter-laboratory-based surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Imperi
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pittiglio
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Avenio
- Dept. of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Ciammaruconi
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Florigio Lista
- Health Corps Italian Army, Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology and Experimental Medicine, Army Medical and Veterinary Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Pourcel
- I2BC, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lucilla Baldassarri
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Creti
- Dept. of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Leu H, Sugimoto N, Shimizu M, Toma T, Wada T, Ohta K, Yachie A. Tumor necrosis factor-α modifies the effects of Shiga toxin on glial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 38:139-43. [PMID: 27268285 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin (STX) is one of the main factors inducing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in infections with STX-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Approximately 62% of patients with HUS showed symptoms of encephalopathy in the 2011 Japanese outbreak of STEC infections. At that time, we reported elevated serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in patients with acute encephalopathy during the HUS phase. In the current study, we investigated whether TNF-α augments the effects of STX in glial cell lines and primary glial cells. We found that TNF-α alone or STX in combination with TNF-α activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and inhibits growth of glial cells. The magnitude of the NF-κB activation and the inhibition of cell growth by the STX and TNF-α combination was greater than that obtained with TNF-α alone or STX alone. Thus, this in vitro study reveals the role of TNF-α in glial cells during STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Dan Phuong General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Kunio Ohta
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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21
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Shimamura Y, Shinke M, Hiraishi M, Tsuchiya Y, Masuda S. The application of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed water in the sterilization of chicken breasts and beef liver. Food Sci Nutr 2015; 4:431-40. [PMID: 27247773 PMCID: PMC4867763 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterilization effect of a combination treatment with alkaline electrolyzed water (AlEW) and strong acidic electrolyzed water (StAEW) on fresh chicken breasts and beef liver was evaluated. Samples (1, 5, and 10 g) were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis NBRC3313, Escherichia coli ATCC 10798, Staphylococcus aureus FDA209P, and S. aureus C‐29 [staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) productive strain] and subjected to a dipping combination treatment (4°C and 25°C for 3 min) with AlEW and StAEW. Combination treatment with AlEW and StAEW significantly reduced the bacteria, and reduction of more than 1 log colony‐forming units (CFU)/g was achieved. Furthermore, this combination treatment significantly decreased the SEA gene expression level in samples. Some quality variables of the meat samples such as pH, lipid oxidation, color, amino‐acid content, texture, and sensory characteristics showed no significant differences between the combination treatment with AlEW and StAEW and the untreated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Momoka Shinke
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Miki Hiraishi
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsuchiya
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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22
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Quantitative Detection of Shiga Toxins Directly from Stool Specimens of Patients Associated with an Outbreak of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Japan--Quantitative Shiga toxin detection from stool during EHEC outbreak. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4381-9. [PMID: 26516915 PMCID: PMC4626740 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of Shiga toxins (Stx) is important for accurate diagnosis of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed Stx protein in nine patients’ stool during an outbreak that occurred in Japan. Highly sensitive immunoassay (bead enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bead-ELISA)) revealed that the concentrations of toxins in stool of patients ranged from 0.71 to 10.44 ng/mL for Stx1 and 2.75 to 51.61 ng/mL for Stx2. To our knowledge, this is the first report that reveals the range of Stx protein concentrations in human stools.
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23
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Sugimoto N, Leu H, Inoue N, Shimizu M, Toma T, Kuroda M, Saito T, Wada T, Yachie A. The critical role of lipopolysaccharide in the upregulation of aquaporin 4 in glial cells treated with Shiga toxin. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:78. [PMID: 26385393 PMCID: PMC4575422 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011, there was an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in Japan. Approximately 62 % of patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome also showed symptoms of encephalopathy. To determine the mechanisms of onset for encephalopathy during STEC infections, we conducted an in vitro study with glial cell lines and primary glial cells. Results Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or LPS alone activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in glial cells. Similarly, Stx-2 in combination with LPS, or LPS alone increases expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in glial cells. It is possible that overexpression of AQP4 results in a rapid and increased influx of osmotic water across the plasma membrane into cells, thereby inducing cell swelling and cerebral edema. Conclusions We have showed that a combination of Stx-2 and LPS induced apoptosis of glial cells recently. Glial cells are indispensable for cerebral homeostasis; therefore, their dysfunction and death impairs cerebral homeostasis and results in encephalopathy. We postulate that the onset of encephalopathy in STEC infections occurs when Stx-2 attacks vascular endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, inducing their death. Stx-2 and LPS then attack the exposed glial cells that are no longer in contact with the endothelial cells. AQP4 is overexpressed in glial cells, resulting in their swelling and adversely affecting cerebral homeostasis. Once cerebral homeostasis is affected in such a way, encephalopathy is the likely result in STEC patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0184-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Hue Leu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. .,Dan Phuong General Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Natsumi Inoue
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Mondo Kuroda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Takekatsu Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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24
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Brandal LT, Wester AL, Lange H, Løbersli I, Lindstedt BA, Vold L, Kapperud G. Shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli infections in Norway, 1992-2012: characterization of isolates and identification of risk factors for haemolytic uremic syndrome. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:324. [PMID: 26259588 PMCID: PMC4531490 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection is associated with haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Therefore Norway has implemented strict guidelines for prevention and control of STEC infection. However, only a subgroup of STEC leads to HUS. Thus, identification of determinants differentiating high risk STEC (HUS STEC) from low risk STEC (non-HUS STEC) is needed to enable implementation of graded infectious disease response. METHODS A national study of 333 STEC infections in Norway, including one STEC from each patient or outbreak over two decades (1992-2012), was conducted. Serotype, virulence profile, and genotype of each STEC were determined by phenotypic or PCR based methods. The association between microbiological properties and demographic and clinical data was assessed by univariable analyses and multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS From 1992 through 2012, an increased number of STEC cases including more domestically acquired infections were notified in Norway. O157 was the most frequent serogroup (33.6 %), although a decrease of this serogroup was seen over the last decade. All 25 HUS patients yielded STEC with stx2, eae, and ehxA. In a multiple logistic regression model, age ≤5 years (OR = 16.7) and stx2a (OR = 30.1) were independently related to increased risk of HUS. eae and hospitalization could not be modelled since all HUS patients showed these traits. The combination of low age (≤5 years) and the presence of stx2a, and eae gave a positive predictive value (PPV) for HUS of 67.5 % and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.0 %. SF O157:[H7] and O145:H?, although associated with HUS in the univariable analyses, were not independent risk factors. stx1 (OR = 0.1) was the sole factor independently associated with a reduced risk of HUS (NPV: 79.7 %); stx2c was not so. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that virulence gene profile and patients' age are the major determinants of HUS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin T Brandal
- Department of Foodborne Infections, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Department of Foodborne Infections, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Astrid L Wester
- Department of Foodborne Infections, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Heidi Lange
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Inger Løbersli
- Department of Foodborne Infections, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Line Vold
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Georg Kapperud
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Wang R, Kalchayanand N, Bono JL. Sequence of Colonization Determines the Composition of Mixed Biofilms by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O111:H8 Strains. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1554-9. [PMID: 26219370 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are one of the potential sources of cross-contamination in food processing environments. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and O111:H8 are important foodborne pathogens capable of forming biofilms, and the coexistence of these two STEC serotypes has been detected in various food samples and in multiple commercial meat plants throughout the United States. Here, we investigated how the coexistence of these two STEC serotypes and their sequence of colonization could affect bacterial growth competition and mixed biofilm development. Our data showed that E. coli O157:H7 strains were able to maintain a higher cell percentage in mixed biofilms with the co-inoculated O111:H8 companion strains, even though the results of planktonic growth competition were strain dependent. On solid surfaces with preexisting biofilms, the sequence of colonization played a critical role in determining the composition of the mixed biofilms because early stage precolonization significantly affected the competition results between the E. coli O157:H7 and O111:H8 strains. The precolonizer of either serotype was able to outgrow the other serotype in both planktonic and biofilm phases. The competitive interactions among the various STEC serotypes would determine the composition and structure of the mixed biofilms as well as their potential risks to food safety and public health, which is largely influenced by the dominant strains in the mixtures. Thus, the analysis of mixed biofilms under various conditions would be of importance to determine the nature of mixed biofilms composed of multiple microorganisms and to help implement the most effective disinfection operations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - James L Bono
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, State Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
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26
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Akiyama Y, Saito E, Futai H, Ogita K, Sakae H, Fukunaga M, Tsuji H, Chikahira M, Mimura M. Comprehensive Study of Pathogenic Genes Distributed in Escherichia coli Isolated from Cattle. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2015; 56:118-22. [PMID: 26156168 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.56.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic genes such as stx1, stx2, STh gene, STp gene, LT gene, invE, eae, aggR, afaD, astA, cdt and cnf were investigated in Escherichia coli isolated from cattle during Nov. 2012 and Aug. 2013. Plural pathogenic genes were concurrently detected by multiplex PCR, and screen-positive genes were confirmed and sub-classified by PCR. Among 100 cattle investigated, 180 E. coli strains with diarrheic genes (DEC) were detected in 79 cattle, and 45 of them, isolated from 32 cattle, were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). More than 30% of cattle carried astA, cdt, cnf and stx2 in descending order. STh gene, LT gene, invE, aggR and afaD were not detected in this study. Both stx1 and stx2 were concurrently detected from 6 of 45 STEC strains and stx2 alone was detected from 19. Seventeen STEC strains carried STp gene, astA, or cdt along with stx1 or stx2. Additionally, 135 remaining DEC were classified into 18 enterotoxigenic E. coli with STp gene, 25 enteropathogenic E. coli with eae, and 92 other DEC with astA, cdt and cnf. Both O and H serotypes were identified in 48 strains, including O157 : H7, O1H7 and so on. O157 : H7 were identified in 3 strains that carried stx2 and eae together, as found in human pathogenic strains isolated from patients with gastroenteritis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Akiyama
- Public Health Science Research Center, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Consumer Sciences
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Kanayama A, Arima Y, Yamagishi T, Kinoshita H, Sunagawa T, Yahata Y, Matsui T, Ishii K, Wakita T, Oishi K. Epidemiology of domestically acquired hepatitis E virus infection in Japan: assessment of the nationally reported surveillance data, 2007-2013. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:752-758. [PMID: 25976003 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of reported hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections from developed countries. To describe recent trends in notification and potential risk groups and risk factors in Japan, HEV infection cases and demographic, food consumption, clinical and laboratory data reported during 2007-2013 were analysed. In total, 530 HEV infections were reported during 2007-2013. Amongst 462 domestic cases, the mean age was 56.5 years (sd 13.9) and 80.1 % were male. Forty-three cases (9.3 %) were asymptomatic, amongst which 11 were detected from blood donations. Whilst ∼50 cases were reported annually during 2007-2011, the number of reported cases increased to 121 in 2012 and 126 in 2013. The increase was characterized by a rise in the number of domestic, symptomatic cases (P = 0.05) and cases confirmed by anti-HEV IgA detection (P < 0.01). HEV genotypes G3 and G4 were consistently dominant. The major suspected source of infection was food-borne, and the major suspected foods were pig, wild boar and deer meat. The observed increase during 2012-2013 was most likely due to the coverage of the anti-HEV IgA assay by the National Health Insurance system in Japan in October 2011 and its acceptance for surveillance purposes. However, the increase was not associated with detection of asymptomatic cases. Moreover, males aged 50-69 years remained as the high-risk group, and pork and other meats continued to be the most suspected items. Our findings indicated that HEV infection is an emerging and important public health concern in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanayama
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Global Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuzo Arima
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamagishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kinoshita
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yahata
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamano Matsui
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Epidemiological analysis of a large enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111 outbreak in Japan associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome and acute encephalopathy. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2721-32. [PMID: 25600435 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O111 and O157 occurred in Japan in April 2011. We conducted an unmatched case-control study and trace-back investigation to determine the source of EHEC O111 infection and risk factors for severe complications. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed to help define cases. A total of 86 individuals met the case definition. Of these, 40% experienced haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), 24% acute encephalopathy, and 6% died. Illness was significantly associated with eating the raw beef dish yukhoe (odds ratio 19·64, 95% confidence interval 7·03-54·83), the likely food vehicle. EHEC O111 and its closely related stx-negative variants were found in the beef. HUS occurred most frequently in individuals aged 5-9 years, and this age group was significantly associated with acute encephalopathy. The prevalence of HUS and acute encephalopathy was higher than in previous non-O157-related outbreaks, indicating a high risk of severe complications.
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