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Li H, Li J, Hu J, Chen J, Zhou W. High-performing cross-dataset machine learning reveals robust microbiota alteration in secondary apical periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1393108. [PMID: 38975327 PMCID: PMC11224960 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1393108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple research groups have consistently underscored the intricate interplay between the microbiome and apical periodontitis. However, the presence of variability in experimental design and quantitative assessment have added a layer of complexity, making it challenging to comprehensively assess the relationship. Through an unbiased methodological refinement analysis, we re-analyzed 4 microbiota studies including 120 apical samples from infected teeth (with/without root canal treatment), healthy teeth, using meta-analysis and machine learning. With high-performing machine-learning models, we discover disease signatures of related species and enriched metabolic pathways, expanded understanding of apical periodontitis with potential therapeutic implications. Our approach employs uniform computational tools across datasets to leverage statistical power and define a reproducible signal potentially linked to the development of secondary apical periodontitis (SAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehang Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiani Hu
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Xunzhu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jionglin Chen
- Research and Development Department, Beijing Xunzhu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Thammasitboon K, Teanpaisan R, Pahumunto N. Prevalence and virulence factors of haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions: A laboratory investigation in Thailand. Int Endod J 2024; 57:769-783. [PMID: 38483342 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM Previous endodontic research has provided limited understanding of the prevalence and roles of haemolytic and non-haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis strains in root filled teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these strains in root filled teeth with periradicular lesions and investigate their associated virulence factors. METHODOLOGY A total of 36 root canal samples were collected from 36 subjects. The prevalence of E. faecalis was determined using culture and PCR methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of haemolytic and non-haemolytic E. faecalis strains was assessed using the broth dilution assay. The cytokine stimulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and neutrophil migration were evaluated using real-time PCR and migration assay, respectively. Cell invasion ability of the strains was assessed using a cell culture model. Additionally, the virulence gene expression of the haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains was investigated using real-time PCR. The Mann-Whitney U and Spearman's ρ tests were used to examine the significant difference between the two strains and to analyse the correlation between phenotype and gene expression, respectively. RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 33.3% and 88.9% of samples by culture and real-time PCR, respectively. Haemolytic strains were found in 36.4% of subjects. Non-haemolytic strains exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and varying susceptibility to tetracycline, while all haemolytic strains were resistant to both antibiotics. Haemolytic strains significantly upregulated the expression of IL-8, OPG and RANKL in PDL cells (p < .05). Notably, the fold increases in these genes were higher: IL-8 (556.1 ± 82.9 vs. 249.6 ± 81.8), OPG (2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2) and RANKL (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1). Furthermore, haemolytic strains had a greater effect on neutrophil migration (68.7 ± 15.2% vs. 46.9 ± 11.4%) and demonstrated a higher level of internalization into oral keratinocyte cells (68.6 ± 0.4% vs. 33.8 ± 0.5%) (p < .05). They also showed enhanced expression of virulence genes associated with haemolysin, surface proteins, collagen-binding and aggregation substances. Gelatinase activity was only detectable in non-haemolytic strains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that haemolytic strains E. faecalis possessed enhanced abilities in host invasion and a higher abundance of virulence factors, suggesting their potential contribution to more severe disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Thammasitboon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Hernández SR, Siqueira JF, Voigt DD, Soimu G, Brasil SC, Provenzano JC, Mdala I, Alves FRF, Rôças IN. Bacteriologic Conditions of the Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with and without Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis: A Correlative Multianalytical Approach. J Endod 2024; 50:154-163. [PMID: 37977217 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study used a correlative multianalytical approach to investigate the bacteriologic conditions in the apical root canal system of treated teeth with or without apical periodontitis and their correlation with the technical quality of the previous root canal obturation and the presence and volume of apical periodontitis lesions. METHODS Root apexes were obtained from recently extracted root canal-treated teeth with (n = 23) and without (n = 22) apical periodontitis lesions as demonstrated by cone-beam computed tomographic examination. The root apexes were sectioned and subjected to micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) scanning. The specimens were cryopulverized, and DNA extracted from the powder was used as a template in real-time polymerase chain reaction assays to quantify total bacteria and members of the Streptococcus genus and Actinobacteria phylum. The bacteriologic findings were compared between the 2 groups and also evaluated for associations with cone-beam computed tomographic and micro-computed tomographic data. RESULTS Bacteria were detected in all apical canal samples except 1. The mean counts of total bacteria, streptococci, and actinobacteria did not differ significantly between teeth with or without apical periodontitis (P > .05). Streptococcus levels were significantly lower by 80% in the apical canals of teeth with small lesions compared with those without lesions (P < .05). The limit of filling >2 mm short was significantly associated with more total bacterial counts compared with canals filled 0-2 mm short (P < .05). An adequate coronal restoration was significantly associated with lesser counts of Streptococcus (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Comparable bacterial loads were observed in the apical canal system of treated teeth with and without apical periodontitis, suggesting that factors other than only the total bacterial levels may also influence the development and progression of apical periodontitis. Bacteria were found in the apical canal in virtually all cases with a high prevalence of streptococci and actinobacteria. Streptococci counts were significantly higher in the apical canal of teeth with inadequate restorations and teeth with no lesions. Underfilled canals showed higher bacterial counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Hernández
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Francisco Marroquín University, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - José F Siqueira
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle D Voigt
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Soimu
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina C Brasil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ibrahimu Mdala
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Flávio R F Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, University of Grande Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University, Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ng WNI, Kalimuthu S, Law COK, Lee AHC, Lau TCK, Leung YY, Cheung GSP, Neelakantan P. Intracellular bacterial eradication using a novel peptide in vitro. Int Endod J 2023; 56:1360-1372. [PMID: 37615967 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the effect of a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP; OP145) and cell-penetrating peptide (Octa-arginine/R8) conjugate on the killing of intracellular Enterococcus faecalis, compared to OP145 and an antibiotic combination recommended for regenerative endodontic procedures. METHODOLOGY The biocompatible concentrations of OP145 and OP145-R8 were determined by assessing their cytotoxicity against human macrophages and red blood cells. Spatiotemporal internalization of the peptides into macrophages was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry respectively. Killing of extracellular and intracellular E. faecalis OG1RF by the peptides was determined by counting the colony-forming units (CFU). Intracellular antibacterial activity of the peptides was compared to a double antibiotic combination. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the intracellular bacterial eradication. Significant differences between the different test groups were analysed using one-way analysis of variance. p < .05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Peptides at a concentration of 7.5 μmol/L were chosen for subsequent experiments based on the results of the alamarBlue™ cell viability assay and haemolytic assay. OP145-R8 selectively internalized into lysosomal compartments and the cytosol of macrophages. Conjugation with R8 improved the internalization of OP145 into macrophages in a temporal manner (70.53% at 1 h to 77.13% at 2 h), while no temporal increase was observed for OP145 alone (60.53% at 1 h with no increase at 2 h). OP145-R8 demonstrated significantly greater extracellular and intracellular antibacterial activity compared to OP145 at all investigated time-points and concentrations (p < .05). OP145-R8 at 7.5 μmol/L eradicated intracellular E. faecalis after 2 h (3.5 log reduction compared to the control; p < .05), while the antibiotics could not reduce more than 0.5 log CFU compared to the control (p > .05). Confocal microscopy showed complete absence of E. faecalis within the OP145-R8 treated macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that the conjugation of an AMP OP145 to a cell-penetrating peptide R8 eradicated extracellular and intracellular E. faecalis OG1RF without toxic effects on the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Nok Isaac Ng
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | | | - Carmen Oi Kwan Law
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | | | - Terrence Chi Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Gary Shun Pan Cheung
- Department of Dental Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Department of Endodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California, USA
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Koutroulis A, Valen H, Ørstavik D, Kapralos V, Camilleri J, Sunde PT. Antibacterial Activity of Root Repair Cements in Contact with Dentin-An Ex Vivo Study. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:511. [PMID: 37888176 PMCID: PMC10607193 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the antibacterial characteristics of the dentin/material interface and dentin surfaces exposed to experimental hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) with or without bioactive glass (BG) replacement (20% or 40%) or mixed with a silver nanoparticle (SNP) solution (1 or 2 mg/mL), and Biodentine, TotalFill BC RRM putty and Intermediate Restorative Material (IRM). Human root dentin segments with test materials were assessed at 1 or 28 days. In one series, the specimens were split to expose the dentin and material surfaces. A 24 h direct contact test was conducted against three-day established Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms. In another series, the dentin/material interface of intact specimens was exposed to biofilm membranes for 3 days and the antibacterial activity was assessed via confocal microscopy. The interface was additionally characterised. All one-day material and dentin surfaces were antibacterial. Dentin surfaces exposed to HCSC with 40% BG-replacement, Biodentine and IRM had decreased antibacterial properties compared to those of the other cements. The HCSC mixed with a 2 mg/mL SNP solution had the highest antimicrobial effect in the confocal assay. The interfacial characteristics of HCSCs were similar. The test materials conferred antibacterial activity onto the adjacent dentin. The BG reduced the antibacterial effect of dentin exposed to HCSC; a 2 mg/mL SNP solution increased the antibacterial potential for longer interaction periods (three-day exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koutroulis
- Section of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (D.Ø.); (V.K.)
| | - Håkon Valen
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), 0855 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Dag Ørstavik
- Section of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (D.Ø.); (V.K.)
| | - Vasileios Kapralos
- Section of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (D.Ø.); (V.K.)
| | - Josette Camilleri
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Pia Titterud Sunde
- Section of Endodontics, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (D.Ø.); (V.K.)
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Meire MA, Bronzato JD, Bomfim RA, Gomes BPFA. Effectiveness of adjunct therapy for the treatment of apical periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J 2023; 56 Suppl 3:455-474. [PMID: 36156804 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjunct therapy refers to any intracanal procedure going beyond chemomechanical preparation with instruments and traditionally delivered irrigants (excluding interim dressings). It is not clear whether and which of these adjunct therapies have a significant impact on the outcome of root canal treatment [healing of apical periodontitis (AP) and other patient-related outcomes]. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to analyse available evidence on the effectiveness of adjunct therapy for the treatment of AP in permanent teeth, according to a population, intervention, comparison, outcome, time and study design framework formulated a priori by the European Society of Endodontology. METHODS Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science) were searched up to October 2021 to identify clinical studies comparing adjunct therapy to no adjunct therapy in adult patients with AP. Animal studies, reviews, studies with less than 10 patients per arm and studies with a follow-up time of less than 1 year, or less than 7 days for postoperative pain, were excluded. The quality of the included studies was appraised by the appropriate tools [Risk of Bias 2 (RoB2) for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies]. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. RESULTS Fourteen studies (13 RCTs and one retrospective cohort) fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this review. They evaluated different types of adjunct therapy: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT; three studies), diode laser canal irradiation (3), Nd:YAG laser canal irradiation (2), Er;Cr:YSGG laser canal irradiation (1), ozone therapy (2) and ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) (4). Radiographical healing was reported in seven studies, but meta-analysis was only possible for UAI (two studies), showing no statistically significant difference in healing after 12 months. Pain after 7 days was reported in seven studies. Meta-analysis on three studies that used aPDT and on two studies using diode laser irradiation showed no significant difference in the prevalence of pain after 7 days between the control and adjunct therapy. According to RoB2 tool, six studies had a high risk of bias, five studies had some concerns, and two studies low risk of bias. The GRADE assessment revealed a very low strength of evidence for diode laser, and low strength of evidence for PDT, ozone and UAI studies. DISCUSSION The included studies displayed significant heterogeneity in terms of type of adjunct therapy, technical details per adjunct therapy, outcome reporting and several combinations of these, limiting the potential for meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to recommend any adjunctive therapy for the treatment of apical periodontitis. REGISTRATION Prospero CRD42021261869.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A Meire
- Section of Endodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliana D Bronzato
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Bomfim
- Department of Community Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Elashiry MM, Bergeron BE, Tay FR. Enterococcus faecalis in secondary apical periodontitis: Mechanisms of bacterial survival and disease persistence. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106337. [PMID: 37683835 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract. However, in individuals with compromised immune systems, the pathogen can lead to severe illness. This opportunistic pathogen is associated with secondary apical diseases and is adept at resisting antibiotics and other forms of treatment because of its numerous virulence factors. Enterococcus faecalis is capable of disrupting the normal functions of immune cells, thereby hindering the body's ability to eradicate the infection. However, intensive research is needed in further understanding the adverse immunomodulatory effects of E. faecalis. Potential strategies specific for eradicating E. faecalis have proven beneficial in the treatment of persistent secondary apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA; Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia, USA
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Ergün E, Toraman E, Barış Ö, Budak H, Demir T. Quantitative investigation of the bacterial content of periodontal abscess samples by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 213:106826. [PMID: 37742798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontal abscesses, which are part of the acute periodontal disease group characterized by the destruction of periodontal tissue with deep periodontal pockets, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and localized pus accumulation, cause rapid destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial content of periodontal abscesses by specific and culture-independent qPCR. METHODS This study was conducted on 30 volunteers diagnosed with periodontal abscesses and presenting with complaints of localized pain, swelling, and tenderness in the gingiva. Genomic DNA was isolated from the samples taken. Escherichia coli bacteria were used for the standard curve created to calculate the prevalence of target bacteria in the total bacterial load. 16S rRNA Universal primers were used to assess the total bacterial load and prevalence. Bacterial counts were analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) matrix. RESULTS From the analysis of Real-Time PCR, Porphyromonas gingivalis (30, 100%), Prevotella intermedia (30, 100%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (30, 100%) were detected in all samples. Campylobacter rectus (29, 96.6%), Porphyromonas endodontalis (29, 96.6%), Tannerella forsythia (28, 93.3%), Filifactor alocis (28, 93.3%), and Actinomyces naeslundii (28, 93.3%) were also frequently detected. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal abscesses were found to be polymicrobial, and not only periodontal pathogens appeared to be associated with the development of periodontal abscesses. The presence, prevalence, and number of Porphyromonas endodontalis and Propionibacterium acnes in the contents of periodontal abscesses were determined for the first time in our study. Further studies are needed to better understand the roles of bacteria in periodontal disease, including abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Ergün
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Özlem Barış
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Atatürk University, Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Turgut Demir
- Atatürk University, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Alhadainy HA, Abdel-Karim AH, Fouad AF. Prevalence of Fusobacterium Species in Endodontic Infections Detected With Molecular Methods: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Endod 2023; 49:1249-1261. [PMID: 37611654 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endodontic infections are polymicrobial; however, investigating the role of bacterial species is critical because they may influence pathogenesis, the development of symptoms, or the persistence of disease. This systematic review aimed to determine the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and its association with different types of endodontic infections. METHODS MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were used as electronic databases to retrieve relevant studies. The studies were evaluated for eligibility criteria, and the certainty in evidence and risk of bias were evaluated using critical appraisal tools for prevalence studies from the Joanna Briggs Institute. Forty studies were selected for meta-analysis and statistically analyzed for the relationship between the prevalence of Fusobacterium species and both the presence of symptoms and the type of infections (primary vs secondary/persistent) using meta-regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of Fusobacterium spp. in endodontic infections ranged from 3%-100% (mean = 42.51%) in the 40 included studies. Calculated confidence intervals indicated that the presence of Fusobacterium spp. was not statistically associated with the presence of symptoms or with the type of infections (the set of 2 predictors was not significant; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Fusobacterium infection, which was identified with molecular methods, was not significant for overall regression using both predictors (ie, symptoms [symptomatic vs asymptomatic] and types of infections [primary vs secondary/persistent]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Alhadainy
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Ashraf F Fouad
- Department of Endodontics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Pinto KP, Barbosa AFA, Silva EJNL, Santos APP, Sassone LM. What is the microbial profile in persistent endodontic infections? A scoping review. J Endod 2023:S0099-2399(23)00280-7. [PMID: 37211309 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This scoping review aimed to map the evidence about the microbiota found in persistent endodontic infections. METHODS The study protocol was prospectively registered and is available at https://osf.io/3g2cp. The electronic search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Lilacs, BBO, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE. The eligibility criteria were based on the PCC acronym, where P (Population): patients with teeth presenting persistent endodontic infection; C (Concept): microbial profile; and C (Context): undergoing endodontic retreatment. Clinical studies that evaluated the microbial profile of samples collected from root canals of teeth undergoing retreatment, using classical or molecular methods, were included. Studies that did not show a minimum period of one year between primary endodontic treatment and retreatment or did not radiographically evaluate the quality of primary root canal filling were excluded. Two reviewers independently selected the articles and collected data. RESULTS From a total of 957 articles, 161 were read in full and 32 studies were included. The most prevalent species were Enterococcus faecalis, Parvimonas micra, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Dialister invisus, Propionibacterium acnes, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Cases with symptomatology or inadequate root canal filling presented an increase in specific bacterial species compared to no symptomatology or adequate filling. A greater number of microorganisms was observed in teeth with inadequate coronal restoration compared to adequate restoration. CONCLUSION Persistent endodontic infections have a polymicrobial profile identified by the commonly used methods for bacterial detection/identification and are subject to the limitations present in each of those methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Pinto
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - A F A Barbosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
| | - E J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro; Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A P P Santos
- Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - L M Sassone
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
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Abstract
Culture-independent nucleic acid technologies have been extensively applied to the analysis of oral bacterial communities associated with healthy and diseased conditions. These methods have confirmed and substantially expanded the findings from culture studies to reveal the oral microbial inhabitants and candidate pathogens associated with the major oral diseases. Over 1000 bacterial distinct species-level taxa have been identified in the oral cavity and studies using next-generation DNA sequencing approaches indicate that the breadth of bacterial diversity is even much larger. Nucleic acid technologies have also been helpful in profiling bacterial communities and identifying disease-related patterns. This chapter provides an overview of the diversity and taxonomy of oral bacteria associated with health and disease.
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In Vitro Evaluation of Five Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against E. faecalis Biofilm for Their Potential Use against Post-Treatment Apical Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091779. [PMID: 36145527 PMCID: PMC9503355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art treatment of root canal infection includes the use of mechanical debridement and chemical agents. This disinfection method is limited, and microorganisms can remain in the canal system. Enterococcus faecalis appears with a high prevalence in secondary and persistent root canal infections and can be linked to endodontic treatment failure due to its various resistance mechanisms. Here, we evaluated the activity of newly isolated bacteriophages against clinical isolates of E. faecalis (including one vancomycin- and gentamicin-resistant strain) as a single treatment or in combination with gentamicin and vancomycin. For the resistant strain, daptomycin and fosfomycin were tested. Sixteen E. faecalis strains were used to screen for the presence of bacteriophages in sewage. Five different bacteriophages were characterized in terms of virion morphology, host range and killing-kinetics against each E. faecalis host strain. To investigate the antibiofilm effect of antibiotic and phages, E. faecalis biofilm was grown on porous glass beads and treated with different antibiotic concentrations and with isolated bacteriophages alone or in staggered combinations. A strong biofilm reduction was observed when phages were combined with antibiotic, where combinations with gentamicin showed a better outcome compared to vancomycin. Regarding the resistant strain, daptomycin had a superior antibiofilm effect than fosfomycin.
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13
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Enhancing the intracanal antibacterial effects of sodium hypochlorite with etidronic acid or citric acid. J Endod 2022; 48:1161-1168. [PMID: 35750221 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the bacterial reduction promoted by root canal preparation using irrigation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone, associated with etidronic acid (HEDP) or alternated with citric acid, and after a supplementary agitation step. METHODS Extracted mandibular premolars were selected and distributed into 3 groups based on anatomically paired micro-computed tomographic analyses. The canals were contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis for 30 days and then subjected to chemomechanical preparation with a reciprocating instrument under irrigation with NaOCl alone, mixed with HEDP (NaOCl/HEDP), or alternated with citric acid (NaOCl/CA). A supplementary agitation step with the XP-endo Finisher was performed in all groups. Intracanal bacteriological samples were taken before (S1) and after preparation (S2), and after the supplementary approach (S3). DNA was extracted from the samples and subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Intragroup analyses revealed a substantial bacterial reduction from S1 to S2 or S3 in all groups (p<0.01). The supplementary agitation resulted in S2-to-S3 bacterial reduction of 6%, 68%, and 80% in the NaOCl, NaOCl/HEDP, and NaOCl/CA groups, respectively. Irrigation with NaOCl alone resulted in 53% and 47% of samples negative for bacteria in S2 and S3, respectively. Corresponding figures for NaOCl/HEDP were 75% and 85%, and 44% and 72% for NaOCl/CA. Intergroup analyses of S2 samples showed that NaOCl/HEDP was significantly more effective than the other two in reducing the bacterial levels (p<0.05). After the supplementary approach, both NaOCl/HEDP and NaOCl/CA were significantly more effective than NaOCl alone (p<0.05), with no significant differences between them (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Both the freshly combined NaOCl/HEDP solution and the alternate use of NaOCl and citric acid followed by XP-endo Finisher agitation resulted in significantly higher intracanal bacterial reduction than NaOCl alone.
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Chen Y, Huang Z, Tang Z, Huang Y, Huang M, Liu H, Ziebolz D, Schmalz G, Jia B, Zhao J. More Than Just a Periodontal Pathogen –the Research Progress on Fusobacterium nucleatum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:815318. [PMID: 35186795 PMCID: PMC8851061 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.815318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a common oral opportunistic bacterium that can cause different infections. In recent years, studies have shown that F. nucleatum is enriched in lesions in periodontal diseases, halitosis, dental pulp infection, oral cancer, and systemic diseases. Hence, it can promote the development and/or progression of these conditions. The current study aimed to assess research progress in the epidemiological evidence, possible pathogenic mechanisms, and treatment methods of F. nucleatum in oral and systemic diseases. Novel viewpoints obtained in recent studies can provide knowledge about the role of F. nucleatum in hosts and a basis for identifying new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of F. nucleatum-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schmalz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Jia, ; Jianjiang Zhao,
| | - Jianjiang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Jia, ; Jianjiang Zhao,
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15
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Saber SM, Alfadag AMA, Nawar NN, Plotino G, Hassanien EES. Instrumentation Kinematics Does Not Affect Bacterial Reduction, Post-Operative Pain and flare-ups: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int Endod J 2022; 55:405-415. [PMID: 35100456 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of instrumentation kinematics (reciprocation or continuous rotation) on bacterial reduction, post-operative pain and incidence of flare-ups after root canal treatment of single-rooted mandibular premolars with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. METHODOLOGY Sixty-six patients were included in this prospective, parallel, randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups (N=33) according to the kinematics of the shaping instrument: WaveOne Gold (WO) used in reciprocation or One Shape (OS) used in continuous rotation. Under complete asepsis, bacterial samples were taken before (S1) and after (S2) a standard cleaning and shaping protocol. Evaluation of bacterial reduction was done by both culture technique and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Post-operative pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) after 24, 48- and 72-hours following treatment, while flare-ups were recorded as a binary outcome (Yes/No). Independent and paired t-tests were used for inter and intragroup comparisons for bacterial count data respectively. For post-operative pain score, intergroup comparisons were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test while intragroup comparisons were analyzed using Friedman test followed by pairwise comparisons utilizing Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at p≤0.05 within all tests. RESULTS All the allocated participants received the intervention and were analyzed. The comparison between culture and qPCR methods showed that qPCR analysis demonstrated significantly higher pre-instrumentation baseline bacterial count (p<0.05). The percentage of bacterial reduction, detected by either method, significantly decreased after instrumentation using either rotation or reciprocation kinematics (p<0.05). However, the difference between the WOG or OS files was statistically non-significant (p>0.05). The intra-group comparisons showed a significant reduction in post-operative pain with time (p<0.05) for both groups. However, the inter-group comparison demonstrated that the difference in post-operative pain after the use of either WOG or OS was statistically non-significant (p>0.05). The incidence of flare-ups between both groups was also not-significant (p=1). CONCLUSIONS Shaping kinematics, either rotation or reciprocation motions, had no impact on bacterial reduction and the incidence of post-operative pain and flare-ups after root canal preparation of single-rooted premolars with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehabeldin Mohamed Saber
- Department of Endodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Endodontics, The British University, El-Shorouk city, Egypt
| | | | - Nawar Naguib Nawar
- Department of Endodontics, The British University, El-Shorouk city, Egypt
| | | | - Ehab El-Sayed Hassanien
- Department of Endodontics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,El-Galala University, El-Galala city, Egypt
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Rosa M, Morozova Y, Moštěk R, Holík P, Somolová L, Novotná B, Zábojníková S, Bogdanová K, Langová K, Voborná I, Pospíšilová L, Kovařík JP. The Short-Term Antibacterial Activity of Three Selected Endodontic Sealers against Enterococcus faecalis Bacterial Culture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020158. [PMID: 35207445 PMCID: PMC8879048 DOI: 10.3390/life12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Microorganisms originating from the microflora of the oral cavity are the main cause of the inflammatory diseases of the dental pulp and periapical periodontium, as well as the failure of endodontic treatment. The subsequent root canal treatment is not able to remove all the pathogens, and a small number of viable bacteria remain in the dentine tubules, which must be sealed by endodontic sealers. These sealers should have at least a bacteriostatic effect to prevent the remaining bacteria from reproducing. The aim of this study is to compare the short-term antibacterial activity of three endodontic sealers based on poly-epoxy resin, zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium silicate with a calcium hydroxide-based sealer. Calcium hydroxide is used as temporary intracanal medicament and, thus, should show significant antibacterial activity. (2) Methods: A total of 25 bovine dentine samples infected with Enterococcus faecalis were used in this study. After the sealer placement and a 24 h incubation period, the root canal walls were scraped, and the suspension of dentine fillings was used for a semi-quantitative evaluation of microbial growth. (3) Results: The poly-epoxide resin-based sealer ADSeal™ showed significant antibacterial properties. (4) Conclusions: The highest antibacterial activity was shown in poly-epoxide resin-based sealer group, followed by the zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer and calcium silicate-based sealer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Rosa
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Yuliya Morozova
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Roman Moštěk
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Pavel Holík
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Lucia Somolová
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Soňa Zábojníková
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Kateřina Bogdanová
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Langová
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Iva Voborná
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Lenka Pospíšilová
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
| | - Josef Paul Kovařík
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (Y.M.); (R.M.); (P.H.); (L.S.); (S.Z.); (I.V.); (L.P.); (J.P.K.)
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17
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Present status and future directions - microbiology of endodontic infections. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 3:512-530. [PMID: 34958494 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis has a microbial aetiology and is one of the most common inflammatory diseases that affect humans. Fungi, archaea and viruses have been found in association with apical periodontitis, but bacteria are by far the most prevalent and dominant microorganisms in endodontic infections. Bacterial infection of the root canal system only occurs when the pulp is necrotic or was removed for previous treatment. In some specific cases, including acute and chronic abscesses, the bacterial infection may reach the periradicular tissues. Intracanal bacteria are usually observed as sessile multispecies communities (biofilms) attached to the dentinal root canal walls. Infection in the main root canal lumen can spread to other areas of the root canal system. Although more than 500 bacterial species have been detected in endodontic infections, a selected group of 20 to 30 species are most frequently detected and may be considered as the core microbiome. There is a high interindividual variability in the endodontic microbiome in terms of species composition and relative abundance. Obligate anaerobic species are more abundant in the intraradicular bacterial communities of teeth with primary apical periodontitis, while both anaerobes and facultatives dominate the communities in post-treatment apical periodontitis. Bacterial interactions play an essential role in determining the overall virulence of the community, which has been regarded as the unit of pathogenicity of apical periodontitis. This article reviews the microbiologic aspects of endodontic infections and provides perspectives for future research and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, RJ, and Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study the root canal microbiome. Int Endod J 2021; 55 Suppl 1:46-71. [PMID: 34714548 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic microbiology deals with the study of the microbial aetiology and pathogenesis of pulpal and periradicular inflammatory diseases. Research in endodontic microbiology started almost 130 years ago and since then has mostly focussed on establishing and confirming the infectious aetiology of apical periodontitis, identifying the microbial species associated with the different types of endodontic infections and determining the efficacy of treatment procedures in eradicating or controlling infection. Diverse analytical methods have been used over the years, each one with their own advantages and limitations. In this review, the main features and applications of the most used technologies are discussed, and advice is provided to improve study designs in order to properly address the scientific questions and avoid setbacks that can compromise the results. Finally, areas of future research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Grande Rio University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Iguaçu University (UNIG), Nova Iguaçu, Brazil
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19
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Fahim MM, Saber SEM, Elkhatib WF, Nagy MM, Schafer E. The antibacterial effect and the incidence of post-operative pain after the application of nano-based intracanal medications during endodontic retreatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:2155-2163. [PMID: 34697657 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-silver and nano-calcium hydroxide intracanal medicaments (ICM) during retreatment regarding their antibacterial effect and their effect on post-operative pain and flare-ups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine patients scheduled for endodontic retreatment were included in this randomized clinical trial and randomly allocated to 3 equal groups (n = 23) according to the type of ICM used. The first microbial sampling (S1) representing the original microbiota was obtained after the removal of the old canal filling. After chemo-mechanical debridement, another sample (S2) was obtained representing the microbial state before ICM application. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either nano-silver (nano-Ag), nano-calcium hydroxide (nano-CH), or calcium hydroxide (CH) as ICM. Patients rated their pain pre-operatively and then after 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. During the second visit (7 days later), the last microbial sample (S3) was obtained after removal of the ICM. Reduction of total bacterial and total E. faecalis counts and the biofilm-forming capability of the existing microbiota were determined. RESULTS Results showed reduction in total bacterial count, total E. faecalis count and the biofilm-forming,capability of the existing microbiota after chemo-mechanical debridement (S1-S2) and after the application of ICM (S3-S2). However, the reduction after cleaning and shaping was significantly more pronounced (p < 0.001) compared to the effect of ICM application, with no difference between the 3 ICM (p > 0.05). Post-operative pain was significantly reduced at the 48- and 72-h intervals after the application of nano-Ag and nano-CH only (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between these two ICM (p > 0.05). The incidence of flare-ups in all groups was similar (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The antibacterial effect of the nano-Ag and nano-CH was equivalent to that of CH, but they contributed to better pain control. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Nanoparticles may have a positive impact on post-endodontic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Fahim
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shehab Eldin Mohamed Saber
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Walid F Elkhatib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Galala City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mokhtar Nagy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Edgar Schafer
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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20
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Gomes BP, Francisco PA, Godoi Jr EP, Endo MS, Barbosa-Ribeiro M, Delboni MG, Pecorari VG. Identification of Culturable and Nonculturable Microorganisms, Lipopolysaccharides, and Lipoteichoic Acids From Root Canals of Teeth With Endodontic Failure. J Endod 2021; 47:1075-1086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Korona-Glowniak I, Piatek D, Fornal E, Lukowiak A, Gerasymchuk Y, Kedziora A, Bugla-Płoskonska G, Grywalska E, Bachanek T, Malm A. Patterns of Oral Microbiota in Patients with Apical Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122707. [PMID: 34205290 PMCID: PMC8234888 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, microbial diversity of the root canal microbiota related to different endodontic infections was investigated. In total, 45 patients with endo–perio lesions (8 patients), chronic periapical periodontitis (29 patients) and pulp necrosis (8 patients) were recruited. In 19 (42.2%) patients there was secondary infection of root canals. Microbial specimens were collected from root canals of non-vital teeth with or without changes in periapical area visible in X-ray. Then, oral microbiota were detected and identified using the culture method and real-time PCR amplification primers and hydrolysis-probe detection with the 16S rRNA gene as the target. Overall, 1434 species/genes from 41 different genera of 90 various microbial species were retrieved. Of the major reported phyla, Firmicutes (62.9%), Actinobacteria (14.0%), Bacteroidetes (12.1%), Proteobacteria (9.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.2%) were detected. Of the bacterial species, 54.6% were strict anaerobes. Corynebacterium matruchotii (p = 0.039) was present significantly more frequently in chronic periapical periodontitis. Moreover, the higher values of Decayed, Missing and Filled Permanent Teeth index were positively correlated with relative abundance of Actinomyces spp. (p = 0.042), Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.006), Propionibacterium spp. (p = 0.024) and Rothia spp. (p = 0.002). The multivariate analyses revealed differences in total root canal samples, where components that affected grouping of root samples into four main categories were identified. Anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria predominated in root canals of teeth with pulp necrosis and periapical lesions. Facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria predominated in canals with secondary infections. All detected members of mixed population groups that might serve as keystone species contributed to the entire community in its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korona-Glowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-814487105
| | - Dominika Piatek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Emilia Fornal
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Lukowiak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Science, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuriy Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Science, 50-422 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Anna Kedziora
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskonska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.); (G.B.-P.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Teresa Bachanek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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22
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Trusek A, Kijak E. Drug Carriers Based on Graphene Oxide and Hydrogel: Opportunities and Challenges in Infection Control Tested by Amoxicillin Release. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123182. [PMID: 34207735 PMCID: PMC8228297 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was proposed as an efficient carrier of antibiotics. The model drug, amoxicillin (AMOX), was attached to GO using a peptide linker (Leu-Leu-Gly). GO-AMOX was dispersed in a hydrogel to which the enzyme responsible for releasing AMOX from GO was also added. The drug molecules were released by enzymatic hydrolysis of the peptide bond in the linker. As the selected enzyme, bromelain, a plant enzyme, was used. The antibacterial nature of the carrier was determined by its ability to inhibit the growth of the Enterococcus faecalis strain, which is one of the bacterial species responsible for periodontal and root canal diseases. The prepared carrier contained only biocompatible substances, and the confirmation of its lack of cytotoxicity was verified based on the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line WEHI 164. The proposed type of preparation, as a universal carrier of many different antibiotic molecules, can be considered as a suitable solution in the treatment of inflammation in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trusek
- Group of Micro, Nano and Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (E.K.)
| | - Edward Kijak
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (E.K.)
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Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles mixed with calcium hydroxide or chlorhexidine on multispecies biofilms. Odontology 2021; 109:802-811. [PMID: 34047872 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose is to evaluate the antibacterial effects of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (Nanografi, METU Teknokent, Ankara, Turkey) mixed with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (Ultracal XS, Ultradent, St Louis, US) or chlorhexidine gel (CHX) (Gluco-Chex, Cerkamed, Stalowa Wola, Poland) against a multispecies biofilm, by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and culture-based analysis. Dentine blocks were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces naeslundii for 1 week. Infected dentine blocks were randomly divided into groups according to medication; saline solution (SS), Ca(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 + AgNP, 2%CHX gel and 2%CHX gel + AgNP and time of application: 1 and 7 days (all groups, n = 5). Bacterial samples were collected before and after medication to quantify the bacterial load. Biofilm elimination was quantitatively analyzed by Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viability staining and CLSM. The addition of AgNPs to Ca(OH)2 increased the effectiveness of medicament in terms of bacterial reduction in both application times (1 and 7 days) (p < 0.05: ANOVA, Tukey's test) according to culture-based analysis. The CLSM images revealed that mixture of AgNP with CHX killed significantly more bacteria when compared with all other medicaments at 1- and 7-day application times (p < 0.05 and p > 0.05, respectively: Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn post hoc tests). The efficacy of Ca(OH)2 mixed with AgNPs was superior to Ca(OH)2 used alone in both application times (p < 0.05) according to CLSM analysis. The present study put forth the potential use of AgNPs mixed with Ca(OH)2 or CHX on multispecies (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces naeslundii) biofilm in 1 and 7day application periods.
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Molecular characterization and antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles against endodontic pathogens commonly related to health care-associated infections. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6729-6741. [PMID: 33895915 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out molecular characterization and determine the antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) against endodontic strains isolated from persistent infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canal samples from 24 teeth in different patients with persistent endodontic infections were obtained. The isolated strains were identified by biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Genotyping was achieved by molecular methods. The antibacterial activity of antibiotics and copper nanostructures was determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Furthermore, a time-kill kinetics assay was evaluated. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) were performed (p value <0.05). RESULTS Twenty-one isolated strains were identified. Six isolates of Enterococcus faecalis were grouped into two clusters of three isolates each, two of which were clones. All were clarithromycin-resistant and erythromycin. Eight Pseudomonas putida presented two clusters, two Pseudomonas spp. were not clonal, and all were resistant to the tested antibiotics except tetracycline. Two of five strains of Cutibacterium acnes were clonal, and all were resistant only to metronidazole. The lowest MIC and MBC values were obtained with Cu-NPs. Time-kill kinetics using Cu-NPs showed a significant decrease in all tested species within 4 h and reached 100% in 2 h for C. acnes. CONCLUSION In this study, in relation to health care-associated infections, endodontic strains of each species isolated at least in one patient were polyclonal. In Pseudomonas spp., at least one clone was shared between patients. E. faecalis and C. acnes strains were susceptible to low Cu-NP concentrations, while Pseudomonas spp. strains were resistant. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Assessing and keeping track of the susceptibility of clinical strains to antimicrobial compounds is important for the clinical outcome. Based on our results, Cu-NPs could be an alternative for endodontic treatment, in order to avoid selection of resistant strains.
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Li Z, Yang Y, Liu M, Zhang C, Shao J, Hou X, Tian J, Cui Q. A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, bioactivities, toxicity studies, and clinical studies on Ficus carica Linn. leaves. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111393. [PMID: 33761610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Ficus carica Linn. (FC) have been widely used for medicine purposes since ancient times, and its decoction is consumed as tea. Many scientific papers have been published in the literature and the researchers across the world are still exploring the health benefits of FC leaves. In this review, we have collected the literature published since 2010 in the databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar and local classic herbal literature. The summary of the chemical constituents in FC leaves, biological activities, toxicity studies, and clinical studies carried out on FC leaves is provided in this review. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of the active constituents in FC leaves are also comprehended. FC leaves are reported to 126 constituents out of which the polyphenolic compounds are predominant. Many scientific studies have proven the antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective activities. Many studies have carried out to provide the insights on molecular pathways involved in the biological activities of FC leaves. The toxicity studies have suggested that FC leaves exhibit toxicity only at very high doses. We believe this review serve as a comprehensive resource for those who are interested to understand the scientific evidence that support the medicinal values of FC leaves and also the research gaps to further improve the commercial value and health benefits of FC leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Junjing Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jingzhen Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266041, China.
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao 266041, China.
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Neves MAS, Provenzano JC, Fonseca SCL, Rodrigues RCV, Gonçalves LS, Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Disinfection and outcome of root canal treatment using single-file or multifile systems and Ca(OH)2 medication. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:493-498. [PMID: 33146332 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical study reports on the antibacterial effects and outcome of endodontic treatment using either a single-file or a multifile system, associated with calcium hydroxide interappointment medication. The root canals of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were treated by using either Reciproc or BioRaCe instrument systems, 2.5% NaOCl irrigation, and calcium hydroxide medication. Bacteriological samples taken before preparation and immediately before obturation were evaluated for total bacterial counts by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Patients were followed up and the treatment outcome was assessed by clinical and radiographic criteria. Decreasing lesions were classified as success in a lenient criterion or failure in a rigid one. Bacteria were detected in all initial samples (47 cases) and were significantly reduced after treatment in both groups (p<0.001). In the Reciproc and BioRaCe groups, 7/25 (28%) and 11/22 (50%) root canals yielded negative qPCR results before obturation, respectively (p>0.05). Quantitative bacterial reduction was similar between groups (p>0.05). The success rate in the BioRaCe group was 95.5% and 77% in the loose and rigid criterion, respectively. In the Reciproc group, corresponding figures were 88% and 76%. Differences in outcome were not significant (p>0.05). No diseased case showed negative qPCR results for bacteria. A difference of >1 Log10 counts was observed between healed and diseased cases. Root canal treatments of teeth with apical periodontitis using a single-file or a multifile system for preparation, associated with NaOCl irrigation and calcium hydroxide interappointment medication, showed similar antibacterial effectiveness and success rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica A S Neves
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José C Provenzano
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UNIG - Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Simone C L Fonseca
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UNIG - Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata C V Rodrigues
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UVA - Universidade Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio S Gonçalves
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José F Siqueira
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UNIG - Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela N Rôças
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UNIG - Universidade Iguaçu, Nova Iguaçu, RJ, Brazil
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The Apical Root Canal System of Teeth with Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis: Correlating Microbiologic, Tomographic, and Histopathologic Findings. J Endod 2020; 46:1195-1203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ibrahim AM, Zakhary SY, Amin SAW. Calcium hydroxide intracanal medication effects on pain and flare-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Restor Dent Endod 2020; 45:e26. [PMID: 32839707 PMCID: PMC7431935 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to systematically review the pain and flare-up effects of calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medication (ICM) in non-vital mature teeth. Materials and Methods Electronic-databases searching for published and grey literature and manual searching were conducted. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included comparing CH to other ICMs in non-vital mature teeth. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2.0 Cochrane tool. The main outcomes were pain and flare-up. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, wherever applicable, was performed. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Sixteen articles were included in 6 comparisons at different time points for different outcomes. CH reduced pain risk than no ICM within the 1-14-days interval (p < 0.05) and than triple-antibiotic paste within the first day (p < 0.05) and was similar to corticosteroid/antibiotics combination (p > 0.05). Chlorhexidine (CHX) or CH/CHX, however, reduced pain levels than CH alone (p < 0.05). CH showed higher flare-up risk than CHX (p < 0.05). CoE, however, ranged from very low to moderate. Conclusion Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required. Trial Registration PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siza Yacoub Zakhary
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, Dhinsa K, Kalra SK, Ghoshal U. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020; 12:398-404. [PMID: 32440044 PMCID: PMC7229369 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers of different bases when mixed with herbal extracts. Materials and methods An evaluation of three sealers (Endomethasone, AH plus, Apexit plus) mixed with three herbal extracts [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] was done against nine strains of bacteria at various time intervals using the agar diffusion test. Moreover, measurement of the mean zones of inhibition was done. Results The largest zones of bacterial growth inhibition were observed with Endomethasone mixed with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) followed in the descending order by AH plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) and Apexit plus mixed with Salvadora persica (Miswak) respectively. The differences between zones of inhibition among different groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion Zinc-oxide-eugenol-based sealer (Endomethasone) mixed with herbal extracts produced the largest inhibitory zones followed in the descending order by resin-based sealer (AH plus) and calcium-hydroxide-based sealer (Apexit plus), respectively. Clinical significance Herbal plants such as [Emblica officinalis (Amla), Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg) and Salvadora persica (Miswak)] are rich sources of bioactive compounds that possess antimicrobial properties. Mixing their extracts with endodontic sealers can produce additive antimicrobial effect against microbes found in inflamed pulp. How to cite this article Devi MT, Saha S, Tripathi AM, et al. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal Extracts Added to Root Canal Sealers of Different Bases: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(5):398–404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minarani T Devi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Saha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay M Tripathi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kavita Dhinsa
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali K Kalra
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Impact of Contracted Endodontic Cavities on Root Canal Disinfection and Shaping. J Endod 2020; 46:655-661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e7257. [PMID: 32292671 PMCID: PMC7152576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic treatment failure may occur due to different causes such as persistence of bacteria, root canals that are poorly cleaned and obturated, improper coronal seal (leakage), and untreated canals (missed canals). The main reason for endodontic failure is the presence of some species of bacteria inside the root canal system such as Enterococcus (E.) faecalis. Those bacteria are more resistant to disinfection agents, causing a persistent intra-radicular or extra-radicular infection. The current review aims to compile all the current studies concerning Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen that causes endodontic failure. In this systemic review, two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, were searched using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 2943 studies, only 11 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review for further analysis. The 11 studies give prominence to the high distribution of Enterococcus faecalis within the root canal system. These studies investigated different aspects of Enterococcus faecalis, including its prevalence, resistance mechanisms, characteristics, express survival genes, and treatment. The compiled data observed that most of the studies highlight Enterococcus faecalis as the primary pathogen associated with endodontic treatment. It has characteristic proprieties that make it capable of escaping disinfection means. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to examine E. faecalis and may provide valuable information about novel microbial detection methods to decrease the number of E. faecalis within the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa Shakir
- Endodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Dioguardi M, Alovisi M, Crincoli V, Aiuto R, Malagnino G, Quarta C, Laneve E, Sovereto D, Lo Russo L, Troiano G, Lo Muzio L. Prevalence of the Genus Propionibacterium in Primary and Persistent Endodontic Lesions: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030739. [PMID: 32182900 PMCID: PMC7141369 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium are anaerobic/aero-tolerant rod Gram-positive bacteria, and numerous studies are associated with primary and secondary endodontic infections. The data in the literature on the prevalence of Propionibacterium are conflicting, and there are studies that report conflicting data on the prevalence in primary and secondary endodontic infections. This review aims to clarify the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium in endodontic lesions. The present systematic review work was performed on the basis of the Prisma protocol. A search was carried out on the PubMed and Scopus databases with the use of keywords. The research produced 410 records, which, after the elimination of the overlaps and the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to a number of 36 included articles divided by the three outcomes. The first outcome concerns prevalence of bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium in primary and secondary endodontic lesions. The secondary outcome, differences in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections. The tertiary outcome, differences in the prevalence of Propionibacterium Acnes compared to Propionibacterium propionicum in endodontic infections. The results of the meta-analysis show that the genus Propionibacterium bacteria are more prevalent in secondary endodontic infections and that P. Acnes has a higher prevalence than P. propionicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mario Alovisi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Division of Complex Operating Unit of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Aiuto
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical, and Dental Science, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Malagnino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Cristian Quarta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Enrica Laneve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Diego Sovereto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lucio Lo Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (C.Q.); (E.L.); (D.S.); (L.L.R.); (G.T.); (L.L.M.)
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Prado LC, Gavini G, Silveira ADC, Nakamura VC, Mayer MPA, Pinheiro ET. Comparison of rRNA-based reverse transcription PCR and rDNA-based PCR for the detection of streptococci in root canal infections. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180256. [PMID: 31365706 PMCID: PMC6690712 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The rDNA-based method is unable to distinguish between alive and dead cells. Alternatively, bacterial viability can be assessed by molecular methods based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Therefore, this study aimed to detect viable streptococci in root canal samples using rRNA-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), compared to an rDNA-based PCR assay. Methodology Microbiological root canal samples were obtained from 32 teeth with primary endodontic infections before (S1) and after chemomechanical preparation (S2), and after removal of intracanal medication (S3). RNA and DNA were extracted, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from RNA using RT reaction. cDNA and genomic DNA were subjected to PCR with primers complementary to the 16S rRNA sequences of Streptococcus spp. McNemar’s test was used to compare the detection rate of both assays (P<0.05). Results Streptococci were detected in 28.12% (9/32) and 37.5% (12/32) of S1 samples using rRNA- and rDNA-based PCR assays, respectively. In contrast, they were detected in only 6.25% (2/32) of S2 samples using rRNA-based RT-PCR, compared to 15.62% (5/32) using rDNA-based PCR. Finally, in S3 samples, streptococci were not detected by rRNA, whereas rDNA-based PCR still detected the bacteria in 12.5% (4/32) of the samples. The total number of PCR-positive reactions in the rDNA-based PCR was higher than in the rRNA-based assay (P<0.05). Conclusions The rRNA-based RT-PCR showed a lower detection rate of streptococci when compared to the rDNA-based PCR, suggesting that the latter may have detected dead cells of streptococci in root canal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Cunha Prado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Giulio Gavini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Prada I, Micó-Muñoz P, Giner-Lluesma T, Micó-Martínez P, Collado-Castellano N, Manzano-Saiz A. Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e364-e372. [PMID: 31041915 PMCID: PMC6530959 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main cause of endodontic failure is the persistence of microorganisms that cause an intraradicular or extratradicular infection and that become resistant to disinfection measures. The objective of this review is to identify the microbiota associated with endodontic failure, as well as the reasons why these microorganisms are capable of surviving basic disinfection measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Systematic search of scientific articles in the databases PubMed with the following keywords "Endodontic Infections", "Endodontic Microbiology", "Endodontic Failure", "Enterococcus Faecalis", "Endodontics Retreatment" was carried out. Case reports and articles with publication date prior to 2000 were not included in this review. RESULTS Most authors highlight E. faecalis as the main microorganism associated with endodontic failure, nevertheless there are recent studies that isolate, to a greater extent, other bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Propionibacterium. DISCUSSION These microorganisms have in common the following proprieties, which make them able to escape the disinfection measures: the ability to form a biofilm, to locate in areas unreachable to root canal instrumentation techniques, synergism, the ability to express survival genes and activate alternative metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prada
- Calle Literato Gabriel Miro 34 4 11, Valencia 46008, Spain,
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Zargar N, Marashi MA, Ashraf H, Hakopian R, Beigi P. Identification of microorganisms in persistent/secondary endodontic infections with respect to clinical and radiographic findings: bacterial culture and molecular detection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:120-128. [PMID: 31341566 PMCID: PMC6635307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bacterial agents are commonly accepted as the main etiology of endodontic infections. A significant proportion of oral bacteria cannot be cultured using existing methods. Since diversity and abundance of bacterial species are different in different populations, the present study was aimed to identify effective microorganisms in persistent endodontic infections in Iranian patients based on culture and molecular biology methods using sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with previous failure of endodontic treatment were enrolled in the study. After isolation and disinfection of the tooth surrounding area with 3% sodium hypochlorite and 30% hydrogen peroxide, sampling from the root canals was carried out using two sterile Hedstrom files and two sterile paper points, and then the specimens were transferred to the microbiology laboratory in thioglycolate transport medium so that they undergo aerobic-anaerobic culture, PCR, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Of 30 patients (15 women and 15 men), 15 patients had radiographic lesions smaller than 5 mm and other 15 patients had radiographic lesions larger than 5 mm. The mean age of patients was 40.20 ± 13.76 years. A total of 26 patients were asymptomatic. Only four patients had clinical signs such as pain and percussion sensitivity and Tannerella forsythia was the most common bacterium found in this group of patients. 13 bacterial species were found in 11 different genus, one virus strain and one fungus strain. From 30 studied specimens, Enterococcus faecalis was the most common microorganism with prevalence rate of 63.63%. CONCLUSION This study showed the type and prevalence of effective bacteria in secondary/persistent endodontic infections in Iranian patients. E. faecalis is the most commonly found microorganism in Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Zargar
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Amin Marashi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hengameh Ashraf
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rene Hakopian
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Rene Hakopian, DDs, Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-22403075, Fax: +98-21-22403194,
| | - Peyman Beigi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Race J, Zilm P, Ratnayake J, Fitzsimmons T, Marchant C, Cathro P. Efficacy of laser and ultrasonic-activated irrigation on eradicating a mixed-species biofilm in human mesial roots. AUST ENDOD J 2019; 45:317-324. [PMID: 30623530 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and ultrasonic activated irrigation on eradicating a mixed-species biofilm grown in root canals with complex anatomy. The biofilm was grown over 4-weeks in the root canals of decoronated human mandibular molar teeth. Control roots received no further treatment. The remaining roots were chemomechanically prepared using different irrigating protocols: 4% NaOCl and 15% EDTAC with ultrasonic activated irrigation and laser activated irrigation using power settings of 0.5 W and 0.75 W. Cellular viability was determined using serial plating. One tooth from each group was subjected to qualitative SEM analysis. Quantification by culturing revealed significant differences between control group and all other treatment groups. This study demonstrated that chemomechanical irrigation with laser and ultrasonic activated irrigation significantly reduced the bacterial load from complex root canal systems; however, there were no significant differences found between the experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Race
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Zilm
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tracy Fitzsimmons
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ceilidh Marchant
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Cathro
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Faculty of dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kim SR, Kwak SW, Lee J, Goo H, Ha J, Kim H. Efficacy and retrievability of root canal filling using calcium silicate‐based and epoxy resin‐based root canal sealers with matched obturation techniques. AUST ENDOD J 2019; 45:337-345. [DOI: 10.1111/aej.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Ryeong Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry Dental Research Institute Pusan National University Yangsan Korea
| | - Sang Won Kwak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry Dental Research Institute Pusan National University Yangsan Korea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry IHBR Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Ju‐Kyung Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry Dental Research Institute Pusan National University Yangsan Korea
| | - Hye‐Jin Goo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry Dental Research Institute Pusan National University Yangsan Korea
| | - Jung‐Hong Ha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry IHBR Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Hyeon‐Cheol Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry School of Dentistry Dental Research Institute Pusan National University Yangsan Korea
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Bouillaguet S, Manoil D, Girard M, Louis J, Gaïa N, Leo S, Schrenzel J, Lazarevic V. Root Microbiota in Primary and Secondary Apical Periodontitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2374. [PMID: 30356779 PMCID: PMC6189451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the dental periradicular tissues triggered by bacteria colonizing necrotic root canals. Primary apical periodontitis results from the microbial colonization of necrotic pulp tissues. Secondary apical periodontitis results from a persistent infection of incorrectly treated root canals. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbiota present in primary and secondary intraradicular infections associated with apical periodontitis using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Teeth exhibiting apical periodontitis with or without root canal treatment were extracted after informed consent. From each tooth, the intraradicular content as well as a dentin sample (control) were collected and subjected to DNA extraction. PCR amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were pooled and sequenced (2 × 300) on an Illumina MiSeq instrument. The bioinformatics analysis pipeline included quality filtering, merging of forward and reverse reads, clustering of reads into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), removal of putative contaminant OTUs and assigning taxonomy. The most prevalent and abundant OTU in both dentin and root canal samples was assigned to anaerobic bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum. Multivariate analysis showed clustering of microbiota by sample type (dentin vs. intraradicular content) and, in root canals, by pathology (primary vs. secondary infection). The proportions of Enterococcus faecalis and F. nucleatum were, respectively, higher and lower when comparing secondary to primary infected root canals. Co-occurrence network analysis provided evidence of microbial interactions specific to the infection type. The identification of bacterial taxa differentially abundant in primary and secondary intraradicular infections may provide the basis for targeted therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing the incidence of apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Bouillaguet
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Manoil
- Endodontics Unit, Section of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Girard
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justine Louis
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Leo
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Lazarevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Vieira GC, Antunes HS, Pérez AR, Gonçalves LS, Antunes FE, Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. Molecular Analysis of the Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Endodontic Surgery: A Case Series. J Endod 2018; 44:1593-1597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Chow AT, Quah SY, Bergenholtz G, Lim KC, Yu VSH, Tan KS. Bacterial species associated with persistent apical periodontitis exert differential effects on osteogenic differentiation. Int Endod J 2018; 52:201-210. [PMID: 30099741 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine if bacteria associated with persistent apical periodontitis induce species-specific pro-inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages, and the effects of this species-specific microenvironment on osteogenic differentiation. METHODOLOGY Macrophages were exposed to Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Treponema denticola or Tannerella forsythia, and levels of TNF-α and IL-1β elicited were determined by immunoassay. Following treatment of MG-63 pre-osteoblasts with conditioned media from bacteria-exposed macrophages, osteogenic differentiation and viability of osteoblasts were analyzed by Alizarin Red Staining and MTS assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was carried out by one-way anova with the Tukey post-hoc test. Differences were considered to be significant if P < 0.05. RESULTS Macrophages exposed to Gram-positive bacteria did not produce significant amounts of cytokines. F. nucleatum-challenged macrophages produced up to four-fold more TNF-α and IL-1β compared to T. denticola or T. forsythia. Only conditioned media from macrophages treated with Gram-negative bacteria decreased mineralization and viability of osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS Gram-positive bacteria did not impact osteogenic differentiation and appeared innocuous. Gram-negative bacteria, in particular F. nucleatum elicited an enhanced pro-inflammatory response in macrophages, inhibited osteogenic differentiation and reduced cell viability. The findings suggest that the presence of this organism could potentially increase the severity of persistent apical periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Chow
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Quah
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Bergenholtz
- The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - K C Lim
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - V S H Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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In vitro evaluation by quantitative real-time PCR and culturing of the effectiveness of disinfection of multispecies biofilms in root canals by two irrigation systems. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:913-920. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Willmann C, Mata X, Hanghoej K, Tonasso L, Tisseyre L, Jeziorski C, Cabot E, Chevet P, Crubézy E, Orlando L, Esclassan R, Thèves C. Oral health status in historic population: Macroscopic and metagenomic evidence. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196482. [PMID: 29768437 PMCID: PMC5955521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in High-Throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) technologies and ancient DNA (aDNA) research have opened access to the characterization of the microbial communities within past populations. Most studies have, however, relied on the analysis of dental calculus as one particular material type particularly prone to the molecular preservation of ancient microbial biofilms and potential of entire teeth for microbial characterization, both of healthy communities and pathogens in ancient individuals, remains overlooked. In this study, we used shotgun sequencing to characterize the bacterial composition from historical subjects showing macroscopic evidence of oral pathologies. We first carried out a macroscopic analysis aimed at identifying carious or periodontal diseases in subjects belonging to a French rural population of the 18th century AD. We next examined radiographically six subjects showing specific, characteristic dental pathologies and applied HTS shotgun sequencing to characterize the microbial communities present in and on the dental material. The presence of Streptococcus mutans and also Rothia dentocariosa, Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, Olsenella uli and Parvimonas micra was confirmed through the presence of typical signatures of post-mortem DNA damage at an average depth-of-coverage ranging from 0.5 to 7X, with a minimum of 35% (from 35 to 93%) of the positions in the genome covered at least once. Each sampled tooth showed a specific bacterial signature associated with carious or periodontal pathologies. This work demonstrates that from a healthy independent tooth, without visible macroscopic pathology, we can identify a signature of specific pathogens and deduce the oral health status of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Willmann
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service d’odontologie de l’Hôtel-Dieu, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Mata
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Kristian Hanghoej
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laure Tonasso
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lenka Tisseyre
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Elodie Cabot
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, INRAP Grand Ouest, Cesson-Sévigné, France
- Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Faculté de Médecine Site Nord (UMR 7268), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Chevet
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, INRAP Grand Ouest, Cesson-Sévigné, France
| | - Eric Crubézy
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rémi Esclassan
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Service d’odontologie de l’Hôtel-Dieu, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Thèves
- Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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Nirwana I, Rianti D, Soekartono RH, Listyorini RD, Basuki DP. Antibacterial activity of fig leaf ( Ficus carica Linn.) extract against Enterococcus faecalis and its cytotoxicity effects on fibroblast cells. Vet World 2018; 11:342-347. [PMID: 29657427 PMCID: PMC5891850 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.342-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Enterococcus faecalis is one of the bacteria that commonly found in root canal and pulp infection after root canal treatment. Sodium hypochlorite is the most widely used root canal irrigation, but it has toxic properties if exposed to periradicular tissues. It is necessary to develop an alternative for root canal irrigation. Fig leaf (Ficus carica Linn.) extract contains active substances such as flavonoid, tannin, and terpenoid which have been known for their antibacterial potency. Aim: This study aimed to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of fig leaf (F. carica Linn.) extract against E. faecalis and its cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells in vitro. Materials and Methods: A serial dilution method was used to determine the MBC of fig leaf extract on E. faecalis which grown on nutrient agar media. Inoculation was carried out at concentrations that suspected minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), MBC, concentration between MIC and MBC, and control groups on different nutrient agar. MIC and MBC of fig leaf extract against E. faecalis were known by counting the growth of bacteria colonies on nutrient agar media in CFU/ml. The cytotoxicity of MIC and MBC of the extract acquired were tested using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the results were read using an ELISA reader. Data of E. faecalis colonies were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney test. Results: The result showed a significant difference among the groups (p<0.05). fig leaf extract at a concentration of 50% showed no bacterial growth, and cell viability at this concentration was 77.7%. Conclusion: Fig leaf extract has antibacterial effect on E. faecalis with MBC at 50% and not cytotoxic to fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Nirwana
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Devi Rianti
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - R Helal Soekartono
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rr Dwi Listyorini
- Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Desi Putri Basuki
- Undergraduate Student of Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Microbial Analysis of Endodontic Infections in Root-filled Teeth with Apical Periodontitis before and after Irrigation Using Pyrosequencing. J Endod 2018; 44:372-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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He J, White RK, White CA, Schweitzer JL, Woodmansey KF. Clinical and Patient-centered Outcomes of Nonsurgical Root Canal Retreatment in First Molars Using Contemporary Techniques. J Endod 2018; 43:231-237. [PMID: 28132709 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been many recent technical advances in modern endodontics that have the potential to affect treatment outcomes. Reports on treatment outcomes using contemporary techniques are relatively scarce, especially in the field of nonsurgical retreatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the success of nonsurgical root canal retreatment in molars using contemporary endodontic techniques. METHODS Sixty-three patients referred for retreatment in first molars were enrolled in the study. The retreatment procedures were performed by endodontic residents using a semistandardized treatment protocol. Patients were followed-up at 6, 12, and 24 months. Treatment outcomes were categorized into healed, healing, or nonhealing based on clinical and radiographic criteria. Healed and healing were considered as successes, and nonhealing was considered a failure. Outcomes were also evaluated using patient-centered criteria that included oral health-related quality of life scores and subjective chewing ability. RESULTS Fifty-two of the 63 patients were available for final analysis. Five cases (9.6%) were determined to be nonhealing at the last follow-up with new or persistent periapical lesions. Thirty-seven (71.2%) patients had complete resolution of apical periodontitis, and the remaining 10 (19.2%) remained asymptomatic and showed radiographic evidence of healing. Oral health-related quality of life scores and chewing ability improved significantly over time (P < .05), with the biggest increase observed within the first week of treatment completion. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that endodontic retreatment using contemporary techniques significantly improved patients' quality of life and chewing ability over time, with a success rate of 90.4% after 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing He
- Department of Endodontics, The Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Robert K White
- Department of Endodontics, The Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Cathy A White
- Department of Endodontics, The Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jordan L Schweitzer
- Department of Endodontics, The Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Karl F Woodmansey
- Endodontics, Center for Advanced Dental Education, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
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Džunková M, Martinez-Martinez D, Gardlík R, Behuliak M, Janšáková K, Jiménez N, Vázquez-Castellanos JF, Martí JM, D’Auria G, Bandara HMHN, Latorre A, Celec P, Moya A. Oxidative stress in the oral cavity is driven by individual-specific bacterial communities. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 30510769 PMCID: PMC6258756 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-018-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "bacterial dysbiosis" is being used quite extensively in metagenomic studies, however, the identification of harmful bacteria often fails due to large overlap between the bacterial species found in healthy volunteers and patients. We hypothesized that the pathogenic oral bacteria are individual-specific and they correlate with oxidative stress markers in saliva which reflect the inflammatory processes in the oral cavity. Temporally direct and lagged correlations between the markers and bacterial taxa were computed individually for 26 volunteers who provided saliva samples during one month (21.2 ± 2.7 samples/volunteer, 551 samples in total). The volunteers' microbiomes differed significantly by their composition and also by their degree of microbiome temporal variability and oxidative stress markers fluctuation. The results showed that each of the marker-taxa pairs can have negative correlations in some volunteers while positive in others. Streptococcus mutans, which used to be associated with caries before the metagenomics era, had the most prominent correlations with the oxidative stress markers, however, these correlations were not confirmed in all volunteers. The importance of longitudinal samples collections in correlation studies was underlined by simulation of single sample collections in 1000 different combinations which produced contradictory results. In conclusion, the distinct intra-individual correlation patterns suggest that different bacterial consortia might be involved in the oxidative stress induction in each human subject. In the future, decreasing cost of DNA sequencing will allow to analyze multiple samples from each patient, which might help to explore potential diagnostic applications and understand pathogenesis of microbiome-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Džunková
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD Australia
| | - Daniel Martinez-Martinez
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Roman Gardlík
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Behuliak
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 0000 0001 1015 3316grid.418095.1Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Janšáková
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nuria Jiménez
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge F. Vázquez-Castellanos
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Martí
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe D’Auria
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- grid.484129.2Sequencing and Bioinformatics Service of the Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
| | - H. M. H. N. Bandara
- 0000 0000 9320 7537grid.1003.2School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD Australia
| | - Amparo Latorre
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Peter Celec
- 0000000109409708grid.7634.6Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrés Moya
- grid.484129.2Department of Genomics and Health, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of Valencia Region (FISABIO-Public Health), Valencia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain
- 0000 0001 2173 938Xgrid.5338.dInstitute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), The University of Valencia and The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-UVEG, Valencia, Spain
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Pinheiro JB, Vomero MP, do Nascimento C, Watanabe E, Paranhos HDFO, Coto NP, Dias RB, Oliveira VCD, Silva-Lovato CH. Genomic identification of microbial species adhering to maxillofacial prostheses and susceptibility to different hygiene protocols. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:15-25. [PMID: 29258349 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1403591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the microbial colonization of maxillofacial prostheses and support tissues using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method, and the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate, 10% Ricinus communis solutions, or brushing, on colony forming unit (CFU) reduction in monospecies biofilms (Candida glabrata, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) formed on two silicones (MDX 4-4210 and Bio-Skin). Biofilm was harvested from 43 maxillofacial prosthesis wearers for detection of 38 species of microorganisms. The CFU counts of the six above mentioned species were recorded after using the hygiene protocols. All 38 investigated species were identified in prostheses and tissues, with a higher prevalence in the prostheses. 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate immersion showed the greatest antimicrobial effectiveness, followed by mechanical brushing protocols. MDX 4-4210 silicone produced lower CFU counts than Bio-Skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Barchelli Pinheiro
- a Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marina Peris Vomero
- a Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- a Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Evandro Watanabe
- b Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Neide Pena Coto
- c Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Prostheses and Traumatology, School of Dentistry of Sao Paulo , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Brito Dias
- c Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Prostheses and Traumatology, School of Dentistry of Sao Paulo , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Viviane Cássia de Oliveira
- a Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cláudia Helena Silva-Lovato
- a Department of Dental Materials and Prostheses, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto , University of Sao Paulo , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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48
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Microbial analysis of root canal and periradicular lesion associated to teeth with endodontic failure. Anaerobe 2017; 48:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kim AR, Ahn KB, Kim HY, Seo HS, Kum KY, Yun C, Han SH. Streptococcus gordonii lipoproteins induce IL-8 in human periodontal ligament cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 91:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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50
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Benn A, Heng N, Broadbent JM, Thomson WM. Studying the human oral microbiome: challenges and the evolution of solutions. Aust Dent J 2017; 63:14-24. [PMID: 28853139 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of van Leeuwenhoek in 1684, subsequently built upon by other renowned microbiologists Robert Koch, Willoughby Miller and GV Black, oral microbiology has developed innovative techniques to study the oral microflora (now termed the 'oral microbiome'). The advent of molecular techniques such as DNA-DNA hybridization, polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing has created an array of opportunities to construct a comprehensive picture of the diversity and composition of the oral microbiome. Approximately 700 oral bacterial species have been identified, of which 50% have yet to be cultivated, and some of these are known only by their signature DNA sequences. The synergism of ever-evolving culture-based and state-of-the-art culture-independent molecular techniques has facilitated in-depth understanding of the dynamics, acquisition and transfer of oral bacteria, along with their role in oral and general health and disease. Further research is needed to not only analyse but also to make sense of the ever-increasing volumes of data which these molecular techniques (especially high-throughput DNA sequencing) are generating, as well as why particular bacteria are present and what they are 'actually doing' there. This review presents a comprehensive literature search of oral microbiology-related methods currently used to study the oral microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml Benn
- Southern District Health Board, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nck Heng
- The University of Otago - Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - J M Broadbent
- The University of Otago - Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - W M Thomson
- The University of Otago - Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Dunedin, New Zealand
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