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Kabtani J, Ranque S. A Comparative Description of Dermatophyte Genomes: A State-of-the-Art Review. Mycopathologia 2023; 188:1007-1025. [PMID: 37812320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-023-00802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nomenclature and phylogeny of dermatophytes is currently based on the nucleotide sequence polymorphisms of a few genomic regions. However, the limitations of this multilocus sequence-based approach makes dermatophyte species identification difficult. Variation and adaptation are key to the persistence of species. Nevertheless, this heterogeneity poses a genuine problem for the classification and nomenclature of dermatophytes. The relatively high intra-species and low inter-species polymorphisms of this keratinophilic group of fungi hampers both species delineation and identification. Establishing the taxonomic boundaries of dermatophyte species complexes remains controversial. Furthermore, until recently, knowledge of molecular biology, genetics and genomics remained limited. This systematic review highlights the added value of whole genome sequencing and analysis data in dermatophyte classification that might enhance identification and, consequently, the diagnosis and management of dermatophytoses. Our approach consisted in describing and comparing the dermatophyte mitochondrial genomes, secretomes (Adhesins, LysM domains, proteases) and metabolic pathways, with the aim to provide new insights and a better understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kabtani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - S Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France.
- AP-HM, IRD, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, 13005, Marseille, France.
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Aruna GL. Development and diagnostic evaluation of indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for Epidermophyton floccosum infection in humans. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110910. [PMID: 37769535 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermophyton floccosum is an anthrophophilic dermatophyte widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. It can invade keratinized tissues of humans and cause superficial mycoses called dermatophytosis (ringworm). OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to develop an in-house indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and to evaluate its performance for the immunological diagnosis of E. floccosum infection in humans. METHODS An in-house indirect ELISA was developed using partially purified E. floccosum antigens, pre immunized rabbit serum as negative control, immunized rabbit polyclonal antibodies as positive control, enzyme labeled goat anti rabbit antibodies and goat anti human antibodies. A total of 50 serum samples from E. floccosum infected patients as confirmed by direct microscopy and culture and 30 samples from humans without history of dermatophyte infection that served as controls were used to evaluate the performance of an in-house indirect ELISA developed in this study. Analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics were determined to evaluate its diagnostic value. RESULTS The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of E. floccosum indirect ELISA were 90.00 %, 83.33 %, 90.83 %, 83.83 % respectively. The performance of indirect ELISA assay was compared with gold standard diagnostic tests such as KOH hydrolysis test and fungal culture. The correlation coefficients of E. floccosum indirect ELISA with KOH hydrolysis and fungal culture method were 0.612** and 0.826** (P < 0.01) respectively indicating significant correlation between these tests. CONCLUSION This revealed the great potentiality of E. floccosum indirect ELISA in early, specific and precise detection of E. floccosum infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Aruna
- Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women (Autonomous), Mysore 570005, Karnataka, India.
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Development of Indirect ELISA and its evaluation in Comparison with KOH hydrolysis and Fungal culture for the immuno diagnosis of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in Humans. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106590. [PMID: 35907501 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton is a keratinophilic fungus that can invade keratinized tissues of humans and cause superficial mycoses called dermatophytosis. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate indirect ELISA in comparison with gold standard methods such as direct microscopic examination of KOH mounts and fungal culture for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The present investigation reports the production and partial purification of T. rubrum mycelial antigens and production of specific polyclonal antibodies. It also reports the development and optimization of indirect ELISA and evaluation of its potential in comparison with gold standard methods for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Trichophyton indirect ELISA was 93.75% and 93.33 % respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were high as well, found to be 93.75% and 90.00% respectively indicating usefulness of the assay. In all comparisons, the correlation coefficient (r) value was >0.5 indicating strong correlation between KOH hydrolysis test, fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.856 (P < 0.0001) was obtained between indirect ELISA and fungal culture method. This shows a good agreement between fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. The present study clearly shows diagnostic performance of Trichophyton indirect ELISA developed in this study is efficient as fungal culture method for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans.
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Velásquez-Zapata V, Palacio-Rúa K, Cano LE, Gaviria-Rivera A. Assessment of genotyping markers in the molecular characterization of a population of clinical isolates of Fusarium in Colombia. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2022; 42:18-30. [PMID: 35471167 PMCID: PMC9059811 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusarium is a very heterogeneous group of fungi, difficult to classify, with a wide range of living styles, acting as saprophytes, parasites of plants, or pathogens for humans and animals. Prevalence of clinical fusariosis and lack of effective treatments have increased the interest in the precise diagnosis, which implies a molecular characterization of Fusarium populations. OBJECTIVE We compared different genotyping markers in their assessment of the genetic variability and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Fusarium. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the performance of the fingerprinting produced by two random primers: M13, which amplifies a minisatellite sequence, and (GACA)4, which corresponds to a simple repetitive DNA sequence. Using the Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI), an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and a Mantel test, the resolution of these markers was compared to the reference sequencing-based and PCR genotyping methods. RESULTS The highest HGDI value was associated with the M13 marker followed by (GACA)4. AMOVA and the Mantel tests supported a strong correlation between the M13 classification and the reference method given by the partial sequencing of the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) and rDNA 28S. CONCLUSION The strong correlation between the M13 classification and the sequencingbased reference together with its higher resolution demonstrates its adequacy for the characterization of Fusarium populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Velásquez-Zapata
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Katherine Palacio-Rúa
- Laboratorio Integrado de Medicina Especializada, Facultad de Medicina, IPS Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Luz E Cano
- Grupo de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia; Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Adelaida Gaviria-Rivera
- Escuela de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Wiegand C, Mugisha P, Mulyowa GK, Elsner P, Hipler UC, Gräser Y, Uhrlaß S, Nenoff P. Identification of the causative dermatophyte of tinea capitis in children attending Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda by PCR-ELISA and comparison with conventional mycological diagnostic methods. Med Mycol 2018; 55:660-668. [PMID: 27760831 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection common among prepubertal children in sub-Saharan Africa and mainly caused by Trichophyton and Microsporum species. Accurate identification is challenging as conventional methods like culture and microscopy are slow and mostly based on morphological characteristics, which make them less sensitive and specific. Modern molecular methods, like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, are gaining acceptance and are quick as well as accurate. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical patterns of tinea capitis and to accurately identify the most common causative dermatophytes affecting the scalps of children aged 1 to 16 years attending the Skin Clinic at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda, East Africa, using both conventional mycological methods and PCR-ELISA for detection of dermatophyte DNA. One hundred fifteen clinical samples from children from Western Uganda attending the MUST Skin Clinic with a clinical diagnosis of tinea capitis were analyzed. T. violaceum was identified as the most common causative agent, followed by M. audouinii, T. soudanense, and T. rubrum. The early identification of the causative agent of tinea capitis is a prerequisite for the effective management of the disease, the identification of probable source and the prevention of spreading. Children with tinea capitis in Western Uganda should be treated by systemic therapy rather than topical preparations to ensure high cure rates as the most common causative dermatophytes T. violaceum exhibits an endothrix rather than ectothrix invasion of the hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Mugisha
- Dept. of Dermatology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Grace K Mulyowa
- Dept. of Dermatology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Gräser
- Konsiliarlabor für Dermatophyten, Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsmedizin Berlin-Charité, Deutschland
| | - Silke Uhrlaß
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie Mölbis, Germany
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Labor für medizinische Mikrobiologie Mölbis, Germany
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Vieira CD, Tagliaferri TL, de Carvalho MAR, de Resende-Stoianoff MA, Holanda RA, de Magalhães TFF, Magalhães PP, Dos Santos SG, de Macêdo Farias L. Investigating cross-contamination by yeast strains from dental solid waste to waste-handling workers by DNA sequencing. Microbiologyopen 2017; 7:e00554. [PMID: 29277980 PMCID: PMC5911987 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trying to widen the discussion on the risks associated with dental waste, this study proposed to investigate and genetically compare yeast isolates recovered from dental solid waste and waste workers. Three samples were collected from workers' hands, nasal mucosa, and professional clothing (days 0, 30, and 180), and two from dental waste (days 0 and 180). Slide culture, microscopy, antifungal drug susceptibility, intersimple sequence repeat analysis, and amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer regions were performed. Yeast strains were recovered from all waste workers' sites, including professional clothes, and from waste. Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated that some yeast recovered from employees and waste exhibited nonsusceptible profiles. The dendrogram demonstrated the presence of three major clusters based on similarity matrix and UPGMA grouping method. Two branches displayed 100% similarity: three strains of Candida guilliermondii isolated from different employees, working in opposite work shifts, and from diverse sites grouped in one part of branch 1 and cluster 3 that included two samples of Candida albicans recovered from waste and the hand of one waste worker. The results suggested the possibility of cross‐contamination from dental waste to waste workers and reinforce the need of training programs focused on better waste management routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dutra Vieira
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaysa Leite Tagliaferri
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Auxiliadora Roque de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida de Resende-Stoianoff
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Assuncao Holanda
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Parasite Biology Laboratory, CEUMA University - Rua dos Castanheiros, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Thais Furtado Ferreira de Magalhães
- Mycology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Prazeres Magalhães
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Simone Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Macêdo Farias
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology and Anaerobes, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais - Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Miao Z, Li S, Li D, Cai C, Cai Y. Rapid detection for rabbit-derived dermatophytes using microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 24:53-8. [PMID: 24296862 DOI: 10.1159/000356295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A method exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity and rapidity to detect pathogenic dermatophytes was developed using microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with a clustering method. The DNA fragments of Trichophyton mentagrophyton, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum canis were amplified by using the primer (GACA)4 to detect the DNA polymorphism fingerprints. Twenty-one clinical strains identified as T. mentagrophyton, M. gypseum or M. canis by morphological methods were distinguished according to the differences of standard stains' bands combined with NTSYS-pc2.10 software. The results showed that there were obvious and direct differences in the bands of the three pathogenic dermatophytes, and the similarity of isolated strains and standard strains were above 90%, in line with the results of morphological identification. The method is more accurate, rapid and simple, which is meaningful for the clinical diagnosis and epidemic research of the dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengmin Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, China
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Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS, Gräser Y, Otranto D. Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:336-51. [PMID: 24060735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that invade and propagate in the keratinized skin of mammals, including humans, often causing contagious infections. The species of medical concern belong to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton (in their anamorphic state) and Arthroderma (in their telomorphic state), which were traditionally identified based on their morphology and biochemical characters. Nonetheless, limitations linked to the differentiation of closely related agents at species and strains level have been recently overcome by molecular studies. Indeed, an accurate identification of dermatophytes is pivotal for the establishment of effective control and prevention programs as well as for determining the most appropriate and effective antifungal therapies to be applied. This article reviews the DNA techniques and the molecular markers used to identify and to characterize dermatophyte species, as well as aspects of their phylogeny and evolution. The applications of typing molecular strain to both basic and applied research (e.g., taxonomy, ecology, typing of infection, antifungal susceptibility) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Spesso MF, Nuncira CT, Burstein VL, Masih DT, Dib MD, Chiapello LS. Microsatellite-primed PCR and random primer amplification polymorphic DNA for the identification and epidemiology of dermatophytes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1009-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fernandes S, Amaro C, da Luz Martins M, Inácio J, Araújo T, Vieira R, Silvestre MJ, Cardoso J. Kerion caused by Microsporum audouinii in a child. Med Mycol Case Rep 2013; 2:52-4. [PMID: 24432216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kerion celsi is rarely associated with Microsporum audouinii infection. We report the case of a 3-year-old girl with a kerion celsi caused by M. audouinii and successfully treated with oral terbinafine. Fungi identification was made by macro and microscopical colony morphology analyses and molecular (genotypic) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Fernandes
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
| | - Cristina Amaro
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
| | - Maria da Luz Martins
- Laboratório de Micologia, Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/CREM-Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, Lisbon 1149-008, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- Laboratório de Micologia, Medical Microbiology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical/CREM-Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, Lisbon 1149-008, Portugal
| | - Teresa Araújo
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Clinical Pathology Department, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
| | - Raquel Vieira
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
| | - Maria José Silvestre
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Clinical Pathology Department, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
| | - Jorge Cardoso
- Hospital Curry Cabral, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rua da Beneficência no. 8, Lisbon 1069-166, Portugal
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Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Rostami A, Tamai IA, Erfanmanesh A, Memarian I. Severe dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale in flocks of green iguanas (Iguana iguana). J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:286-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cryphonectria naterciae: a new species in the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex and diagnostic molecular markers based on microsatellite-primed PCR. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:852-61. [PMID: 21872182 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study intended to assess the distribution of Cryphonectria parasitica in Portugal, 22 morphologically atypical orange isolates were collected in the Midwestern regions. Eleven isolates were recovered from Castanea sativa, in areas severely affected by chestnut blight and eleven isolates from Quercus suber in areas with cork oak decline. These isolates were compared with known C. parasitica and Cryphonectria radicalis isolates using an integrated approach comprising morphological and molecular methods. Morphologically the atypical isolates were more similar to C. radicalis than to C. parasitica. Phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequence data grouped the isolates in a well-supported clade separate from C. radicalis. Combining morphological, cultural, and molecular data Cryphonectria naterciae is newly described in the Cryphonectria-Endothia complex. Microsatellite-primed PCR fingerprinting with (GACA)(4) primer discriminated between C. naterciae, C. radicalis, and C. parasitica.
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Donghi D, Hauser V, Bosshard PP. Microsporum audouinii tinea capitis in a Swiss school: assessment and management of patients and asymptomatic carriers. Med Mycol 2010; 49:324-8. [PMID: 20936914 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.522602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report three cases involving 7- to 8-year-old children from a Swiss school who had refractory tinea capitis due to an unusual strain of Microsporum audouinii which perforates hair in vitro. The patients showed no response to modern oral antifungal drugs like terbinafine and fluconazole. After switching to oral griseofulvin, two of the patients had a complete recovery, while the third was cured after the introduction of oral itraconazole. Given the high potential for contagion of this anthropophilic dermatophyte, all family members and three entire school classes were screened using the 'toothbrush technique'. Three family members and five class-mates were found to be asymptomatic carriers of M. audouinii and were consequently treated to avoid further transmission or reinfection of the treated patients. This is the first report of an outbreak of M. audouinii in Switzerland and underlines the importance of screening all contacts of patients with M. audouinii tinea capitis. Further, the effectiveness of griseofulvin in Microsporum tinea capitis has been corroborated, while newer antimycotic drugs like fluconazole or terbinafine failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Donghi
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bergmans A, van der Ent M, Klaassen A, Böhm N, Andriesse G, Wintermans R. Evaluation of a single-tube real-time PCR for detection and identification of 11 dermatophyte species in clinical material. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:704-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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A rapid molecular method for diagnosing epidemic dermatophytosis in a racehorse facility. Equine Vet J 2009; 42:73-8. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x475337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Pulmonary nodules caused by Schizophyllum commune after cardiac transplantation. J Infect 2008; 58:164-7. [PMID: 19100626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pulmonary nodules after cardiac transplantation is not uncommon, and prompt diagnostic procedures are necessary to minimize disease-related morbidity and mortality. We report a 56-year-old woman who was found to have bilateral pulmonary nodules four months after cardiac transplantation. The microorganism was identified with a molecular diagnostic method as Schizophyllum commune, which had not been reported in English literature as a pathogen inducing pulmonary nodules after transplantation. She remained asymptomatic during the therapeutic period and the pulmonary nodules resolved six months later.
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Bergmans AMC, Schouls LM, van der Ent M, Klaassen A, Böhm N, Wintermans RGF. Validation of PCR-reverse line blot, a method for rapid detection and identification of nine dermatophyte species in nail, skin and hair samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:778-88. [PMID: 18727802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dermatophyte-specific PCR-reverse line blot (PCR-RLB) assay based on internal transcribed sequences was developed. This assay allows the rapid detection and identification of nine clinically relevant species within the three dermatophyte genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton in nail, skin and hair samples within 1 day. Analysis of 819 clinical samples (596 nail, 203 skin and 20 hair) revealed a positive PCR-RLB result in 93.6% of 172 culture-positive and microscopy-positive samples. PCR-RLB was superior to culture and direct microscopy, in both detection and species identification. Comparison of identification results of 208 PCR-positive and culture-positive clinical samples showed five discrepancies (2.4%) between PCR-RLB identification and classical microscopic/biochemical identification of isolates. Comparison of PCR-RLB identification and classical identification of 98 other isolates (dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes) revealed 13 discrepancies (13.3%) and five incomplete identifications of Trichophyton spp. Sequence analysis of ITS1 regions of 23 samples with discrepant or incomplete identification results (four Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures dermatophyte strains, four clinical samples and 15 clinical isolates) confirmed identification results of PCR-RLB in 21 of the 23 analyzed samples. PCR-RLB proved to be extremely suitable for routine detection and identification of dermatophytes directly in nail, skin and hair samples because it is rapid, sensitive, specific and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M C Bergmans
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Franciscus Hospital, Roosendaal, The Netherlands.
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Single-step PCR using (GACA)4 primer: utility for rapid identification of dermatophyte species and strains. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2641-5. [PMID: 18579714 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00697-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are fungi that belong to three genera: Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. Identification of dermatophyte species is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis. Routine identification depends on macroscopic and microscopic morphology, which is time-consuming and does not identify dermatophyte strains. In this study, two PCR-based methods were compared for their abilities to identify 21 dermatophyte isolates obtained from Egyptian patients to the species and strain levels. The first method employed a two-step method: PCR amplification, using ITS1 and ITS4 as primers, followed by restriction enzyme digestion using the endonuclease MvaI. The second method employed a one-step approach employing the repetitive oligonucleotide (GACA)(4) as a primer. Dermatophyte strains were also identified using a conventional culture method. Our results showed that the conventional culture method identified four species: Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton violaceum. Moreover, both PCR methods agreed with the diagnosis made using the conventional approach. Furthermore, ITS1/ITS4-based PCR provided no strain differentiation, while (GACA)(4)-based PCR identified different varieties among the T. mentagrophytes isolates. Taken together, our results suggest that (GACA)(4)-based PCR has utility as a simple and rapid method for identification of dermatophyte species as well as utility for differentiation of T. mentagrophytes variants.
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Chen SH, Lo CZ, Tsai MC, Hsiung CA, Lin CY. The unique probe selector: a comprehensive web service for probe design and oligonucleotide arrays. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 1:S8. [PMID: 18315861 PMCID: PMC2259409 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s1-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleic acid hybridization, a fundamental technique in molecular biology, can be modified into very effective and sensitive methods for detecting particular targets mixed with millions of non-target sequences. Therefore, avoiding cross-hybridization is the most crucial issue for developing diagnostic methods based on hybridization. Results To develop a probe with a high discriminating power, this study constructed a web service, the Unique Probe Selector (UPS), for customized probe design. The UPS service integrates a probe design mechanism and a scoring system for evaluating the performance of probe annealing and the uniqueness of a probe in a user-defined genetic background. Starting from an intuitive web interface, the UPS accepts a query with single or multiple sequences in fasta format. The best probe(s) for each sequence can be downloaded from result pages in a fasta or .csv format with a summary of probe characteristics. The option "Unique probe within group" selects the most unique probe for each target sequence with low probability to hybridize to the other sequences in the same submitted query. The option "Unique probe in the specific organism" devises probes for each submitted sequence to identify its target among selected genetic backgrounds based on Unigene. Conclusion The UPS evaluates probe-to-target hybridization under a user-defined condition in silico to ensure high-performance hybridization and minimizes the possibility of non-specific reactions. UPS has been applied to design human arrays for gene expression studies and to develop several small arrays of gene families that were inferred as molecular signatures of cancer typing/staging or pathogen signatures. Notably, UPS is freely accessible at .
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hwa Chen
- Stem Cell/Regenerative Medicine Program, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No, 128 Academia Rd, Sec. 2, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Arabatzis M, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LES, Kuijper EJ, de Hoog GS, Lavrijsen APM, Templeton K, van der Raaij-Helmer EMH, Velegraki A, Gräser Y, Summerbell RC. Diagnosis of common dermatophyte infections by a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction detection/identification scheme. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:681-9. [PMID: 17672875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of a functional dermatophyte-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), current diagnosis of dermatophytoses, which constitute the commonest communicable diseases worldwide, relies on microscopy and culture. This combination of techniques is time-consuming and notoriously low in sensitivity. OBJECTIVES Recent dermatophyte gene sequence records were used to design a real-time PCR assay for detection and identification of dermatophytes in clinical specimens in less than 24 h. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two assays based on amplification of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and on the use of probes specific to relevant species and species-complexes were designed, optimised and clinically evaluated. One assay was for detecting the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex plus T. tonsurans and T. violaceum. The second assayed for the T. rubrum species complex, Microsporum canis and M. audouinii. RESULTS The analytical sensitivity of both assays was 0.1 pg DNA per reaction, corresponding to 2.5-3.3 genomes per sample. The protocol was clinically evaluated over 6 months by testing 92 skin, nail and hair specimens from 67 patients with suspected dermatophytosis. Real-time PCR detected and correctly identified the causal agent in specimens from which T. rubrum, T. interdigitale, M. audouinii or T. violaceum grew in culture, and also identified a dermatophyte species in an additional seven specimens that were negative in microscopy and culture. CONCLUSIONS This highly sensitive assay also proved to have high positive and negative predictive values (95.7% and 100%), facilitating the accurate, rapid diagnosis conducive to targeted rather than empirical therapy for dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arabatzis
- Second Dermatology Clinic, A. Syngros Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Ionos Dragoumi 4, Athens 11621, Greece.
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Balajee SA, Sigler L, Brandt ME. DNA and the classical way: Identification of medically important molds in the 21st century. Med Mycol 2007; 45:475-90. [PMID: 17710617 DOI: 10.1080/13693780701449425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of the 21st century has seen significant advances in the methods and practices used for identification of medically important molds in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Historically, molds have been identified by using observations of colonial and microscopic morphology, along with tables, keys and textbook descriptions. This approach still has value for the identification of many fungal organisms, but requires expertise and can be problematic in determining a species identification that is timely and useful in the management of high-risk patients. For the increasing number of isolates that are uncommon, atypical, or unusual, DNA-based identification methods are being increasingly employed in many clinical laboratories. These methods include the commercially available GenProbe assay, methods based on the polymerase chain reaction such as single-step PCR, RAPD-PCR, rep-PCR, nested PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-EIA, and more recent microarray-based, Luminex technology-based, and real-time PCR-based methods. Great variation in assay complexity, targets, and detection methods can be found, and many of these methods have not been widely used or rigorously validated. The increasing availability of DNA sequencing chemistry has made comparative DNA sequence analysis an attractive alternative tool for fungal identification. DNA sequencing methodology can be purchased commercially or developed in-house; such methods display varying degrees of usefulness depending on the breadth and reliability of the databases used for comparison. The future success of sequencing-based approaches will depend on the choice of DNA target, the reliability of the result, and the availability of a validated sequence database for query and comparison. Future studies will be required to determine sequence homology breakpoints and to assess the accuracy of molecular-based species identification in various groups of medically important filamentous fungi. At this time, a polyphasic approach to identification that combines morphologic and molecular methods will ensure the greatest success in the management of patients with fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arunmozhi Balajee
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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