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Zhang H, Zhang D, Zhang S, Liu H, Wang H, Wang C, Zou D, Hu B, Lian S, Lu S, Bai X. Isolation and characterization of the mink interferon-epsilon gene and its antiviral activity. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:972433. [PMID: 36776547 PMCID: PMC9915148 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.972433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) response is the first line of defense against viral invasion and thus plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response. IFN-epsilon (IFN-ε) is a newly discovered type I IFN that does not require viral induction, unlike other type I IFNs. IFN-ε is constitutively expressed in epithelial cells and plays an important role in mucosal immunity. In this study, we evaluated the biological activity of the mink-IFN (MiIFN)-ε gene in prokaryotic cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate IFN-ε expression in different mink tissues. MiIFN-ε was highly expressed in brain, lung, tracheal, kidney, intestinal, bladder, ovarian, and testis tissues. There was no significant difference in MiIFN-ε expression between female and male minks, except in the reproductive system. Expression of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO3)-MiIFN-ε fusion gene was induced by isopropylβ-d-thiogalactoside, and MiIFN-ε was collected after SUMO-specific protease digestion. We tested the antiviral activity of MiIFN-ε against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in epithelial cells of feline kidney 81 (F81). We used qRT-PCR to analyze the expression of several IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including ISG15, 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'-5'OAS1), and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1). Recombinant IFN-ε induced high ISG expression in F81 cells. Compared with those in the cell control group, expressions of ISG15, Mx1, and 2'-5' OAS1 in the VSV-GFP control, IFN-ε, and MiIFN-ε-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased. Compared with those in the VSV-GFP control group, expressions of ISG15 and 2'-5' OAS1 in the IFN-ε and MiIFN-ε-inhibited VSV-GFP groups were significantly increased, and the differences were highly significant (p < 0.0001). IFN-ε played an indirect antiviral role. These findings lay the foundation for detailed investigation of IFN-ε in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Deying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Xue Bai
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Marques M, Ferreira AR, Ribeiro D. Determining the Importance of Peroxisomal Proteins for Viral Infections in Cultured Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2643:309-319. [PMID: 36952194 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3048-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes have recently been shown to play important roles in the context of viral infections. However, further and more detailed studies should be performed to unravel the specific mechanisms involved. The analysis of the relevance of particular peroxisomal components, such as peroxisomal proteins, for viral infections can be performed by comparing the production of new virus particles in the absence and presence of those specific components. Different methodologies are used to quantify the production of infectious virus particles, depending on the virus, cell type, and the specific characteristics of the viral infection to be analyzed. Here we provide a detailed protocol to study the importance of a putative peroxisomal protein on infection by viruses that induce the death of their host cells. We use the influenza A virus (IAV) infection in A549 cells as a model, and the quantification of the newly produced infectious virus particles is performed by a plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Lu H, Zou D, Hu B, Lian S, Lu S. Antiviral activity of mink interferon alpha expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:976347. [PMID: 36187832 PMCID: PMC9515496 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.976347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses can cause infections in mink, including canine distemper virus, mink enteritis virus, and Aleutian disease virus. Current treatments are ineffective, and these infections are often fatal, causing severe economic losses. As antiviral drugs may effectively prevent and control these infections, recent research has increasingly focused on antiviral interferons. Herein, the gene encoding a mature mink interferon alpha (MiIFN-α) was synthesized according to the P. pastoris preference of codon usage and a recombinant plasmid, pPICZαA-MiIFN-α, was constructed. pPICZαA-MiIFN-α was linearized and transformed into the P. pastoris X33 strain, and zeocin-resistant transformants were selected. Protein expression was induced by methanol. SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses showed that a 25-kDa fusion protein was expressed in the culture supernatant. Antiviral activity of the expressed protein was determined using cytopathic effect inhibition (CPEI). The purified MiIFN-α significantly inhibited the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus with a green fluorescent protein (VSV-GFP) in F81 feline kidney cells, with an antiviral activity of 6.4 × 107 IU/mL; it also significantly inhibited MEV replication in F81 cells. MiIFN-α antiviral activity against VSV-GFP was significantly reduced on treatment with pH 4 and pH 10 conditions for 24 h (p < 0.01). Serum MiIFN-α concentrations in rat were measured using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay; MiIFN-α concentrations in rat serum peaked at ~36 h after injection. A high dose of MiIFN-α was safe for use. There were no significant differences in body temperature, tissue changes, and lymphocyte, total white blood cell, and central granulocyte counts between the injected and control groups (p > 0.05). These findings lay a foundation for the large-scale production of recombinant MiIFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dongliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Han Lu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Deying Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhen Lian
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shiying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shiying Lu
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Li H, Wan B, Jiang D, Ji P, Zhao M, Li X, Li R, Qiao S. Proteomic Investigation Reveals Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A Involvement in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in vitro. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:861137. [PMID: 35498732 PMCID: PMC9043857 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.861137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most serious animal pathogens in the world, has caused enormous global swine industry losses. An in-depth investigation of the PRRSV-host interaction would be beneficial for preventing and controlling PRRSV infections and transmission. In this study, we performed label-free quantitative proteomic assays to investigate proteome dynamics of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during infection with highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain HN07-1. Analysis of the results led to identification of 269 significantly differentially expressed host cellular proteins, of which levels of proteins belonging to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) family were found to be decreased in abundance in HP-PRRSV-infected PAMs. Furthermore, knockdown of eIF5A expression was demonstrated to markedly suppress HP-PRRSV propagation, as reflected by reduced progeny virus titers in vitro. These results highlight the importance of eIF5A in PRRSV infection, while also demonstrating that PAMs down-regulate eIF5A expression as a host cell antiviral strategy. Results of the current study deepen our understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and provide novel insights to guide development of effective strategies to combat the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xinfeng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Li
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Songlin Qiao
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Hu Y, Ma C, Wang J. Cytopathic Effect Assay and Plaque Assay to Evaluate in vitro Activity of Antiviral Compounds Against Human Coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4314. [PMID: 35284599 PMCID: PMC8855088 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are important human pathogens, among which the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent for the COVID-19 pandemic. To combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is a pressing need for antivirals, especially broad-spectrum antivirals that are active against all seven human coronaviruses (HCoVs). For this reason, we are interested in developing antiviral assays to expedite the drug discovery process. Here, we provide the detailed protocol for the cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the plaque assay for human coronaviruses 229E (HCoV-229E), HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-NL63, to identify novel antivirals against HCoVs. Neutral red was used in the CPE assay, as it is relatively inexpensive and more sensitive than other reagents. Multiple parameters including multiplicity of infection, incubation time and temperature, and staining conditions have been optimized for CPE and plaque assays for HCoV-229E in MRC-5, Huh-7, and RD cell lines; HCoV-OC43 in RD, MRC-5, and BSC-1 cell lines, and HCoV-NL63 in Vero E6, Huh-7, MRC-5, and RD cell lines. Both CPE and plaque assays have been calibrated with the positive control compounds remdesivir and GC-376. Both CPE and plaque assays have high sensitivity, excellent reproducibility, and are cost-effective. The protocols described herein can be used as surrogate assays in the biosafety level 2 facility to identify entry inhibitors and protease inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2, as HCoV-NL63 also uses ACE2 as the receptor for cell entry, and the main proteases of HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 are highly conserved. In addition, these assays can also be used as secondary assays to profile the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of existing SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Li R, Li J, Lu X, Zhang Y. Oncolytic adenovirus Ad11 enhances the chemotherapy effect of cisplatin on osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting autophagy. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:105-117. [PMID: 32051740 PMCID: PMC7013210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Targeted oncolytic adenoviruses can selectively replicate in cancer cells; combined with traditional chemotherapy drugs, this approach is expected to become an important treatment method for overcoming the current bottleneck of osteosarcoma treatment. Here, we investigate the effect of oncolytic adenovirus Ad11 combined with cisplatin on autophagy in osteosarcoma cells. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect CD46 expression in patients with osteosarcoma. A cytotoxicity assay was employed to detect the killing effect of Ad11, cisplatin and their combination on osteosarcoma cells under different time scenarios. Expression of autophagy proteins Beclin1, ATG3, and LC3A/B under treatment of osteosarcoma cells with Ad11, cisplatin and their combination under different time scenarios was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. We found that the oncolytic adenovirus Ad11 synergizes with cisplatin to kill osteosarcoma cells and that the synergistic effect was greatest when cells were first treated with Ad11. This synergy is due to oncolytic adenovirus Ad11-mediated inhibition of autophagy, which enhanced the sensitivity of cells to chemotherapy. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that the oncolytic adenovirus Ad11 can enhance the effect of chemotherapy by inhibiting autophagy. The findings provide a cytological basis for the treatment of osteosarcoma with oncolytic adenovirus combined with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongzhen Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiazhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450052, Henan, The People’s Republic of China
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Manukyan H, Rodionova E, Zagorodnyaya T, Lin TL, Chumakov K, Laassri M. Multiplex PCR-based titration (MPBT) assay for determination of infectious titers of the three Sabin strains of live poliovirus vaccine. Virol J 2019; 16:122. [PMID: 31660997 PMCID: PMC6819588 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional assays to titrate polioviruses usually test serial dilutions inoculated into replicate cell cultures to determine a 50% cytopathic endpoint, a process that is both time-consuming and laborious. Such a method is still used to measure potency of live Oral Poliovirus Vaccine during vaccine development and production and in some clinical trials. However, the conventional method is not suited to identify and titrate virus in the large numbers of fecal samples generated during clinical trials. Determining titers of each of the three Sabin strains co-existing in Oral Poliovirus Vaccine presents an additional challenge. RESULTS A new assay using quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction as an endpoint instead of cytopathic effect was developed to overcome these limitations. In the multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assay, cell cultures were infected with serial dilutions of test samples, lysed after two-day incubation, and subjected to a quantitative multiplex one-step reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. All three serotypes of poliovirus were identified in single samples and titers calculated. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assay was reproducible, robust and sensitive. Its lower limits of titration for three Sabin strains were 1-5 cell culture 50% infectious doses per ml. We prepared different combinations of three Sabin strains and compared titers obtained with conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assays. Results of the two assays correlated well and showed similar results and sensitivity. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration assay was completed in two to 3 days instead of 10 days for the conventional assay. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based titration (MPBT) is the first quantitative assay that identifies and titrates each of several different infectious viruses simultaneously in a mixture. It is suitable to identify and titrate polioviruses rapidly during the vaccine manufacturing process as a quality control test, in large clinical trials of vaccines, and for environmental surveillance of polioviruses. The MPBT assay can be automated for high-throughput implementation and applied for other viruses including those with no cytopathic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Manukyan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Elvira Rodionova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Tatiana Zagorodnyaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Tsai-Lien Lin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Majid Laassri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Role of TPBG (Trophoblast Glycoprotein) Antigen in Human Pericyte Migratory and Angiogenic Activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1113-1124. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
To determine the role of the oncofetal protein TPBG (trophoblast glycoprotein) in normal vascular function and reparative vascularization.
Approach and Results—
Immunohistochemistry of human veins was used to show TPBG expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial pericyte-like cells (APCs). ELISA, Western blot, immunocytochemistry, and proximity ligation assays evidenced a hypoxia-dependent upregulation of TPBG in APCs not found in vascular smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. This involves the transcriptional modulator CITED2 (Atypical chemokine receptor 3 CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid (E)/aspartic acid (D)-rich tail) and downstream activation of CXCL12 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand-12) signaling through the CXCR7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7) receptor and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2). TPBG silencing by siRNA transfection downregulated CXCL12, CXCR7, and pERK (phospho Thr202/Tyr204 ERK1/2) and reduced the APC migratory and proangiogenic capacities. TPBG forced expression induced opposite effects, which were associated with the formation of CXCR7/CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) heterodimers and could be contrasted by CXCL12 and CXCR7 neutralization. In vivo Matrigel plug assays using APCs with or without TPBG silencing evidenced TPBG is essential for angiogenesis. Finally, in immunosuppressed mice with limb ischemia, intramuscular injection of TPBG-overexpressing APCs surpassed naïve APCs in enhancing perfusion recovery and reducing the rate of toe necrosis.
Conclusions—
TPBG orchestrates the migratory and angiogenic activities of pericytes through the activation of the CXCL12/CXCR7/pERK axis. This novel mechanism could be a relevant target for therapeutic improvement of reparative angiogenesis.
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He Z, Chen X, Fu M, Tang J, Li X, Cao H, Wang Y, Zheng SJ. Inhibition of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 replication in Leghorn male hepatoma cells by SP600125 via blocking JNK MAPK pathway. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Human Herpesvirus 8 Infects and Replicates in Langerhans Cells and Interstitial Dermal Dendritic Cells and Impairs Their Function. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00909-17. [PMID: 28768873 PMCID: PMC5625489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00909-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The predominant types of dendritic cells (DC) in the skin and mucosa are Langerhans cells (LC) and interstitial dermal DC (iDDC). LC and iDDC process cutaneous antigens and migrate out of the skin and mucosa to the draining lymph nodes to present antigens to T and B cells. Because of the strategic location of LC and iDDC and the ability of these cells to capture and process pathogens, we hypothesized that they could be infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) (Kaposi's sarcoma [KS]-associated herpesvirus) and have an important role in the development of KS. We have previously shown that HHV-8 enters monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) through DC-SIGN, resulting in nonproductive infection. Here we show that LC and iDDC generated from pluripotent cord blood CD34+ cell precursors support productive infection with HHV-8. Anti-DC-SIGN monoclonal antibody (MAb) inhibited HHV-8 infection of iDDC, as shown by low expression levels of viral proteins and DNA. In contrast, blocking of both langerin and the receptor protein tyrosine kinase ephrin A2 was required to inhibit HHV-8 infection of LC. Infection with HHV-8 did not alter the cell surface expression of langerin on LC but downregulated the expression of DC-SIGN on iDDC, as we previously reported for MDDC. HHV-8-infected LC and iDDC had a reduced ability to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells in the mixed-lymphocyte reaction. These results indicate that HHV-8 can target both LC and iDDC for productive infection via different receptors and alter their function, supporting their potential role in HHV-8 pathogenesis and KS. IMPORTANCE Here we show that HHV-8, a DNA tumor virus that causes Kaposi's sarcoma, infects three types of dendritic cells: monocyte-derived dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and interstitial dermal dendritic cells. We show that different receptors are used by this virus to infect these cells. DC-SIGN is a major receptor for infection of both monocyte-derived dendritic cells and interstitial dermal dendritic cells, yet the virus fully replicates only in the latter. HHV-8 uses langerin and the ephrin A2 receptor to infect Langerhans cells, which support full HHV-8 lytic replication. This infection of Langerhans cells and interstitial dermal dendritic cells results in an impaired ability to stimulate CD4+ helper T cell responses. Taken together, our data show that HHV-8 utilizes alternate receptors to differentially infect and replicate in these tissue-resident DC and support the hypothesis that these cells play an important role in HHV-8 infection and pathogenesis.
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11
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Gayen M, Gupta P, Morazzani EM, Gaidamakova EK, Knollmann-Ritschel B, Daly MJ, Glass PJ, Maheshwari RK. Deinococcus Mn 2+-peptide complex: A novel approach to alphavirus vaccine development. Vaccine 2017; 35:3672-3681. [PMID: 28576570 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last ten years, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an Old World alphavirus has caused numerous outbreaks in Asian and European countries and the Americas, making it an emerging pathogen of great global health importance. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), a New World alphavirus, on the other hand, has been developed as a bioweapon in the past due to its ease of preparation, aerosol dispersion and high lethality in aerosolized form. Currently, there are no FDA approved vaccines against these viruses. In this study, we used a novel approach to develop inactivated vaccines for VEEV and CHIKV by applying gamma-radiation together with a synthetic Mn-decapeptide-phosphate complex (MnDpPi), based on manganous-peptide-orthophosphate antioxidants accumulated in the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Classical gamma-irradiated vaccine development approaches are limited by immunogenicity-loss due to oxidative damage to the surface proteins at the high doses of radiation required for complete virus-inactivation. However, addition of MnDpPi during irradiation process selectively protects proteins, but not the nucleic acids, from the radiation-induced oxidative damage, as required for safe and efficacious vaccine development. Previously, this approach was used to develop a bacterial vaccine. In the present study, we show that this approach can successfully be applied to protecting mice against viral infections. Irradiation of VEEV and CHIKV in the presence of MnDpPi resulted in substantial epitope preservation even at supra-lethal doses of gamma-rays (50,000Gy). Irradiated viruses were found to be completely inactivated and safe in vivo (neonatal mice). Upon immunization, VEEV inactivated in the presence of MnDpPi resulted in drastically improved protective efficacy. Thus, the MnDpPi-based gamma-inactivation approach described here can readily be applied to developing vaccines against any pathogen of interest in a fast and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoshi Gayen
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Paridhi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
| | - Elaine M Morazzani
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena K Gaidamakova
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | - Michael J Daly
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Radha K Maheshwari
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Xing L, Wang S, Hu Q, Li J, Zeng Y. Comparison of three quantification methods for the TZM-bl pseudovirus assay for screening of anti-HIV-1 agents. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:56-61. [PMID: 27016178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The TZM-bl pseudovirus assay is commonly used to evaluate the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies and small molecular inhibitors in HIV-1 research. Here, to determine the optimal measurement method for screening anti-HIV-1 inhibitors, we compared three measurement methods based on firefly luciferase and β-galactosidase activities. The 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) of the pseudoviruses were determined using the luciferase, β-galactosidase colorimetric, and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining assays. Three commercial reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (azidothymidine, nevirapine, and lamivudine) were tested as reference drugs to compare the reproducibility, linear correlation, and half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined using these methods. In the TCID50 assay, the sensitivity of β-galactosidase colorimetric assay was almost 562 times lower than that of the other two methods. Reproducible dose-response curves were obtained for the inhibitors with all methods; the IC50 values of the inhibitors were not significantly different. Linear regression analysis showed linear correlation between methods. Compared to the β-galactosidase colorimetric assay, the other two methods have the advantage of high sensitivity and are less affected by interference. In conclusion, the luciferase and X-gal staining assays, which can be applied either alone or combined, are recommended for anti-HIV-1 inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Xing
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Shunyi Wang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Jingtao Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yi Zeng
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, No. 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, PR China
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Abstract
The plaque assay is an essential method for quantification of infectious virus titer. Cells infected with virus particles are overlaid with a viscous substrate. A suitable incubation period results in the formation of plaques, which can be fixed and stained for visualization. Here, we describe a method for measuring Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) titers via virus plaque assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kaur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Regina Ching Hua Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an unusual neoplasia wherein the tumor consists primarily of endothelial cells infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8; Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) that are not fully transformed but are instead driven to excess proliferation by inflammatory and angiogenic factors. This oncogenic process has been postulated but unproven to depend on a paracrine effect of an abnormal excess of host cytokines and chemokines produced by HHV-8-infected B lymphocytes. Using newly developed measures for intracellular detection of lytic cycle proteins and expression of cytokines and chemokines, we show that HHV-8 targets a range of naive B cell, IgM memory B cell, and plasma cell-like populations for infection and induction of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inhibitory protein 1α, macrophage inhibitory protein 1β, and interleukin-8 in vitro and in the blood of HHV-8/HIV-1-coinfected subjects with KS. These B cell lineage subsets that support HHV-8 infection are highly polyfunctional, producing combinations of 2 to 5 of these cytokines and chemokines, with greater numbers in the blood of subjects with KS than in those without KS. Our study provides a new paradigm of B cell polyfunctionality and supports a key role for B cell-derived cytokines and chemokines produced during HHV-8 infection in the development of KS. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common cancer in HIV-1-infected persons and is caused by one of only 7 human cancer viruses, i.e., human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). It is unclear how this virus causes neoplastic transformation. Development and outgrowth of endothelial cell lesions characteristic of KS are hypothesized to be dependent on virus replication and multiple immune mediators produced by the KS cells and inflammatory cells, yet the roles of these viral and cell factors have not been defined. The present study advances our understanding of KS in that it supports a central role for HHV-8 infection of B cells inducing multiple cytokines and chemokines that can drive development of the cancer. Notably, HIV-1-infected individuals who developed KS had greater numbers of such HHV-8-infected, polyfunctional B cells across a range of B cell phenotypic lineages than did HHV-8-infected persons without KS. This intriguing production of polyfunctional immune mediators by B cells serves as a new paradigm for B cell function and classification.
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