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Porat N, Benisty R, Givon-Lavi N, Trefler R, Dagan R. The impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on carriage of and disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6C and 6D in southern Israel. Vaccine 2016; 34:2806-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roberts AL, Hewlett AL, Yu J, Nahm MH, Fey PD, Iwen PC. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6C presenting as recurrent prosthetic knee joint infection in a patient with a history of congenital asplenia and underlying autoimmune disease: a case report and literature review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 77:376-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Murphy TF, Chonmaitree T, Barenkamp S, Kyd J, Nokso-Koivisto J, Patel JA, Heikkinen T, Yamanaka N, Ogra P, Swords WE, Sih T, Pettigrew MM. Panel 5: Microbiology and immunology panel. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 148:E64-89. [PMID: 23536533 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812459636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective is to perform a comprehensive review of the literature from January 2007 through June 2011 on the virology, bacteriology, and immunology related to otitis media. DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS Three subpanels with co-chairs comprising experts in the virology, bacteriology, and immunology of otitis media were formed. Each of the panels reviewed the literature in their respective fields and wrote draft reviews. The reviews were shared with all panel members, and a second draft was created. The entire panel met at the 10th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media in June 2011 and discussed the review and refined the content further. A final draft was created, circulated, and approved by the panel. CONCLUSION Excellent progress has been made in the past 4 years in advancing an understanding of the microbiology and immunology of otitis media. Advances include laboratory-based basic studies, cell-based assays, work in animal models, and clinical studies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The advances of the past 4 years formed the basis of a series of short-term and long-term research goals in an effort to guide the field. Accomplishing these goals will provide opportunities for the development of novel interventions, including new ways to better treat and prevent otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F Murphy
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
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Loman NJ, Gladstone RA, Constantinidou C, Tocheva AS, Jefferies JMC, Faust SN, O’Connor L, Chan J, Pallen MJ, Clarke SC. Clonal expansion within pneumococcal serotype 6C after use of seven-valent vaccine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64731. [PMID: 23724086 PMCID: PMC3665553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae causes invasive infections, primarily at the extremes of life. A seven-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) is used to protect against invasive pneumococcal disease in children. Within three years of PCV7 introduction, we observed a fourfold increase in serotype 6C carriage, predominantly due to a single clone. We determined the whole-genome sequences of nineteen S. pneumoniae serotype 6C isolates, from both carriage (n = 15) and disease (n = 4) states, to investigate the emergence of serotype 6C in our population, focusing on a single multi-locus sequence type (MLST) clonal complex 395 (CC395). A phylogenetic network was constructed to identify different lineages, followed by analysis of variability in gene sets and sequences. Serotype 6C isolates from this single geographical site fell into four broad phylogenetically distinct lineages. Variation was seen in the 6C capsular locus and in sequences of genes encoding surface proteins. The largest clonal complex was characterised by the presence of lantibiotic synthesis locus. In our population, the 6C capsular locus has been introduced into multiple lineages by independent capsular switching events. However, rapid clonal expansion has occurred within a single MLST clonal complex. Worryingly, plasticity exists within current and potential vaccine-associated loci, a consideration for future vaccine use, target selection and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Loman
- Centre for Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A. Gladstone
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chrystala Constantinidou
- Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S. Tocheva
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna M. C. Jefferies
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Faust
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR, Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh O’Connor
- Centre for Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Chan
- Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Pallen
- Division of Microbiology and Infection, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart C. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Health Protection Agency, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton NIHR, Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton Foundation NHS Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Tocheva AS, Jefferies JMC, Christodoulides M, Faust SN, Clarke SC. Distribution of carried pneumococcal clones in UK children following the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a 3-year cross-sectional population based analysis. Vaccine 2013; 31:3187-90. [PMID: 23680442 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) in both colonisation and disease is associated with the increased prevalence of genetic clones expressing virulence factors that assist host invasion. We studied the distribution of pneumococcal clones in paediatric carriage as part of an ongoing longitudinal study of pneumococcal carriage in children less than 5 years of age. Across three years, 87 different sequence types (STs) were found amongst 310 pneumococci. A decline in PCV-7 related STs was observed during the study period. STs 62, 199, 433 and 1692 increased after the implementation of PCV-7 and were related to increases in serotypes 11A, 19A, 22F, and to serotype 6C, respectively. Overall, a strong correlation was observed between ST and serotype. Thirteen STs contained multiple serotypes and 74 STs were associated with only one serotype. On-going molecular epidemiological surveillance of pneumococcal carriage is warranted during the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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Baseline epidemiology and genetic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6D in southern Israel prior to introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1580-2. [PMID: 23447629 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03320-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6D from among previously identified S. pneumoniae serotype 6B strains from Jewish and Bedouin children in southern Israel during a decade before vaccination. S. pneumoniae serotype 6D isolates constituted 6.7% of the presumed S. pneumoniae serotype 6B isolates. S. pneumoniae serotype 6D strains belonged to 20 sequence types that were differentially distributed between the two ethnic groups.
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McEllistrem MC, Nahm MH. Novel pneumococcal serotypes 6C and 6D: anomaly or harbinger. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1379-86. [PMID: 22903767 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical use of the 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate (PCV7) vaccine, which includes serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F, dramatically reduced invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD); however, the effectiveness was diminished due to serotype shift. Although shift due to known serotypes was anticipated, shift by misidentified serotypes was unexpected. We describe the experience with newly recognized serotypes 6C and 6D, which were mistyped as serotypes 6A and 6B, respectively. Although serotype 6D caused only occasional infections, IPD due to serotype 6C disease expanded in the PCV7 era. Subsequent studies showed that PCV7 provided cross-protection against serotype 6A but not serotype 6C. The 13-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate (PCV13) vaccine, which includes PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, 19A, may provide protection against IPD due to serotypes 6C and 6D. Regardless, this narrative illustrates the potential impact of unrecognized serotypes on the efficacy of a serotype-specific vaccine.
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Clonal distribution of common pneumococcal serotypes not included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7): marked differences between two ethnic populations in southern Israel. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:3472-7. [PMID: 22875896 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01309-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the clonal distribution of common pneumococcal strains not included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) that were isolated from cases of acute otitis media (AOM) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in two distinct ethnic populations in southern Israel during the decade (1999 to 2008) preceding PCV7 implementation. Isolates recovered from Jewish and Bedouin children <5 years old were characterized by antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. Of 5,236 AOM and 425 IPD isolates, 43% and 57% were from Jewish and Bedouin children, respectively. PCV7 accounted for 54% and 45% of the AOM and IPD episodes, respectively. Eleven major non-PCV7 serotypes (1, 3, 5, 6A, 7F, 12F, 15B/C, 19A, 21, 33F, and 35B) constituted 31% and 42% of the AOM and IPD episodes, respectively. The clonal distributions of the 11 non-PCV7 serotypes and their antibiotic susceptibilities were significantly different among the two ethnic populations in both the AOM and IPD groups. About half of the AOM and IPD cases resulted from non-PCV7 pneumococci, even before PCV7 implementation. The significant differences between the two ethnic populations suggest that lifestyle and microenvironment are major determinants in the clonal distribution of disease-causing pneumococci. Post-PCV7 surveillance is important in understanding non-PCV7 clonal expansion in the two distinct populations.
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