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Gentile G, Fréchard G, Dia A, Buzens A, Vives R, Jego M, Pommier de Santi V, Simon F. Incidence of acute respiratory tract infections (2006-2015) and influenza (2006-2013) among French armed forces. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:689-695. [PMID: 31759689 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the incidence of respiratory tract infections in military settings between 2006 and 2015. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective epidemiological study of the entire military population from 2006 to 2015. Comprehensive data was collected from all medical centers, operational medical units, naval services, and army training hospitals and provided by the epidemiological surveillance of the armies. RESULTS The annual average population of the study was 331,394 soldiers. For acute respiratory tract infections (2006-2015), 22,818 cases were reported in metropolitan France, 3,211 cases in French overseas territories, 1,595 cases in the French Navy, and 1,318 cases in external military operations for a total of 28,942 cases. For influenza (2006-2013), 934 cases were reported in metropolitan France, 101 cases in French overseas territories, and 23 cases in external operations, for a total of 1,058 cases. The mean incidence rate of acute respiratory tract infections expressed as case number per 1,000 person-years (PY) was 8.7 PY (95% CI [8.6-8.8]) with an exceptional increased incidence rate in 2009 (25.9 PY, 95% CI [25.4-26.4]). The mean incidence rate of influenza was 0.35 PY (95% CI [0.33-0.37]) with a peak incidence rate of 1.9 PY in 2009. CONCLUSION Acute respiratory tract infections are at the forefront of infectious episodes in the French armies. Although not necessarily severe, current prevention measures are not enough to reduce the incidence threshold of these infections and need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gentile
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, Aix Marseille université, 13885 Marseille, France; Inserm 1106, Institut des neurosciences des systèmes, Aix Marseille université, 13885 Marseille, France; Comité pédagogique, hôpital d'instruction des Armées Laveran, 13384 Marseille, France.
| | - G Fréchard
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, Aix Marseille université, 13885 Marseille, France
| | - A Dia
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - A Buzens
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - R Vives
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - M Jego
- Département universitaire de médecine générale, faculté de médecine, Aix Marseille université, 13885 Marseille, France; Centre d'études et de recherche sur les services de santé et qualité de vie (CERESS), Aix Marseille université, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - V Pommier de Santi
- Centre d'épidémiologie et de santé publique des armées, 13014 Marseille, France
| | - F Simon
- Comité pédagogique, hôpital d'instruction des Armées Laveran, 13384 Marseille, France; Department of infectious diseases and tropical medicine, Laveran military teaching hospital, 13384 Marseille, France
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Waites KB, Xiao L, Liu Y, Balish MF, Atkinson TP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the Respiratory Tract and Beyond. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:747-809. [PMID: 28539503 PMCID: PMC5475226 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00114-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults that can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Over the past several years there has been much new information published concerning infections caused by this organism. New molecular-based tests for M. pneumoniae detection are now commercially available in the United States, and advances in molecular typing systems have enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of infections. More strains have had their entire genome sequences published, providing additional insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Clinically significant acquired macrolide resistance has emerged worldwide and is now complicating treatment. In vitro susceptibility testing methods have been standardized, and several new drugs that may be effective against this organism are undergoing development. This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance our understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | | | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Sanchez JL, Cooper MJ, Myers CA, Cummings JF, Vest KG, Russell KL, Sanchez JL, Hiser MJ, Gaydos CA. Respiratory Infections in the U.S. Military: Recent Experience and Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:743-800. [PMID: 26085551 PMCID: PMC4475643 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review outlines the impact of military-relevant respiratory infections, with special attention to recruit training environments, influenza pandemics in 1918 to 1919 and 2009 to 2010, and peacetime operations and conflicts in the past 25 years. Outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations of viral and bacterial infections among high-risk groups are presented, including (i) experience by recruits at training centers, (ii) impact on advanced trainees in special settings, (iii) morbidity sustained by shipboard personnel at sea, and (iv) experience of deployed personnel. Utilizing a pathogen-by-pathogen approach, we examine (i) epidemiology, (ii) impact in terms of morbidity and operational readiness, (iii) clinical presentation and outbreak potential, (iv) diagnostic modalities, (v) treatment approaches, and (vi) vaccine and other control measures. We also outline military-specific initiatives in (i) surveillance, (ii) vaccine development and policy, (iii) novel influenza and coronavirus diagnostic test development and surveillance methods, (iv) influenza virus transmission and severity prediction modeling efforts, and (v) evaluation and implementation of nonvaccine, nonpharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Cooper
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James F Cummings
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Vest
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin L Russell
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce L Sanchez
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle J Hiser
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postgraduate Research Participation Program, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- International STD, Respiratory, and Biothreat Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Lamoth F, Greub G. Fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:775-90. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Samukawa M, Hamada Y, Kuwahara M, Takada K, Hirano M, Mitsui Y, Sonoo M, Kusunoki S. Clinical features in Guillain-Barré syndrome with anti-Gal-C antibody. J Neurol Sci 2013; 337:55-60. [PMID: 24289889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has often been associated with antibodies to glycolipids, such as galactocerebroside (Gal-C), a component of myelin. Whether patients who have GBS with anti-Gal-C antibody (Gal-C-GBS) more often have demyelinating neuropathy or axonal neuropathy remains controversial. Their clinical features have also been unestablished. METHODS We enrolled 47 patients with Gal-C-GBS. Their clinical and electrophysiological data were retrospectively reviewed and compared to 119 patients with GBS without anti-Gal-C antibody (non-Gal-C-GBS). RESULTS Demyelinating polyneuropathy occurred 4 times more frequently than axonal polyneuropathy in patients with Gal-C-GBS, but without statistical significance compared to patients with non-Gal-C-GBS (2.2:1). Patients with Gal-C-GBS had more frequent sensory deficits, autonomic involvements, and antecedent Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection than patients with non-Gal-C-GBS. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study clarifying the clinical and electrophysiological findings that more frequent sensory deficits, autonomic involvements, and antecedent MP infection are associated with Gal-C-GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Samukawa
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Motoi Kuwahara
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takada
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Makito Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan; Department of Neurology, Sakai Hospital, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Sakai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sonoo
- Department of Neurology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
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Hausner M, Schamberger A, Naumann W, Jacobs E, Dumke R. Development of protective anti-Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies after immunization of guinea pigs with the combination of a P1-P30 chimeric recombinant protein and chitosan. Microb Pathog 2013; 64:23-32. [PMID: 23948467 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The attachment organelle of the human respiratory tract pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae is essential for colonization of the host mucosa. Furthermore, adherence-related proteins such as the major adhesin P1 and protein P30 represent vaccine candidates. Using the chimeric recombinant protein HP14/30, which combines surface-localized and adherence-involved regions of both proteins, we developed an optimized strategy to immunize guinea pigs. The vaccination protocol includes subcutaneous prime immunization followed by presentation of the antigen directly to the respiratory mucosa by two intranasal (i.n.) administrations and combination of antigen with the mucosal adjuvant chitosan. The immunization scheme induced high, consistent and long-lasting IgA levels in respiratory tract samples (BAL, nasal and throat washing fluid) from the animals. In comparison with a preimmune serum, incubation of M. pneumoniae cells with sera from these animals reduced the mean adhesion of bacteria to HeLa cells to 6%. After i.n. infection, immunized animals showed significantly decreased numbers of M. pneumoniae-specific genome copies, especially in the upper respiratory tract, in comparison with the control group. The results demonstrated that optimized immunization with the chimeric protein HP14/30 is promising for further vaccination efforts to prevent host colonization with M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Hausner
- TU Dresden, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Dresden, Germany
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Johns MC, Burke RL, Vest KG, Fukuda M, Pavlin JA, Shrestha SK, Schnabel DC, Tobias S, Tjaden JA, Montgomery JM, Faix DJ, Duffy MR, Cooper MJ, Sanchez JL, Blazes DL, Wangchuk S, Dorji T, Gibbons R, Iamsirithaworn S, Richardson J, Buathong R, Jarman R, Yoon IK, Shakya G, Ofula V, Coldren R, Bulimo W, Sang R, Omariba D, Obura B, Mwala D, Kasper M, Brice G, Williams M, Yasuda C, Barthel RV, Pimentel G, Meyers C, Kammerer P, Baynes DE, Metzgar D, Hawksworth A, Blair P, Ellorin M, Coon R, Macintosh V, Burwell K, Macias E, Palys T, Jerke K. A growing global network's role in outbreak response: AFHSC-GEIS 2008-2009. BMC Public Health 2011; 11 Suppl 2:S3. [PMID: 21388563 PMCID: PMC3092413 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-s2-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A cornerstone of effective disease surveillance programs comprises the early identification of infectious threats and the subsequent rapid response to prevent further spread. Effectively identifying, tracking and responding to these threats is often difficult and requires international cooperation due to the rapidity with which diseases cross national borders and spread throughout the global community as a result of travel and migration by humans and animals. From Oct.1, 2008 to Sept. 30, 2009, the United States Department of Defense's (DoD) Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (AFHSC-GEIS) identified 76 outbreaks in 53 countries. Emerging infectious disease outbreaks were identified by the global network and included a wide spectrum of support activities in collaboration with host country partners, several of which were in direct support of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005). The network also supported military forces around the world affected by the novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic of 2009. With IHR (2005) as the guiding framework for action, the AFHSC-GEIS network of international partners and overseas research laboratories continues to develop into a far-reaching system for identifying, analyzing and responding to emerging disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Johns
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA.
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Outbreaks on Navy Vessels. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1990; author reply 1990. [DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00113-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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