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Igere BE, Onohuean H, Iwu DC, Igbinosa EO. Polymyxin sensitivity/resistance cosmopolitan status, epidemiology and prevalence among O1/O139 and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae: A meta-analysis. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:283-293. [PMID: 38205176 PMCID: PMC10774663 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Resistance/sensitivity to polymyxin-B (PB) antibiotic has been employed as one among other epidemiologically relevant biotyping-scheme for Vibrio cholerae into Classical/El Tor biotypes. However, recent studies have revealed some pitfalls bordering on PB-sensitivity/resistance (PBR/S) necessitating study. Current study assesses the PBR/S cosmopolitan prevalence, epidemiology/distribution among O1/O139 and nonO1/nonO139 V. cholerae strains. Relevant databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed) were searched to retrieve data from environmental and clinical samples employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Random-effect-model (REM) and common-effect-model (CEM) of meta-analysis was performed to determine prevalence of PBR/S V. cholerae strains, describe the cosmopolitan epidemiological potentials and biotype relevance. Heterogeneity was determined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The pooled analyzed isolates from articles (7290), with sensitive and resistance are 2219 (30.44%) and 5028 (69.56%). Among these PB-sensitive strains, more than 1944 (26.67%) were O1 strains, 132 (1.81%) were nonO1 strains while mis-reported Classical biotype were 2080 (28.53) respectively indicating potential spread of variant/dual biotype. A significant PB-resistance was observed in the models (CEM = 0.66, 95% CI [0.65; 0.68], p-value = 0.001; REM = 0.83 [0.74; 0.90], p = 0.001) as both models had a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.0%; d f = 33 2 = 1755.09 , Q p = 2.4932 ). Egger test (z = 5.4017, p < 0.0001) reveal publication bias by funnel plot asymmetry. The subgroup analysis for continents (Asia, Africa) and sources (acute diarrhea) revealed (98% CI (0.73; 0.93); 55% CI (0.20; 0.86)), and 92% CI (0.67; 0.98). The Epidemiological prevalence for El tor/variant/dual biotype showed 88% CI (0.78; 0.94) with O1 strains at 88% CI (0.78; 0.94). Such global prevalence, distribution/spread of phenotypes/genotypes necessitates updating the decades-long biotype classification scheme. An antibiotic stewardship in the post antibiotic era is suggestive/recommended. Also, there is need for holistic monitoring/evaluation of clinical/epidemiological relevance of the disseminating strains in endemic localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright E. Igere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba 320242, Nigeria
- Biotechnology and Emerging Environmental Infections Pathogens Research Group (BEEIPREG), Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba 320242, Nigeria
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biopharmaceutics unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Ishaka-Bushenyi Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi 10101, Uganda
| | - Declan C. Iwu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin 300213, Nigeria
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Igere BE, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Atypical and dual biotypes variant of virulent SA-NAG-Vibrio cholerae: an evidence of emerging/evolving patho-significant strain in municipal domestic water sources. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and purpose
The recent cholera spread, new cases, and fatality continue to arouse concern in public health systems; however, interventions on control is at its peak yet statistics show continuous report. This study characterized atypical and patho-significant environmental Vibrio cholerae retrieved from ground/surface/domestic water in rural-urban-sub-urban locations of Amathole District municipality and Chris Hani District municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Methods
Domestic/surface water was sampled and 759 presumptive V. cholerae isolates were retrieved using standard microbiological methods. Virulence phenotypic test: toxin co-regulated pili (tcp), choleragen red, protease production, lecithinase production, and lipase test were conducted. Serotyping using polyvalent antisera (Bengal and Ogawa/Inaba/Hikojima) and molecular typing: 16SrRNA, OmpW, serogroup (Vc-O1/O139), biotype (tcpAClas/El Tor, HlyAClas/El Tor, rstRClas/El Tor, RS1, rtxA, rtxC), and virulence (ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, cep, prt, toxR, hlyA) genes were targeted.
Result
Result of 16SrRNA typing confirmed 508 (66.9%) while OmpW detected/confirmed 61 (12.01%) V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic-biotyping scheme showed positive test to polymyxin B (68.9%), Voges proskauer (6.6%), and Bengal serology (11.5%). Whereas Vc-O1/O139 was negative, yet two of the isolates harbored the cholera toxin with a gene-type ctxB and hlyAClas: 2/61, revealing atypical/unusual/dual biotype phenotypic/genotypic features. Other potential atypical genotypes detected include rstR: 7/61, Cep: 15/61, ace: 20/61, hlyAElTor: 53/61, rtxA: 30/61, rtxC: 11/61, and prtV: 15/61 respectively.
Conclusion
Although additional patho-significant/virulent genotypes associated with epidemic/sporadic cholera cases were detected, an advanced, bioinformatics, and post-molecular evaluation is necessary. Such stride possesses potential to adequately minimize future cholera cases associated with dynamic/atypical environmental V. cholerae strains.
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Thong KL, Tham KBL, Ngoi ST, Tan SC, Wan Yussof WN, Ahmad Hanapi R, Mohamad N, Teh CSJ. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains in Malaysia revealed genetically diverse variant lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e693-e703. [PMID: 34724597 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variants have been the major causative agents of cholera worldwide since their emergence in the 2000s. Cholera remains endemic in some regions in Malaysia. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases to elucidate the molecular evolution among the strains circulating in this region. A total of 45 V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains isolated between 1991 and 2011 were examined. All strains were subjected to phenotypic characterization, and molecular characterization including detection of virulence genes and CTX prophage (CTXΦ) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and genotyping by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). All strains were phenotypically confirmed as El Tor biotype and were mostly Ogawa serotype (96%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the outbreak strains isolated in 1991 (Sabah) and 2009 (Terengganu) were all multidrug-resistant while the sporadic strains were resistant to erythromycin and furazolidone only. All strains (n = 45) were resistant to erythromycin. The virulence genes ctxA, ctxB, ompW, rfb, rtxC, tcpA, tcpI, rstR, zot and hlyA were present in all strains. The outbreak strains isolated in 1991 harboured El Tor cholera toxin gene (ctxB3) while sporadic strains from 2004 to 2011 harboured classical ctxB1. Four distinctive CTXΦ arrays were identified among the El Tor variants, one of which co-occurred with El Tor strains during the 2009 outbreak in Terengganu. PFGE analysis revealed that a genetically diverse El Tor variants population persisted in Sabah. The co-existence of multiple El Tor variants together with the prototypic El Tor strains suggested a multiclonal emergence of V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Lin Thong
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathryn Bee Lin Tham
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence, Ministry of Defence Malaysia, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soo Tein Ngoi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiang Chiet Tan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Noraini Wan Yussof
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahayu Ahmad Hanapi
- Unit Bakteriologi, Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurizzat Mohamad
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abioye OE, Osunla AC, Okoh AI. Molecular Detection and Distribution of Six Medically Important Vibrio spp. in Selected Freshwater and Brackish Water Resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617703. [PMID: 34149632 PMCID: PMC8208477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Water resources contaminated with pathogenic Vibrio species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant Vibrio species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive Vibrio spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from freshwater (n = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed Vibrio isolates from brackish water samples (n = 291) fall among the Vibrio species of interest. The incidences of V. cholerae, V. mimicus, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus amidst these Vibrio spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted Vibrio species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as Vibrio species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible Vibrio-related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatayo E Abioye
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji Charles Osunla
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Bhandari M, Jennison AV, Rathnayake IU, Huygens F. Evolution, distribution and genetics of atypical Vibrio cholerae - A review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104726. [PMID: 33482361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease, which can occur as either an epidemic or sporadic disease. Cholera pandemic-causing V. cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups originated from the Indian subcontinent and spread globally and millions of lives are lost each year, mainly in developing and underdeveloped countries due to this disease. V. cholerae O1 is further classified as classical and El Tor biotype which can produce biotype specific cholera toxin (CT). Since 1961, the current seventh pandemic El Tor strains replaced the sixth pandemic strains resulting in the classical biotype strain that produces classical CT. The ongoing evolution of Atypical El Tor V. cholerae srains encoding classical CT is of global concern. The severity in the pathophysiology of these Atypical El Tor strains is significantly higher than El Tor or classical strains. Pathogenesis of V. cholerae is a complex process that involves coordinated expression of different sets of virulence-associated genes to cause disease. We are yet to understand the complete virulence profile of V. cholerae, including direct and indirect expression of genes involved in its survival and stress adaptation in the host. In recent years, whole genome sequencing has paved the way for better understanding of the evolution and strain distribution, outbreak identification and pathogen surveillance for the implementation of direct infection control measures in the clinic against many infectious pathogens including V. cholerae. This review provides a synopsis of recent studies that have contributed to the understanding of the evolution, distribution and genetics of the seventh pandemic Atypical El Tor V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murari Bhandari
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy V Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Irani U Rathnayake
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Flavia Huygens
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Morita M, Okada K, Yamashiro T, Sekizuka T, Roobthaisong A, Wongboot W, Chantaroj S, Tu ND, Xangsayarath P, Sithivong N, Noilath K, Vongdouangchanh A, Kuroda M, Hamada S, Izumiya H, Ohnssishi M. Phylogenetic Analysis Revealed the Dissemination of Closely Related Epidemic Vibrio cholerae O1 Isolates in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa492. [PMID: 33244479 PMCID: PMC7679066 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed whole-genome sequencing of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, where cholera outbreaks occurred, to determine their genetic lineages. Core genome phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates located in same lineage without regional clusters, which suggests that closely related strains circulated in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Okada
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amonrattana Roobthaisong
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Warawan Wongboot
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Chantaroj
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Dong Tu
- Bacteriology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Noikaseumsy Sithivong
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Khambai Noilath
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnssishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Baek Y, Lee D, Lee J, Yoon Y, Nair GB, Kim DW, Kim EJ. Cholera Toxin Production in Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Biotype Strains in Single-Phase Culture. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:825. [PMID: 32431681 PMCID: PMC7214932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup strains have been classified into classical and El Tor biotypes. Cholera, a life-threatening diarrheal disease, can be caused by either biotype through the cholera toxin (CT) that they produce. To increase our knowledge of the pathogenicity of bacteria, we must understand the toxigenicity of bacteria. CT production by classical biotype strains in simple single-phase cell cultures has been established; however, special culture media and growth conditions that are not appropriate for mass production of CT are required to facilitate CT production in El Tor biotype strains. In this report, we produced CT in El Tor biotype strains using simple media and single-phase culture conditions. A single point mutation in ToxT, a transcriptional activator of toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) and CT, enabled the El Tor biotype strains to produce CT in similar quantities as classical biotype strains in single-phase laboratory culture conditions. CT production capacity varied between El Tor biotype strains. Wave 2 and 3 atypical El Tor strains tended to produce more CT than prototype Wave 1 strains. Wave 2 and 3 strains lack neutral fermentation; however, the capacity for neutral fermentation was not associated with significant differences in CT production by El Tor biotype strains. The Wave 3 strain that caused the 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti produced CT only when neutral fermentation was abolished. The disparity in CT production between the seventh cholera pandemic strains highlight the differences in virulence between strains and the cause of population changes in V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjun Baek
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Youngbae Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Microbiome Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
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Lee D, Kim EJ, Baek Y, Lee J, Yoon Y, Nair GB, Yoon SS, Kim DW. Alterations in glucose metabolism in Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 El Tor biotype strains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:308. [PMID: 31941909 PMCID: PMC6962216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2 biotypes of Vibrio cholerae O1 serogroup strains—classical and El Tor—use glucose in distinct ways. Classical biotype strains perform organic acid-producing fermentation and eventually lose viability due to the self-induced creation of an acidic environment, whereas El Tor biotype strains use an alternative neutral fermentation pathway, which confers them with survival advantages. However, we report that the neutral fermentation pathway has only been recruited in prototype Wave 1 El Tor biotype strains, which have not been isolated since the mid-1990s. Current Wave 2 and Wave 3 atypical El Tor strains contain a single-base deletion in a gene that directs bacteria toward neutral fermentation, resulting in the loss of neutral fermentation and an appearance that is similar to classical biotype strains. Moreover, when sufficient glucose was supplied, Wave 1 El Tor strains maintained their use of acid-producing fermentation, in parallel with neutral fermentation, and thus lost viability in the late stationary phase. The global replacement of Wave 1 El Tor strains by Wave 2 and 3 atypical El Tor strains implies that the acidic fermentation pathway may not be disadvantageous to V. cholerae. The characteristics that we have reported might improve oral rehydration in the treatment of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Baek
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbae Yoon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - G B Nair
- Microbiome Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Kerala, 695014, India
| | - Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea. .,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Rijal N, Acharya J, Adhikari S, Upadhaya BP, Shakya G, Kansakar P, Rajbhandari P. Changing epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae: AMR surveillance findings (2006-2016) from Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:801. [PMID: 31510925 PMCID: PMC6739981 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nepal, cases of Cholera occur annually either as sporadic or as outbreaks claiming the lives of many in rural areas. The present study is a laboratory based surveillance which aims to analyze the changing epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility trend of V. cholerae strains isolated or referred to National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL) over a period of 11 years (2006-2016). METHODS Specimens of fresh stool /rectal swab either received at sentinel sites or NPHL were processed following standard microbiological techniques. Suspected colonies on selective medium were identified using routine biochemical tests and confirmed by serotyping. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed following Kirby Baeur disc diffusion method. RESULTS Of the 836 confirmed isolates, 87% (728/836) were V.cholerae O1 Ogawa,12% (103/836) were V.cholerae O1 Inaba and only 6 isolates were V.cholerae O1 Hikojima. In 2006 all the Vibrio isolates were of Inaba serotype, followed by all 3 serotypes during 2007.During 2008-2014 only Ogawa serotype was isolated while few cases of Inaba again surfaced in 2015. Resistance to ampicillin decreased from 93% in 2006 to 18% by 2010 and again raised to 100% by 2016.Cotrimoxazole resistance remained at constant range (77-100%).Nalidixic acid resistance was 100% since 2006.Ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance emerged in 2007, reached a peak during 2010-2012 and declined to 0 by 2016.Susceptibility to Furazolidone has re-emerged.63.6% of the isolates were Multi drug resistant. CONCLUSION With changing epidemiology and antibiogram of V.cholerae in Nepal, the present study reflects the importance of continuous monitoring, which could be used by policy makers and health professionals for better management of outbreaks. Decline in tetracycline and ciprofloxacin resistance along with emerging sensitivity to furazolidone shows that these drugs could make an effective comeback in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rijal
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Geeta Shakya
- National Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
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10
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Bundi M, Shah MM, Odoyo E, Kathiiko C, Wandera E, Miring'u G, Guyo S, Langat D, Morita K, Ichinose Y. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:350-358. [PMID: 31407393 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is endemic for cholera with different waves of outbreaks having been documented since 1971. In recent years, new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 have emerged and have replaced most of the traditional El Tor biotype globally. These strains also appear to have increased virulence, and it is important to describe and document their phenotypic and genotypic traits. This study characterized 146 V. cholerae O1 isolates from cholera outbreaks that occurred in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Our study reports that the 1975-1984 strains had typical classical or El Tor biotype characters. New variants of V. cholerae O1 having traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes were observed from 2007 with all strains isolated between 2015 and 2017 being sensitive to polymyxin B and carrying both classical and El Tor type ctxB. All strains were resistant to Phage IV and harbored rstR, rtxC, hlyA, rtxA and tcpA genes specific for El Tor biotype indicating that the strains had an El Tor backbone. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping differentiated the isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The clustering also corresponded with the year of isolation signifying that the cholera outbreaks occurred as separate waves of different genetic fingerprints exhibiting different genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The emergence and prevalence of V. cholerae O1 strains carrying El Tor type and classical type ctxB in Kenya are reported. These strains have replaced the typical El Tor biotype in Kenya and are potentially more virulent and easily transmitted within the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bundi
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Biosafety Training and Accreditation, National Biosafety Authority, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohammad Monir Shah
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Eric Odoyo
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cyrus Kathiiko
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ernest Wandera
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Miring'u
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sora Guyo
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Langat
- Disease Surveillance and Response Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ichinose
- Department of Bacteriology, NUITM-KEMRI Project, Kenya Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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11
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Ramamurthy T, Mutreja A, Weill FX, Das B, Ghosh A, Nair GB. Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjuction With the Genomics of Vibrio cholerae. Front Public Health 2019; 7:203. [PMID: 31396501 PMCID: PMC6664003 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is responsible for 1.4 to 4.3 million cases with about 21,000-143,000 deaths per year. Dominance of O1 and O139 serogroups, classical and El tor biotypes, alterations in CTX phages and the pathogenicity Islands are some of the major features of V. cholerae isolates that are responsible for cholera epidemics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) based analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and other infrequent genetic variants provide a robust phylogenetic framework. Recent studies on the global transmission of pandemic V. cholerae O1 strains have shown the existence of eight different phyletic lineages. In these, the classical and El Tor biotype strains were separated as two distinctly evolved lineages. The frequency of SNP accumulation and the temporal and geographical distribution supports the perception that the seventh cholera pandemic (7CP) has spread from the Bay of Bengal region in three independent but overlapping waves. The 2010 Haitian outbreak shared a common ancestor with South-Asian wave-3 strains. In West Africa and East/Southern Africa, cholera epidemics are caused by single expanded lineage, which has been introduced several times since 1970. The Latin American epidemics that occurred in 1991 and 2010 were the result of introductions of two 7CP sublineages. Sublineages representing wave-3 have caused huge outbreaks in Haiti and Yemen. The Ogawa-Inaba serotype switchover in several cholera epidemics are believed to be due to the involvement of certain selection mechanism(s) rather than due to random events. V. cholerae O139 serogroup is phylogenetically related to the 7CP El Tor, and almost all these isolates belonged to the multilocus sequence type-69. Additional phenotypic and genotypic information have been generated to understand the pathogenicity of classical and El Tor vibrios. Presence of integrative conjugative elements (ICE) with antibiotic resistance gene cassettes, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein system and ctxAB promoter based ToxRS expression of cholera toxin (CT) separates classical and El Tor biotypes. With the availability of WGS information, several important applications including, molecular typing, antimicrobial resistance, new diagnostics, and vaccination strategies could be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bhabatosh Das
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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12
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Role of coaggregation in the pathogenicity and prolonged colonisation of Vibrio cholerae. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:793-809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Greenhill AR, Mutreja A, Bulach D, Belousoff MJ, Jonduo MH, Collins DA, Kas MP, Wapling J, Seemann T, Lafana A, Dougan G, Brown MV, Horwood PF. Wave 2 strains of atypical Vibrio cholerae El Tor caused the 2009-2011 cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 30810520 PMCID: PMC6487313 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a globally important human disease for at least 200 years. In 2009–2011, the first recorded cholera outbreak in Papua New Guinea (PNG) occurred. We conducted genetic and phenotypic characterization of 21 isolates of V. cholerae, with whole-genome sequencing conducted on 2 representative isolates. The PNG outbreak was caused by an atypical El Tor strain harbouring a tandem repeat of the CTX prophage on chromosome II. Whole-genome sequence data, prophage structural analysis and the absence of the SXT integrative conjugative element was indicative that the PNG isolates were most closely related to strains previously isolated in South-East and East Asia with affiliations to global wave 2 strains. This finding suggests that the cholera outbreak in PNG was caused by an exotic (non-endemic) strain of V. cholerae that originated in South-East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Greenhill
- 2School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia, Churchill, Australia.,1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- 3Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,4Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dieter Bulach
- 5Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,6Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Marinjho H Jonduo
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Deirdre A Collins
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.,7School of Medicinal and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Monalisa P Kas
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Johanna Wapling
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Torsten Seemann
- 5Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alice Lafana
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Gordon Dougan
- 3Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark V Brown
- 8School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- 1Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.,9Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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14
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Hossain ZZ, Leekitcharoenphon P, Dalsgaard A, Sultana R, Begum A, Jensen PKM, Hendriksen RS. Comparative genomics of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from cholera patients in Bangladesh. Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 67:329-336. [PMID: 29981154 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing was utilized to investigate the genomic profile of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains, isolated from symptomatic patients in a low-income urban area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Comparative genomics using bioinformatics tools were applied to identify major virulence factors, biotype and antimicrobial resistance genes in three V. cholerae O1 strains (VC-1, 2 and 3) isolated from two case patients. A phylogenetic SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)-based analysis was conducted to infer the relatedness to V. cholerae O1 strains isolated elsewhere. The V. cholerae strains were the El Tor variant carrying ctxB1 (standard classical genotype). SNP-based global phylogeny revealed that the three isolates were strictly clonal and the closest neighbouring genomes were epidemic clones of V. cholerae O1 isolated in 2010 from cholera patients in Pakistan. All strains harboured the integrase gene of the SXT element (intSXT ), antimicrobial resistance genes for aminoglycosides, phenicol, sulphonamide and trimethoprim except VC-1 that lacked sulphonamide resistance genes. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that the strains belonged to sequence type, ST69. The study provides knowledge on current genetic traits of clinical V. cholerae O1 circulating in urban household clusters of Bangladesh which may help in predicting emergence of new pandemic strains in Bangladesh. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Vibrio cholerae has frequently experienced genetic changes with rapid evolution of pandemic clones in the Ganges Delta region. Whole genome sequencing can reveal genetic information of current pathogenic V. cholerae in Bangladesh which includes cefotaxime genotypes, virulence factors, altered antimicrobial resistance pattern as well as mobile genetic element compared to global pandemic strains. This study data could be used in planning future surveillance strategies in Ganges Delta region by informing new epidemiology of current outbreak strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Leekitcharoenphon
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens & Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A Begum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P K M Jensen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Centre for Disaster Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R S Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens & Genomics and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Liao F, Mo Z, Chen M, Pang B, Fu X, Xu W, Jing H, Kan B, Gu W. Comparison and Evaluation of the Molecular Typing Methods for Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Southwest China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:905. [PMID: 29867816 PMCID: PMC5951969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 strains taken from the repository of Yunnan province, southwest China, were abundant and special. We selected 70 typical toxigenic V. cholerae (69 O1 and one O139 serogroup strains) isolated from Yunnan province, performed the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and MLST of virulence gene (V-MLST) methods, and evaluated the resolution abilities for typing methods. The ctxB subunit sequence analysis for all strains have shown that cholera between 1986 and 1995 was associated with mixed infections with El Tor and El Tor variants, while infections after 1996 were all caused by El Tor variant strains. Seventy V. cholerae obtained 50 PFGE patterns, with a high resolution. The strains could be divided into three groups with predominance of strains isolated during 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively, showing a good consistency with the epidemiological investigation. We also evaluated two MLST method for V. cholerae, one was used seven housekeeping genes (adk, gyrB, metE, pntA, mdh, purM, and pyrC), and all the isolates belonged to ST69; another was used nine housekeeping genes (cat, chi, dnaE, gyrB, lap, pgm, recA, rstA, and gmd). A total of seven sequence types (STs) were found by using this method for all the strains; among them, rstA gene had five alleles, recA and gmd have two alleles, and others had only one allele. The virulence gene sequence typing method (ctxAB, tcpA, and toxR) showed that 70 strains were divided into nine STs; among them, tcpA gene had six alleles, toxR had five alleles, while ctxAB was identical for all the strains. The latter two sequences based typing methods also had consistency with epidemiology of the strains. PFGE had a higher resolution ability compared with the sequence based typing method, and MLST used seven housekeeping genes showed the lower resolution power than nine housekeeping genes and virulence genes methods. These two sequence typing methods could distinguish some epidemiological special strains in local area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Zhishuo Mo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Pang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Huaiqi Jing
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpeng Gu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China.,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical School, Kunming, China
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16
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Yu HJ, Cha DSR, Shin DH, Nair GB, Kim EJ, Kim DW. Design and Construction of Vibrio cholerae Strains That Harbor Various CTX Prophage Arrays. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29563899 PMCID: PMC5846015 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains arise upon infection and integration of the lysogenic cholera toxin phage, the CTX phage, into bacterial chromosomes. The V. cholerae serogroup O1 strains identified to date can be broadly categorized into three main groups: the classical biotype strains, which harbor CTX-cla; the prototype El Tor strains (Wave 1 strains), which harbor CTX-1; and the atypical El Tor strains, which harbor CTX-2 (Wave 2 strains) or CTX-3~6 (Wave 3 strains). The efficiencies of replication and transmission of CTX phages are similar, suggesting the possibility of existence of more diverse bacterial strains harboring various CTX phages and their arrays in nature. In this study, a set of V. cholerae strains was constructed by the chromosomal integration of CTX phages into strains that already harbored CTX phages or those that did not harbor any CTX phage or RS1 element. Strains containing repeats of the same kind of CTX phage, strains containing the same kind of CTX phage in each chromosome, strains containing alternative CTX phages in one chromosome, or containing different CTX phages in each chromosome have been constructed. Thus, strains with any CTX array can be designed and constructed. Moreover, the strains described in this study contained the toxT-139F allele, which enhances the expression of TcpA and cholera toxin. These characteristics are considered to be important for cholera vaccine development. Once their capacity to provoke immunity in human against V. cholerae infection is evaluated, some of the generated strains could be developed further to yield cholera vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun J Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Da S R Cha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Gopinath B Nair
- South East Asia Regional Office, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Eun J Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Dong W Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea.,Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
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17
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Mironova LV, Gladkikh AS, Ponomareva AS, Feranchuk SI, Bochalgin NО, Basov EA, Yu Khunkheeva Z, Balakhonov SV. Comparative genomics of Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains isolated at epidemic complications in Siberia and at the Far East. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:80-88. [PMID: 29462719 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The territory of Siberia and the Far East of Russia is classified as epidemically safe for cholera; however, in the 1970s and 1990s a number of infection importation cases and acute outbreaks associated with the cholera importation were reported. Here, we analyze genomes of four Vibrio cholerae El Tor strains isolated from humans during epidemic complications (imported cases, an outbreak) in the 1990s. The analyzed strains harbor the classical allele of the cholera toxin subunit B gene (ctxB1); thus, belong to genetically altered variants of the El Tor biotype. Analysis of the genomes revealed their high homology with the V. cholerae N16961 reference strain: 85-93 SNPs were identified in the core genome as compared to the reference. The determined features of SNPs in the CTX prophage made it possible to propose the presence of a new subtype - CTX-2a in two strains; the other two strains carried the prophage of CTX-3 type. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on SNP-typing demonstrated that two strains belonged to the second wave, and two - to the early third wave of cholera dissemination in the world. Phylogenetic reconstruction in combination with epidemiological data permitted to trace the origin of the strains and the way of their importation to the Russian Federation directly or through temporary cholera foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya V Mironova
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
| | - Anna S Gladkikh
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia.
| | - Anna S Ponomareva
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
| | - Sergey I Feranchuk
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia; Limnological Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3, Ulan-Batorskaya str., Irkutsk 664033, Russia
| | - Nikita О Bochalgin
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
| | - Evgenii A Basov
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
| | - Zhanna Yu Khunkheeva
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
| | - Sergey V Balakhonov
- Irkutsk Antiplague Research Institute of Rospotrebnadzor, 78, Trillisser str., Irkutsk 664047, Russia
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18
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Zaw MT, Emran NA, Ibrahim MY, Suleiman M, Awang Mohd TA, Yusuff AS, Naing KS, Myint T, Jikal M, Salleh MA, Lin Z. Genetic diversity of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from Sabah, Malaysia 2015. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:563-570. [PMID: 29428381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera is an important health problem in Sabah, a Malaysian state in northern Borneo; however, Vibrio cholerae in Sabah have never been characterized. Since 2002, serogroup O1 strains having the traits of both classical and El Tor biotype, designated as atypical El Tor biotype, have been increasingly reported as the cause of cholera worldwide. These variants are believed to produce clinically more severe disease like classical strains. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of V.cholerae in Sabah and whether V.cholerae in Sabah belong to atypical El Tor biotype. METHODS ERIC-PCR, a DNA fingerprinting method for bacterial pathogens based on the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence, was used to study the genetic diversity of 65 clinical V.cholerae O1 isolates from 3 districts (Kudat, Beluran, Sandakan) in Sabah and one environmental isolate from coastal sea water in Kudat district. In addition, we studied the biotype-specific genetic traits in these isolates to establish their biotype. RESULTS Different fingerprint patterns were seen in isolates from these three districts but one of the patterns was seen in more than one district. Clinical isolates and environmental isolate have different patterns. In addition, Sabah isolates harbor genetic traits specific to both classical biotype (ctxB-1, rstRCla) and El Tor biotype (rstRET, rstC, tcpAET, rtxC, VC2346). CONCLUSION This study revealed that V.cholerae in Sabah were genetically diverse and were atypical El Tor strains. Fingerprint patterns of these isolates will be useful in tracing the origin of this pathogen in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Thura Zaw
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nor Amalina Emran
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Maria Suleiman
- Sabah State Health Department, Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandaran, 88000 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Tajul Ariffin Awang Mohd
- Kota Kinabalu Public Health Laboratory, Bukit Padang, Jalan Kolam, 88850 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Aza Sherin Yusuff
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Khin Saw Naing
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Than Myint
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Azmi Salleh
- Pathology Department, Hospital Duchess of Kent, KM3.2 Jalan Utara, 9000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zaw Lin
- Pathobiological and Medical Diagnostics Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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19
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Nguyen TH, Pham TD, Higa N, Iwashita H, Takemura T, Ohnishi M, Morita K, Yamashiro T. Analysis of Vibrio seventh pandemic island II and novel genomic islands in relation to attachment sequences among a wide variety of Vibrio cholerae strains. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:150-157. [PMID: 29315809 PMCID: PMC5900727 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, the pathogen responsible for the current cholera pandemic, became pathogenic by acquiring virulent factors including Vibrio seventh pandemic islands (VSP)‐I and −II. Diversity of VSP‐II is well recognized; however, studies addressing attachment sequence left (attL) sequences of VSP‐II are few. In this report, a wide variety of V. cholerae strains were analyzed for the structure and distribution of VSP‐II in relation to their attachment sequences. Of 188 V. cholerae strains analyzed, 81% (153/188) strains carried VSP‐II; of these, typical VSP‐II, and a short variant was found in 36% (55/153), and 63% (96/153), respectively. A novel VSP‐II was found in two V. cholerae non‐O1/non‐O139 strains. In addition to the typical 14‐bp attL, six new attL‐like sequences were identified. The 14‐bp attL was associated with VSP‐II in 91% (139/153), whereas the remaining six types were found in 9.2% (14/153) of V. cholerae strains. Of note, six distinct types of the attL‐like sequence were found in the seventh pandemic wave 1 strains; however, only one or two types were found in the wave 2 or 3 strains. Interestingly, 86% (24/28) of V. cholerae seventh pandemic strains harboring a 13‐bp attL‐like sequence were devoid of VSP‐II. Six novel genomic islands using two unique insertion sites to those of VSP‐II were identified in 11 V. cholerae strains in this study. Four of those shared similar gene clusters with VSP‐II, except integrase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Hai Nguyen
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tho Duc Pham
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Naomi Higa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hanako Iwashita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Taichiro Takemura
- Department of Tropical Microbiology, Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.,Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
Infectious diseases kill nearly 9 million people annually. Bacterial pathogens are responsible for a large proportion of these diseases, and the bacterial agents of pneumonia, diarrhea, and tuberculosis are leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Increasingly, the crucial role of nonhost environments in the life cycle of bacterial pathogens is being recognized. Heightened scrutiny has been given to the biological processes impacting pathogen dissemination and survival in the natural environment, because these processes are essential for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria to new hosts. This chapter focuses on the model environmental pathogen Vibrio cholerae to describe recent advances in our understanding of how pathogens survive between hosts and to highlight the processes necessary to support the cycle of environmental survival, transmission, and dissemination. We describe the physiological and molecular responses of V. cholerae to changing environmental conditions, focusing on its survival in aquatic reservoirs between hosts and its entry into and exit from human hosts.
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Nguyen TV, Pham QD, Do QK, Diep TT, Phan HC, Ho TV, Do HT, Phan LT, Tran HN. Cholera returns to southern Vietnam in an outbreak associated with consuming unsafe water through iced tea: A matched case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005490. [PMID: 28406946 PMCID: PMC5390973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After more than a decade of steadily declining notifications, the number of reported cholera cases has recently increased in Vietnam. We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate transmission of cholera during an outbreak in Ben Tre, southern Vietnam, and to explore the associated risk factors. Methodology/Principal findings Sixty of 71 diarrheal patients confirmed to be infected with cholera by culture and diagnosed between May 9 and August 3, 2010 in Ben Tre were consecutively recruited as case-patients. Case-patients were matched 1:4 to controls by commune, sex, and 5-year age group. Risk factors for cholera were examined by multivariable conditional logistic regression. In addition, environmental samples from villages containing case-patients were taken to identify contamination of food and water sources. The regression indicated that drinking iced tea (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 8.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.84–39.25), not always boiling drinking water (aOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.03–6.67), having the main source of water for use being close to a toilet (aOR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.37–13.88), living with people who had acute diarrhea (aOR = 13.72, 95% CI: 2.77–67.97), and little or no education (aOR = 4.89, 95% CI: 1.18–20.19) were significantly associated with increased risk of cholera. In contrast, drinking stored rainwater (aOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04–0.63), eating cooked seafood (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10–0.73), and eating steamed vegetables (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07–0.70) were protective against cholera. Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa carrying ctxA was found in two of twenty-five river water samples and one of six wastewater samples. Conclusions/Significance The magnitude of the cholera outbreak in Ben Tre was lower than in other similar settings. This investigation identified several risk factors and underscored the importance of continued responses targeting cholera prevention in southern Vietnam. The association between drinking iced tea and cholera and the spread of V. cholerae O1, altered El Tor strains warrant further research. These findings might be affected by a number of limitations due to the inability to capture asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic infections, the possible underreporting of personal unhygienic behaviors, and the purposive selection of environmental samples. Cholera is a highly contagious, acute diarrheal illness, which poses a profound health threat in many parts of the less developed world. The majority of cases are reported from Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia, and the Americas (i.e., Haiti) where infections are primarily transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water. Today in the era of widely available rehydration therapies and antibiotics, deaths due to cholera are quite rare. Despite this, early detection of contaminated water sources is crucial for directing early interventions for curbing community-wide transmission. The authors found evidence linking an outbreak of cholera in southern Vietnam to consumption of unsafe water, especially drinking iced tea. This finding suggests the need for a water-monitoring system at ice-making plants. Further research is needed to confirm the biological link between iced tea consumption and cholera infection. Larger studies should also be conducted to understand the clinical consequences of infection with the new cholera agent (V. cholerae O1, altered El Tor strains).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Quang D. Pham
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quoc K. Do
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tai T. Diep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung C. Phan
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thang V. Ho
- Department for Disease Control and Prevention, Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong T. Do
- Ben Tre Preventive Health Centre, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Lan T. Phan
- Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huu N. Tran
- Pasteur Institute, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Bhotra T, Das MM, Pal BB, Singh DV. Genomic profile of antibiotic resistant, classical ctxB positive Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolated in 2003 and 2005 from Puri, India: A retrospective study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 34:462-470. [PMID: 27934824 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine eight strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated in 2003 and 2005 from Puri, India, for antibiotic susceptibility, presence of virulence and regulatory genes, cholera toxin (CT) production, CTX arrangement and genomic profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial strains were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using disc diffusion assay. Polymerase chain reaction determined the presence of antibiotic resistance, virulence and regulatory genes. To determine the type of cholera toxin subunit B (ctxB), nucleotide sequencing was performed. Southern hybridisation determined the number and arrangement of CTXΦ. Ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were used to determine the genomic profile of isolates. RESULTS All the eight strains, except one strain, showed resistant to nalidixic acid, sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin and trimethoprim and possessed the sullI, strB, dfrA1 and int SXT genes. All the strains carried the toxin-co-regulated pilus pathogenicity island, the CTX genetic element, the repeat in toxin and produced CT. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis showed that V. cholerae O1 possess a single copy of the CTX element flanked by tandemly arranged RS element. Nucleotide sequencing of the ctxB gene showed the presence of classical ctxB. RFLP analysis of conserved rRNA gene showed two ribotype patterns. PFGE analysis also showed at least three PFGE patterns, irrespective of year of isolations, indicating the genomic relatedness among them. CONCLUSION Overall, these data suggest that classical ctxB-positive V. cholerae O1 El Tor strains that appeared in 2003 continue to cause infection in 2005 in Puri, India, and belong to identical ribotype(s) and/or pulsotype(s). There is need to continuous monitor the emergence of variant of El Tor because it will improve our understanding of the evolution of new clones of variant of V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhotra
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M M Das
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B B Pal
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - D V Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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23
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Abstract
The toxigenic classical and El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 strains are generated by lysogenization of host-type-specific cholera toxin phages (CTX phages). Experimental evidence of the replication and transmission of an El Tor biotype-specific CTX phage, CTX-1, has explained the evolution of V. cholerae El Tor biotype strains. The generation of classical biotype strains has not been demonstrated in the laboratory, and the classical biotype-specific CTX phage, CTX-cla, is considered to be defective with regard to replication. However, the identification of atypical El Tor strains that contain CTX-cla-like phage, CTX-2, indicates that CTX-cla and CTX-2 replicate and can be transmitted to V. cholerae strains. The replication of CTX-cla and CTX-2 phages and the transduction of El Tor biotype strains by various CTX phages under laboratory conditions are demonstrated in this report. We have established a plasmid-based CTX phage replication system that supports the replication of CTX-1, CTX-cla, CTX-2, and CTX-O139. The replication of CTX-2 from the tandem repeat of lysogenic CTX-2 in Wave 2 El Tor strains is also presented. El Tor biotype strains can be transduced by CTX phages in vitro by introducing a point mutation in toxT, the transcriptional activator of the tcp (toxin coregulated pilus) gene cluster and the cholera toxin gene. This mutation also increases the expression of cholera toxin in El Tor strains in a sample single-phase culture. Our results thus constitute experimental evidence of the genetic mechanism of the evolution of V. cholerae.
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Ghosh R, Sharma NC, Halder K, Bhadra RK, Chowdhury G, Pazhani GP, Shinoda S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T. Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity in Vibrio cholerae O139 Isolated from Cholera Cases in Delhi, India during 2001-2006. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1250. [PMID: 27555841 PMCID: PMC4977278 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 has declined in cholera endemic countries. However, sporadic cholera caused by V. cholerae O139 with notable genetic changes is still reported from many regions. In the present study, 42 V. cholerae O139 strains isolated from 2001 to 2006 in Delhi, India, were retrospectively analyzed to understand their phenotype and molecular characteristics. The majority of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. Though the integrative conjugative element was detected in all the O139 isolates, the 2004–2006 isolates remained susceptible to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. Cholera toxin genotype 1 was present in the majority of the O139 isolates while few had type 3 or a novel type 4. In the cholera toxin encoding gene (ctx) restriction fragment length polymorphism, the majority of the isolates harbored three copies of CTX element, of which one was truncated. In this study, the ctx was detected for the first time in the small chromosome of V. cholerae O139 and one isolate harbored 5 copies of CTX element, of which 3 were truncated. The ribotype BII pattern was found in most of the O139 isolates. Three V. cholerae O139 isolated in 2001 had a new ribotype BVIII. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed clonal variation in 2001 isolates compared to the 2004–2006 isolates. Molecular changes in V. cholerae O139 have to be closely monitored as this information may help in understanding the changing genetic features of this pathogen in relation to the epidemiology of cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikamal Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, India
| | | | - Kalpataru Halder
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, India
| | - Rupak K Bhadra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, India
| | - Sumio Shinoda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases Kolkata, India
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Faridabad, India
| | - Thadavarayan Ramamurthy
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Faridabad, India
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Nguyen DT, Ngo TC, Le TH, Nguyen HT, Morita M, Arakawa E, Ohnishi M, Nguyen BM, Izumiya H. Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae O1 in northern Vietnam (2007-2009), using multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1007-1012. [PMID: 27452304 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is an infectious disease of major concern in Vietnam and other Asian countries. In 2009, there was a large outbreak of cholera in northern Vietnam. To investigate relationships among isolates of the causative pathogen Vibrio cholerae in this region since 2007, we carried out a multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) of 170 isolates collected between 2007 and 2009. A total of 24 MLVA types were identified using seven loci. Five clones (1-5) were identified using five loci of the large V. cholerae chromosome; clones 1 and 2 were major, and the others were minor. Clone 1 isolates were responsible for the 2009 outbreak. A shift in the predominant clone occurred between 2007 and 2009, with clone 1 likely derived from clone 2. Moreover, the former was less diverse than the latter, suggesting a single source of cholera dissemination. Epidemiological data indicated a wavelet prior to the large outbreak, suggesting that drinking water source or food chain became contaminated during dissemination. Our results reveal the utility of MLVA for analysis of V. cholerae isolates within a relatively short period and broaden our understanding of its transmission and response to cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Tu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Cuong Ngo
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Huong Le
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoai Thu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Masatomo Morita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eiji Arakawa
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Binh Minh Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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26
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Abstract
An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic. Vibrio cholerae O1 prototype El Tor and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997). Nontoxigenic (CTX−) V. cholerae El Tor dominated toxigenic (CTX+) strains (2001 to 2003), but V. cholerae CTX+ variant El Tor was isolated during 2004 to 2008, outcompeting CTX−V. cholerae. Genomes of six Mexican V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 1991 to 2008 were sequenced and compared with both contemporary and archived strains of V. cholerae. Three were CTX+ El Tor, two were CTX− El Tor, and the remaining strain was a CTX+ classical isolate. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed the six isolates belonged to five distinct phylogenetic clades. One CTX− isolate is ancestral to the 6th and 7th pandemic CTX+V. cholerae isolates. The other CTX− isolate joined with CTX− non-O1/O139 isolates from Haiti and seroconverted O1 isolates from Brazil and Amazonia. One CTX+ isolate was phylogenetically placed with the sixth pandemic classical clade and the V. cholerae O395 classical reference strain. Two CTX+ El Tor isolates possessing intact Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) are related to hybrid El Tor isolates from Mozambique and Bangladesh. The third CTX+ El Tor isolate contained West African-South American (WASA) recombination in VSP-II and showed relatedness to isolates from Peru and Brazil. Except for one isolate, all Mexican isolates lack SXT/R391 integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and sensitivity to selected antibiotics, with one isolate resistant to streptomycin. No isolates were related to contemporary isolates from Asia, Africa, or Haiti, indicating phylogenetic diversity. Sequencing of genomes of V. cholerae is critical if genetic changes occurring over time in the circulating population of an area of endemicity are to be understood. Although cholera outbreaks occurred rarely in Mexico prior to the 1990s, genetically diverse V. cholerae O1 strains were isolated between 1991 and 2008. Despite the lack of strong evidence, the notion that cholera was transmitted from Africa to Latin America has been proposed in the literature. In this study, we have applied whole-genome sequence analysis to a set of 124 V. cholerae strains, including six Mexican isolates, to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the six V. cholerae O1 isolates belong to five phylogenetic clades: i.e., basal, nontoxigenic, classical, El Tor, and hybrid El Tor. Thus, the results of phylogenetic analysis, coupled with CTXϕ array and antibiotic susceptibility, do not support single-source transmission of cholera to Mexico from African countries. The association of indigenous populations of V. cholerae that has been observed in this study suggests it plays a significant role in the dynamics of cholera in Mexico.
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27
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Pang B, Du P, Zhou Z, Diao B, Cui Z, Zhou H, Kan B. The Transmission and Antibiotic Resistance Variation in a Multiple Drug Resistance Clade of Vibrio cholerae Circulating in Multiple Countries in Asia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149742. [PMID: 26930352 PMCID: PMC4773069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae has caused massive outbreaks and even trans-continental epidemics. In 2008 and 2010, at least 3 remarkable cholera outbreaks occurred in Hainan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of China. To address the possible transmissions and the relationships to the 7th pandemic strains of those 3 outbreaks, we sequenced the whole genomes of the outbreak isolates and compared with the global isolates from the 7th pandemic. The three outbreaks in this study were caused by a cluster of V. cholerae in clade 3.B which is parallel to the clade 3.C that was transmitted from Nepal to Haiti and caused an outbreak in 2010. Pan-genome analysis provided additional evolution information on the mobile element and acquired multiple antibiotic resistance genes. We suggested that clade 3.B should be monitored because the multiple antibiotic resistant characteristics of this clade and the ‘amplifier’ function of China in the global transmission of current Cholera pandemic. We also show that dedicated whole genome sequencing analysis provided more information than the previous techniques and should be applied in the disease surveillance networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Baowei Diao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biao Kan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Diep TT, Nguyen NTN, Nguyen TNC, An HK, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen VH, Nguyen TV, Nguyen TNA, Izumiya H, Ohnishi M, Yamashiro T, Nguyen LTP. Isolation of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1-producing Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain carrying ctxA, st and hly genes in southern Vietnam. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:262-7. [PMID: 25683557 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 (VC_NAG) organisms are universally present in the aquatic environment and regarded as non-pathogenic bacteria. However, considering that they do occasionally induce gastroenteritis, a study of their virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is important. The presence of enteropathogenic genes, including ctxA, VC_NAG-specific heat-stable toxin gene (st), hemolysin (hly), and zona occludens toxin (zot) was determined by PCR in 100 VC_NAG strains isolated in southern Vietnam in 2010-2013 from 94 environmental and six human origins. These 100 VC_NAG strains were also tested phenotypically and genotypically for the presence of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1). Of the 100 VC_NAG strains tested, six were positive for ctxA; five from the environment and one of human origin. The st gene was detected in 17 isolates, 15 and two of which were of environmental and human origins, respectively. Gene hly was detected in 19 VC_NAG strains examined, two of which were isolated from humans and 17 from environments. The zot gene was not detected in any of the strains tested. Three VC_NAG strains of environmental origin were confirmed to produce NDM-1 and the blaNDM-1 gene was detected in those strains by PCR. Of note, one of the three NDM-1-producing VC_NAG strains was confirmed to carry ctxA, st and hly genes concurrently. This is the first report of isolation of NDM-1-producing VC_NAG strains in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai The Diep
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhi Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Cat Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Huy Khac An
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truong Quang Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hoang Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Van Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thu Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hidemasa Izumiya
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, c/o National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Phuong Nguyen
- Laboratory of Bacteria Microbiology and Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, 167 Pasteur Street District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Jain M, Kumar P, Goel AK. Emergence of Tetracycline Resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor Serotype Ogawa with Classical ctxB Gene from a Cholera Outbreak in Odisha, Eastern India. J Pathog 2016; 2016:1695410. [PMID: 26881083 PMCID: PMC4735907 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1695410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2010, a cholera outbreak was reported from Odisha, Eastern India. V. cholerae isolated from the clinical samples were biochemically and serologically confirmed as serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, and serotype Ogawa. Multiplex PCR screening revealed the presence of various genes, namely, ompW, ctxB, zot, rfbO1, tcp, ace, hlyA, ompU, rtx, and toxR, in all of the isolates. The isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, and vibriostatic agent 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129). Minimum inhibitory concentration of tetracycline decreased in the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), suggesting the involvement of efflux pumps. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of class I integrons as well as SXT elements harbouring antibiotic resistance genes in all isolates. Sequencing revealed the presence of ctxB gene of classical biotype in all the isolates. The isolates harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array with El Tor type rstR and classical ctxB on the large chromosome. The study indicated that the V. cholerae El Tor variants are evolving in the area with better antibiotic resistance and virulence potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jain
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P. Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A. K. Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
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Mohaptra SS, Mantri CK, Bhotra T, Singh DV. Characteristics of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from water of the River Ganga, Varanasi, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:507-15. [PMID: 26470956 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.167327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of fresh and brackish water and estuarine system. Investigation of V. cholerae from the River Ganga seems important to find variation in CTX arrangement and genomic diversity. OBJECTIVES To investigate V. cholerae O1 strains for the presence of virulence and regulatory genes, variation in number and organisation of the pre-CTXΦ and/or CTXΦ, and for the genomic diversity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect virulence and regulatory genes, type of rstR and location of CTXΦ on the chromosome. Southern hybridisation was conducted to see the number and arrangement of pre-CTXΦ and CTXΦ. Ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were used to find genetic relatedness. RESULTS Seven strains gave positive results by PCR for the gene encoding for ctx A, zot, ace, tcp A (El Tor), omp U, and tox R, except one strain that was negative for the ctx A. Three strains were positive for the tcp A (El Tor), omp U and tox R genes. Determination of CTX organisation showed that among the ctx-positive strains, four harboured two copies of CTXETΦ arranged in tandem and two harboured one copy of CTXETΦ, and one ctx-negative strain harboured only one copy of pre-CTXETΦ. Pulsotype and ribotype analysis showed existence of at least three pulsotype and ribotypes indicating diversity in genomic content among them. CONCLUSION This study thus indicates that multiple clones (ribotypes/pulsotypes) of V. cholerae O1 carrying pre-CTXΦ and/or CTXΦ and ctx-negative strains were present in the water of the River Ganga, Varanasi, India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - D V Singh
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Kim EJ, Lee CH, Nair GB, Kim DW. Whole-genome sequence comparisons reveal the evolution of Vibrio cholerae O1. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:479-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bakhshi B, Mahmoudi-Aznaveh A, Salimi-Khorashad A. Clonal Dissemination of a Single Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor Strain in Sistan-Baluchestan Province of Iran During 2013. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:163-9. [PMID: 25862465 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although much is known about the mechanisms affecting cholera spread, cholera outbreaks occur annually in Iran. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess the clonal correlation of strains obtained from an outbreak in 2013 in Iran. Thirty-three strains of Vibrio cholerae were isolated from stool sample of patients majority of them belonged to Afghan nationality. PCR and sequencing analysis was performed to characterize virulence and resistance associates genes and cassettes. Clonality of isolates was assessed by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. The ctx, zot, and tcp genes were present in 100 % of isolates. The wbeT gene was absent in all V. cholerae outbreak isolates, integrity of which is essential for Ogawa phenotype. This correlates with Inaba phenotype of all isolates under study. Sequencing of the ctxB (+) strains revealed that all isolates (El Tor strains) possessed the ctxB sequence of classical biotype allele known as El Tor variant strains. No class 1 or 2 integrons were detected among the isolates which indicate that in spite of high rate of resistance, integrons do not play an important role in V. cholerae resistance. All isolates were chloramphenicol sensitive all of which showed resistance to tetracycline and harbored the tetB resistance gene. PFGE analysis showed identical pulsotypes indicative of clonal dissemination of a single V. cholerae strain among the patients under study. Clonal cholera outbreak in boarder cities is alarming due to fear of import and spread of V. cholerae strains from out of the country which may lead to more spreading epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,
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Kar SK, Pal BB, Khuntia HK, Achary KG, Khuntia CP. Emergence and spread of tetracycline resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant during 2010 cholera epidemic in the tribal areas of Odisha, India. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 33:45-9. [PMID: 25543097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The epidemics of cholera were reported in the Kashipur, K.singhpur, B cuttack blocks of Rayagada district and Mohana block of Gajapati district of Odisha during 2010. The present study was carried out to isolate the bacterial pathogen, its drug sensitivity pattern and to describe the spread of the disease in those areas. METHODS A total of 68 rectal swabs collected from patients with severe diarrhea, admitted to different health centers and diarrhea affected villages were bacteriologically analyzed. Similarly 22 water samples collected from different villages from nala, chua, etc were tested for the presence of V cholerae. RESULTS Out of 68 rectal swabs tested 35 (51.5%) were V cholerae O1 Ogawa and 14(20.6%) were E coli; which might be commensals. All water samples were negative for V cholerae. The V cholerae strains were sensitive to gentamicin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and ofloxacin; but were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, furazolidone, streptomycin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and chloramphenicol. All V cholerae strains were 100% resistant to tetracycline and they were El Tor variants harboring ctxB gene of classical strain. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated the emergence and spread of tetracycline resistant V cholerae O1 El Tor variant in the tribal areas which needs close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Kumar Kar
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Pal
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Hemanta Kumar Khuntia
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - K Gopinath Achary
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, (ICMR), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Mukhopadhyay AK, Takeda Y, Balakrish Nair G. Cholera outbreaks in the El Tor biotype era and the impact of the new El Tor variants. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 379:17-47. [PMID: 24710767 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1, the causative agent of the disease cholera, has two biotypes namely the classical and El Tor. Biotype is a subspecific taxonomic classification of V. cholerae O1. Differentiation of V. cholerae strains into biotype does not alter the clinical management of cholera but is of immense public health and epidemiological importance in identifying the source and spread of infection, particularly when V. cholerae is first isolated in a country or geographic area. From recorded history, till date, the world has experienced seven pandemics of cholera. Among these, the first six pandemics are believed to have been caused by the classical biotype whereas the ongoing seventh pandemic is caused by the El Tor biotype. In recent years, new pathogenic variants of V. cholerae have emerged and spread throughout many Asian and African countries with corresponding cryptic changes in the epidemiology of cholera. In this chapter, we describe the outbreaks during the seventh pandemic El Tor biotype era spanning more than five decades along with the recent advances in our understanding of the development, evolution, spread, and impact of the new variants of El Tor strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India,
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Kim EJ, Lee D, Moon SH, Lee CH, Kim SJ, Lee JH, Kim JO, Song M, Das B, Clemens JD, Pape JW, Nair GB, Kim DW. Molecular insights into the evolutionary pathway of Vibrio cholerae O1 atypical El Tor variants. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004384. [PMID: 25233006 PMCID: PMC4169478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic V. cholerae strains in the O1 serogroup have 2 biotypes: classical and El Tor. The classical biotype strains of the sixth pandemic, which encode the classical type cholera toxin (CT), have been replaced by El Tor biotype strains of the seventh pandemic. The prototype El Tor strains that produce biotype-specific cholera toxin are being replaced by atypical El Tor variants that harbor classical cholera toxin. Atypical El Tor strains are categorized into 2 groups, Wave 2 and Wave 3 strains, based on genomic variations and the CTX phage that they harbor. Whole-genome analysis of V. cholerae strains in the seventh cholera pandemic has demonstrated gradual changes in the genome of prototype and atypical El Tor strains, indicating that atypical strains arose from the prototype strains by replacing the CTX phages. We examined the molecular mechanisms that effected the emergence of El Tor strains with classical cholera toxin-carrying phage. We isolated an intermediary V. cholerae strain that carried two different CTX phages that encode El Tor and classical cholera toxin, respectively. We show here that the intermediary strain can be converted into various Wave 2 strains and can act as the source of the novel mosaic CTX phages. These results imply that the Wave 2 and Wave 3 strains may have been generated from such intermediary strains in nature. Prototype El Tor strains can become Wave 3 strains by excision of CTX-1 and re-equipping with the new CTX phages. Our data suggest that inter-chromosomal recombination between 2 types of CTX phages is possible when a host bacterial cell is infected by multiple CTX phages. Our study also provides molecular insights into population changes in V. cholerae in the absence of significant changes to the genome but by replacement of the CTX prophage that they harbor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Dokyung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Moon
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Jae Ouk Kim
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - John D. Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jean William Pape
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Les Centres GHESKIO, Port-au-Prince, Haïti
| | - G. Balakrish Nair
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- Institute of Pharmacological Research, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Anh DD, Lopez AL, Tran HTM, Cuong NV, Thiem VD, Ali M, Deen JL, von Seidlein L, Sack DA. Oral cholera vaccine development and use in Vietnam. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001712. [PMID: 25180511 PMCID: PMC4151976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anna Lena Lopez and colleagues give an overview of the cholera situation in Vietnam and discuss how an oral cholera vaccine was developed and used as a component of a public health strategy against the disease. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anna Lena Lopez
- University of the Philippines Manila-National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline L. Deen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Dixit SM, Johura FT, Manandhar S, Sadique A, Rajbhandari RM, Mannan SB, Rashid MU, Islam S, Karmacharya D, Watanabe H, Sack RB, Cravioto A, Alam M. Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:392. [PMID: 25022982 PMCID: PMC4223374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although endemic cholera causes significant morbidity and mortality each year in Nepal, lack of information about the causal bacterium often hinders cholera intervention and prevention. In 2012, diarrheal outbreaks affected three districts of Nepal with confirmed cases of mortality. This study was designed to understand the drug response patterns, source, and transmission of Vibrio cholerae associated with 2012 cholera outbreaks in Nepal. Methods V. cholerae (n = 28) isolated from 2012 diarrhea outbreaks {n = 22; Kathmandu (n = 12), Doti (n = 9), Bajhang (n = 1)}, and surface water (n = 6; Kathmandu) were tested for antimicrobial response. Virulence properties and DNA fingerprinting of the strains were determined by multi-locus genetic screening employing polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results All V. cholerae strains isolated from patients and surface water were confirmed to be toxigenic, belonging to serogroup O1, Ogawa serotype, biotype El Tor, and possessed classical biotype cholera toxin (CTX). Double-mismatch amplification mutation assay (DMAMA)-PCR revealed the V. cholerae strains to possess the B-7 allele of ctx subunit B. DNA sequencing of tcpA revealed a point mutation at amino acid position 64 (N → S) while the ctxAB promoter revealed four copies of the tandem heptamer repeat sequence 5'-TTTTGAT-3'. V. cholerae possessed all the ORFs of the Vibrio seventh pandemic island (VSP)-I but lacked the ORFs 498–511 of VSP-II. All strains were multidrug resistant with resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nalidixic acid (NA), and streptomycin (S); all carried the SXT genetic element. DNA sequencing and deduced amino acid sequence of gyrA and parC of the NAR strains (n = 4) revealed point mutations at amino acid positions 83 (S → I), and 85 (S → L), respectively. Similar PFGE (NotI) pattern revealed the Nepalese V. cholerae to be clonal, and related closely with V. cholerae associated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti. Conclusions In 2012, diarrhea outbreaks in three districts of Nepal were due to transmission of multidrug resistant V. cholerae El Tor possessing cholera toxin (ctx) B-7 allele, which is clonal and related closely with V. cholerae associated with cholera in Bangladesh and Haiti.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, GPO Box 128, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Occurrence in Mexico, 1998-2008, of Vibrio cholerae CTX+ El Tor carrying an additional truncated CTX prophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9917-22. [PMID: 24958870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323408111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The seventh cholera pandemic caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor (ET) has been superseded in Asia and Africa by altered ET possessing the cholera toxin (CTX) gene of classical (CL) biotype. The CL biotype of V. cholerae was isolated, along with prototypic and altered ET, during the 1991 cholera epidemic in Mexico and subsequently remained endemic until 1997. Microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2008 revealed important genetic events favoring predominance of ET over CL and altered ET. V. cholerae altered ET was predominant after 1991 but not after 2000. V. cholerae strains isolated between 2001 and 2003 and a majority isolated in 2004 lacked CTX prophage (Φ) genes encoding CTX subunits A and B and repeat sequence transcriptional regulators of ET and CL biotypes: i.e., CTXΦ(-). Most CTXΦ(-) V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 2001 and 2003 also lacked toxin coregulated pili tcpA whereas some carried either tcpA(ET) or a variant tcpA with noticeable sequence dissimilarity from tcpA(CL). The tcpA variants were not detected in 2005 after CTXΦ(+) ET became dominant. All clinical and environmental V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 2005-2008 in Mexico were CTXΦ(+) ET, carrying an additional truncated CTXΦ instead of RS1 satellite phage. Despite V. cholerae CTXΦ(-) ET exhibiting heterogeneity in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, CTXΦ(+) ET isolated during 2004-2008 displayed homogeneity and clonal relationship with V. cholerae ET N16961 and V. cholerae ET isolated in Peru.
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Rosewell A, Ropa B, Randall H, Dagina R, Hurim S, Bieb S, Datta S, Ramamurthy S, Mola G, Zwi AB, Ray P, MacIntyre CR. Mobile phone-based syndromic surveillance system, Papua New Guinea. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1811-8. [PMID: 24188144 PMCID: PMC3837650 DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The health care system in Papua New Guinea is fragile, and surveillance systems infrequently meet international standards. To strengthen outbreak identification, health authorities piloted a mobile phone-based syndromic surveillance system and used established frameworks to evaluate whether the system was meeting objectives. Stakeholder experience was investigated by using standardized questionnaires and focus groups. Nine sites reported data that included 7 outbreaks and 92 cases of acute watery diarrhea. The new system was more timely (2.4 vs. 84 days), complete (70% vs. 40%), and sensitive (95% vs. 26%) than existing systems. The system was simple, stable, useful, and acceptable; however, feedback and subnational involvement were weak. A simple syndromic surveillance system implemented in a fragile state enabled more timely, complete, and sensitive data reporting for disease risk assessment. Feedback and provincial involvement require improvement. Use of mobile phone technology might improve the timeliness and efficiency of public health surveillance.
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Kumar P, Mishra DK, Deshmukh DG, Jain M, Zade AM, Ingole KV, Goel AK, Yadava PK. Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor strains with the ctxB7 allele driving cholera outbreaks in south-western India in 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:93-6. [PMID: 24747608 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholera has been a recurrent epidemic disease in human populations for the past 200years. We present herein a comparative characterization of clinical Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from two consecutive cholera outbreaks in 2012 and associated environmental strains from western India. The clinical and toxigenic environmental isolates were identified as hybrid V. cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor carrying the variant ctxB7 allele. Partial sequences of SXT integrase from the isolates revealed 100% identity to ICEVchInd5 (Sevagram, India, 1994) and VC1786ICE (Haiti, 2013). The full clonal relationship of the strains established by RAPD, Box PCR, ERIC PCR and MLST (pyrH, recA and rpoA) analyses, and the short time between the two outbreaks, strongly supported that both outbreaks were due to a single strain. The study corroborated that faecal contamination of the potable water supply was the main reason for the first outbreak, which further spread to other areas and resulted in the second outbreak. The study concluded that the circulating El Tor variant strains of epidemic potential in the region can be a serious concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - D K Mishra
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - M Jain
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A M Zade
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - K V Ingole
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - A K Goel
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P K Yadava
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Yi Y, Lu N, Liu F, Li J, Zhang R, Jia L, Jing H, Xia H, Yang Y, Zhu B, Hu Y, Cui Y. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of a Vibrio cholerae O139 strain E306 isolated from a cholera case in China. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:3. [PMID: 24517211 PMCID: PMC3923101 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio cholerae is a human intestinal pathogen and V. cholerae of the O139 serogroups are responsible for the current epidemic cholera in China. In this work, we reported the whole genome sequencing of a V. cholerae O139 strain E306 isolated from a cholera patient in the 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China. Results We obtained the draft genome of V. cholerae O139 strain E306 with a length of 4,161,908 bps and mean G + C content of 47.7%. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain E306 was very close to another O139 strain, V. cholerae MO10, which was isolated during the cholera outbreak in India and Bangladesh. However, unlike MO10, strain E306 harbors the El Tor-specific RS1 element with no pre-CTX prophage (VSK), very similar to those found in some V. cholerae O1 strains. In addition, strain E306 contains a SXT/R391 family integrative conjugative element (ICE) similar to ICEVchInd4 and SXT MO10, and it carries more antibiotic resistance genes than other closest neighbors. Conclusions The genome sequence of the V. cholerae O139 strain E306 and its comparative analysis with other V. cholerae strains we present here will provide important information for a better understanding of the pathogenicity of V. cholerae and their molecular mechanisms to adapt different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yi
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Lu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Jia
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Jing
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hu Xia
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- CAS key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Resistance and Resistome, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Cui
- The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100101, China
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Banerjee R, Das B, Balakrish Nair G, Basak S. Dynamics in genome evolution of Vibrio cholerae. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:32-41. [PMID: 24462909 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of the acute secretary diarrheal disease cholera, is still a major public health concern in developing countries. In former centuries cholera was a permanent threat even to the highly developed populations of Europe, North America, and the northern part of Asia. Extensive studies on the cholera bug over more than a century have made significant advances in our understanding of the disease and ways of treating patients. V. cholerae has more than 200 serogroups, but only few serogroups have caused disease on a worldwide scale. Until the present, the evolutionary relationship of these pandemic causing serogroups was not clear. In the last decades, we have witnessed a shift involving genetically and phenotypically varied pandemic clones of V. cholerae in Asia and Africa. The exponential knowledge on the genome of several representatives V. cholerae strains has been used to identify and analyze the key determinants for rapid evolution of cholera pathogen. Recent comparative genomic studies have identified the presence of various integrative mobile genetic elements (IMGEs) in V. cholerae genome, which can be used as a marker of differentiation of all seventh pandemic clones with very similar core genome. This review attempts to bring together some of the important researches in recent times that have contributed towards understanding the genetics, epidemiology and evolution of toxigenic V. cholerae strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Banerjee
- Department of Bio-Physics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, Phase III, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India
| | - G Balakrish Nair
- Centre for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, Phase III, Udyog Vihar, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India
| | - Surajit Basak
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura, India; Bioinformatics Centre, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura, India.
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Gu W, Yin J, Yang J, Li C, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu W, Zhao S, Liang J, Jing H, Fu X. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae from 1986 to 2012 in Yunnan Province, southwest China bordering Myanmar. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Leaver DJ, Hughes AB, Dawson RM, Postma A, Malic N, Polyzos A. Synthesis of RAFT polymers as bivalent inhibitors of cholera toxin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47500j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a new strategy to develop low molecular weight (18–28 kDa) poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) (PNAM) polymers as bivalent inhibitors of cholera toxin (CT) using Reversible Addition–Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Leaver
- Department of Chemistry
- La Trobe University
- Melbourne, Australia
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South, Australia
| | | | - Raymond M. Dawson
- DSTO Melbourne
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation
- Melbourne, Australia
| | - Almar Postma
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South, Australia
| | - Nino Malic
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton South, Australia
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Abstract
This chapter highlights the cholera situation in South Asia and the Bay of Bengal region, the original 'homeland' of cholera. A detailed discussion of cholera outbreaks in individual countries in South-East Asia follows. The countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) SEARO (South-East Asia Region) region are discussed first, followed by discussions about the other countries in South-East Asia that do not fall within the purview of the WHO SEARO classification of the member countries of the region. Therefore, the chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive yet precise outline of the major cholera outbreaks that have occurred in the region over the years.
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Zebrafish as a natural host model for Vibrio cholerae colonization and transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1710-7. [PMID: 24375135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03580-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the aquatic bacterium Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae in the environment is associated with several varieties of aquatic life, including insect egg masses, shellfish, and vertebrate fish. Here we describe a novel animal model for V. cholerae, the zebrafish. Pandemic V. cholerae strains specifically colonize the zebrafish intestinal tract after exposure in water with no manipulation of the animal required. Colonization occurs in close contact with the intestinal epithelium and mimics colonization observed in mammals. Zebrafish that are colonized by V. cholerae transmit the bacteria to naive fish, which then become colonized. Striking differences in colonization between V. cholerae classical and El Tor biotypes were apparent. The zebrafish natural habitat in Asia heavily overlaps areas where cholera is endemic, suggesting that zebrafish and V. cholerae evolved in close contact with each other. Thus, the zebrafish provides a natural host model for the study of V. cholerae colonization, transmission, and environmental survival.
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Bakhshi B, Boustanshenas M, Mahmoudi-aznaveh A. Emergence of Vibrio cholerae
O1 classical biotype in 2012 in Iran. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:145-9. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bakhshi
- Department of Bacteriology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Boustanshenas
- Department of Bacteriology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - A. Mahmoudi-aznaveh
- Department of Bacteriology; Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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Abstract
Prior to the epidemic that emerged in Haiti in October of 2010, cholera had not been documented in this country. After its introduction, a strain of Vibrio cholerae O1 spread rapidly throughout Haiti, where it caused over 600,000 cases of disease and >7,500 deaths in the first two years of the epidemic. We applied whole-genome sequencing to a temporal series of V. cholerae isolates from Haiti to gain insight into the mode and tempo of evolution in this isolated population of V. cholerae O1. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses supported the hypothesis that all isolates in the sample set diverged from a common ancestor within a time frame that is consistent with epidemiological observations. A pangenome analysis showed nearly homogeneous genomic content, with no evidence of gene acquisition among Haiti isolates. Nine nearly closed genomes assembled from continuous-long-read data showed evidence of genome rearrangements and supported the observation of no gene acquisition among isolates. Thus, intrinsic mutational processes can account for virtually all of the observed genetic polymorphism, with no demonstrable contribution from horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Consistent with this, the 12 Haiti isolates tested by laboratory HGT assays were severely impaired for transformation, although unlike previously characterized noncompetent V. cholerae isolates, each expressed hapR and possessed a functional quorum-sensing system. Continued monitoring of V. cholerae in Haiti will illuminate the processes influencing the origin and fate of genome variants, which will facilitate interpretation of genetic variation in future epidemics. Vibrio cholerae is the cause of substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, with over three million cases of disease each year. An understanding of the mode and rate of evolutionary change is critical for proper interpretation of genome sequence data and attribution of outbreak sources. The Haiti epidemic provides an unprecedented opportunity to study an isolated, single-source outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O1 over an established time frame. By using multiple approaches to assay genetic variation, we found no evidence that the Haiti strain has acquired any genes by horizontal gene transfer, an observation that led us to discover that it is also poorly transformable. We have found no evidence that environmental strains have played a role in the evolution of the outbreak strain.
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Naha A, Chowdhury G, Ghosh-Banerjee J, Senoh M, Takahashi T, Ley B, Thriemer K, Deen J, Seidlein LV, Ali SM, Khatib A, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Nair GB, Takeda Y, Mukhopadhyay AK. Molecular characterization of high-level-cholera-toxin-producing El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae strains in the Zanzibar Archipelago of Tanzania. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1040-5. [PMID: 23325815 PMCID: PMC3592071 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03162-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 1,180 diarrheal stool samples in Zanzibar detected 247 Vibrio cholerae O1, Ogawa strains in 2009. Phenotypic traits and PCR-based detection of rstR, rtxC, and tcpA alleles showed that they belonged to the El Tor biotype. Genetic analysis of ctxB of these strains revealed that they were classical type, and production of classical cholera toxin B (CTB) was confirmed by Western blotting. These strains produced more CT than the prototype El Tor and formed a separate cluster by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Naha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G. Chowdhury
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - M. Senoh
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Takahashi
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
| | - B. Ley
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K. Thriemer
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Deen
- The International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - L. V. Seidlein
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - S. M. Ali
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania
- Public Health Laboratory, Pemba, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - A. Khatib
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - T. Ramamurthy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R. K. Nandy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G. B. Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Y. Takeda
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at NICED, Kolkata, India
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Chomvarin C, Johura FT, Mannan SB, Jumroenjit W, Kanoktippornchai B, Tangkanakul W, Tantisuwichwong N, Huttayananont S, Watanabe H, Hasan NA, Huq A, Cravioto A, Colwell RR, Alam M. Drug response and genetic properties of Vibrio cholerae associated with endemic cholera in north-eastern Thailand, 2003-2011. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:599-609. [PMID: 23319310 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.053801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, including Thailand. Representative V. cholerae strains associated with endemic cholera (n = 32), including strains (n = 3) from surface water sources, in Khon Kaen, Thailand (2003-2011), were subjected to microbiological, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. According to phenotypic and related genetic data, all tested V. cholerae strains belonged to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor (ET), Inaba (IN) or Ogawa (OG). All of the strains were sensitive to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, while multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains showing resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin were predominant in 2007. V. cholerae strains isolated before and after 2007 were non-MDR. All except six diarrhoeal strains possessed ctxA and ctxB genes and were toxigenic altered ET, confirmed by MAMA-PCR and DNA sequencing. Year-wise data revealed that V. cholerae INET strains isolated between 2003 and 2004, plus one strain isolated in 2007, lacked the RS1 sequence (rstC) and toxin-linked cryptic plasmid (TLC)-specific genetic marker, but possessed CTX(CL) prophage genes ctxB(CL) and rstR(CL). A sharp genetic transition was noted, namely the majority of V. cholerae strains in 2007 and all in 2010 and 2011 were not repressor genotype rstR(CL) but instead were rstR(ET), and all ctx(+) strains possessed RS1 and TLC-specific genetic markers. DNA sequencing data revealed that strains isolated since 2007 had a mutation in the tcpA gene at amino acid position 64 (N→S). Four clonal types, mostly of environmental origin, including subtypes, reflected genetic diversity, while distinct signatures were observed for clonally related, altered ET from Thailand, Vietnam and Bangladesh, confirmed by distinct subclustering patterns observed in the PFGE (NotI)-based dendrogram, suggesting that endemic cholera is caused by V. cholerae indigenous to Khon Kaen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chariya Chomvarin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Fatema-Tuz Johura
- Center for Food and Waterborne Disease, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnewaj B Mannan
- Center for Food and Waterborne Disease, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Warin Jumroenjit
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Waraluk Tangkanakul
- Bureau of General Communicable Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Sriwanna Huttayananont
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
| | - Haruo Watanabe
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nur A Hasan
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Center for Food and Waterborne Disease, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rita R Colwell
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, College Park, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Munirul Alam
- Center for Food and Waterborne Disease, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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