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Xie O, Davies MR, Tong SYC. Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis infection and its intersection with Streptococcus pyogenes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0017523. [PMID: 38856686 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00175-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYStreptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is an increasingly recognized cause of disease in humans. Disease manifestations range from non-invasive superficial skin and soft tissue infections to life-threatening streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. Invasive disease is usually associated with co-morbidities, immunosuppression, and advancing age. The crude incidence of invasive disease approaches that of the closely related pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes. Genomic epidemiology using whole-genome sequencing has revealed important insights into global SDSE population dynamics including emerging lineages and spread of anti-microbial resistance. It has also complemented observations of overlapping pathobiology between SDSE and S. pyogenes, including shared virulence factors and mobile gene content, potentially underlying shared pathogen phenotypes. This review provides an overview of the clinical and genomic epidemiology, disease manifestations, treatment, and virulence determinants of human infections with SDSE with a particular focus on its overlap with S. pyogenes. In doing so, we highlight the importance of understanding the overlap of SDSE and S. pyogenes to inform surveillance and disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouli Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Disease Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Edem KB, Ikpeme EE, Akpan MU. Streptococcal Throat Carriage among Primary School Children Living in Uyo, Southern Nigeria. JOURNAL OF CHILD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1722274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSurveillance of the carrier state for β-hemolytic streptococcal (BHS) throat infections remains essential for disease control. Recent published works from Sub-Saharan Africa have suggested a changing epidemiology in the burden of BHS throat infections. The objective of the present study was therefore to determine the prevalence and pattern of BHS throat carriage in school-aged children in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 276 primary school children in Uyo. Subjects were recruited by multistage random sampling. Obtained throat swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar. Lancefield grouping on positive cultures was done by using the Oxoid Streptococcal Grouping Latex Agglutination Kit, United Kingdom. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with the disk diffusion method. Associations were tested with Fischer's exact test. The prevalence of BHS carriage was 3.3%. Group C Streptococcus was identified in 89% of isolates and Group G Streptococcus in 11%. Younger age and larger household size were associated with asymptomatic streptococcal throat infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility was highest with cefuroxime and clindamycin (89% of isolates each), while 78% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin. None of the tested isolates was susceptible to co-trimoxazole. The prevalence of streptococcal throat carriage in the study area was low. There were no Group A Streptococcus isolates suggesting an evolving epidemiology of BHS disease in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B. Edem
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Enobong E. Ikpeme
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Mkpouto U. Akpan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
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Monemo P, Demba N, Touré FS, Traoré A, Avi C, N’Guessan MA, Tadet JO, Gobey AR, Anoh AE, Diarrassouba A, Tuo MN, Cissé A, Saric J, Utzinger J, Tia H, Kouassi-N’Djeundo J, Becker SL, Akoua-Koffi C. Pharyngeal Carriage of Beta-Haemolytic Streptococcus Species and Seroprevalence of Anti-Streptococcal Antibodies in Children in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5040177. [PMID: 33261048 PMCID: PMC7709589 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharynx of the child may serve as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria, including beta-haemolytic group A streptococci (GAS), which can give rise to upper airway infections and post-streptococcal diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. in pharyngeal samples stemming from children aged 3–14 years in Bouaké, central Côte d’Ivoire. Oropharyngeal throat swabs for microbiological culture and venous blood samples to determine the seroprevalence of antistreptolysin O antibodies (ASO) were obtained from 400 children in March 2017. Identification was carried out using conventional bacteriological methods. Serogrouping was performed with a latex agglutination test, while an immunological agglutination assay was employed for ASO titres. The mean age of participating children was 9 years (standard deviation 2.5 years). In total, we detected 190 bacteria in culture, with 109 beta-haemolytic Streptococcus isolates, resulting in an oropharyngeal carriage rate of 27.2%. Group C streptococci accounted for 82.6% of all isolates, whereas GAS were rarely found (4.6%). The ASO seroprevalence was 17.3%. There was no correlation between serology and prevalence of streptococci (p = 0.722). In conclusion, there is a high pharyngeal carriage rate of non-GAS strains in children from Bouaké, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pacôme Monemo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.), (S.L.B.)
| | - Nadia Demba
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Fidèle S. Touré
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Adjartou Traoré
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Christelle Avi
- Service de Pédiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire;
| | - Micheline A. N’Guessan
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Juste O. Tadet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Arthur R. Gobey
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Augustin E. Anoh
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Abdoulaye Diarrassouba
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
| | - Marie N. Tuo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Amadou Cissé
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
| | - Jasmina Saric
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.U.)
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.U.)
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honoré Tia
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
| | - Judith Kouassi-N’Djeundo
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
- Service d’Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire
| | - Sören L. Becker
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.U.)
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.M.), (S.L.B.)
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (N.D.); (F.S.T.); (A.T.); (M.A.N.); (J.O.T.); (A.E.A.); (A.D.); (M.N.T.); (A.C.); (H.T.); (C.A.-K.)
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Cote d’Ivoire; (A.R.G.); (J.K.-N.)
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Pearce S, Bowen AC, Engel ME, de la Lande M, Barth DD. The incidence of sore throat and group A streptococcal pharyngitis in children at high risk of developing acute rheumatic fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242107. [PMID: 33206687 PMCID: PMC7673496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis has traditionally been considered the sole precursor of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Evidence from Australia, however, suggests that GAS skin infections may contribute to the pathogenesis of ARF. A missing piece of evidence is the incidence of sore throat and GAS pharyngitis in this setting. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of sore throat and GAS pharyngitis in all children at risk of developing ARF. METHODS Databases were systematically searched for studies reporting on the incidence of pharyngitis among children from low to upper-middle income countries, and Indigenous children living in high-income countries. Studies were subjected to data extraction by two independent reviewers. Following an assessment of the methodological quality of the studies, we extracted incidence rates (IRs) and conducted a meta-analysis. This systematic review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019113019). RESULTS From 607 titles identified by the search, 11 articles met the predetermined inclusion criteria; ten studies reported IRs while for the remaining study, the incidence was calculated. The pooled incidence estimated for sore throat was 82.5 per 100 child-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.5 to 1044.4 per 100 child-years, I2 = 100%) and GAS pharyngitis was 10.8 per 100 child-years (95% CI, 2.3 to 50.0 per 100 child-years, I2 = 99.9%). CONCLUSIONS The pooled IRs for sore throat in children at risk of developing ARF were higher than rates reported in developed nations (32.70-40 per 100 child-years) and similar for GAS pharyngitis (12.8-14 per 100 years). The limited Australian data lend support to the need for further studies to inform the role of GAS pharyngitis in the development of ARF in Australian Indigenous children, so as to inform local primary prevention strategies for ARF and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pearce
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark E. Engel
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Maya de la Lande
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dylan D. Barth
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Gunnarsson RK, Manchal N. Group C beta hemolytic Streptococci as a potential pathogen in patients presenting with an uncomplicated acute sore throat - a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Scand J Prim Health Care 2020; 38:226-237. [PMID: 32362178 PMCID: PMC8570738 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2020.1753374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The pathogenicity of beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group C (GCS) in patients attending for an uncomplicated acute sore throat is unknown and it was the objective to clarify this.Design: Systematic literature review with meta-analysis. Setting Medline and Scopus were searched from inception to February 2019, with searches of reference lists, Subjects case-control studies stating prevalence of GCS in patients as well as healthy controls presented for children and adults separately. Studies including patients already treated with antibiotics and studies focused on patients with HIV, malignancy or immunosuppression were not included. Main outcome measures Pooled prevalence of GCS was compared between patients and controls using chi-square and was further explored by calculating the positive etiologic predictive value (P-EPV) showing the post-test probability of a link between a sore throat and the bacterial finding. P-EPV for GCS was compared with that for group A Streptococci (GAS) using figures from the same publications and patients.Results: Eleven studies were included. The prevalence of GCS among patients versus controls was similar in children (3.15 versus 2.87%, p = .44) but for adults higher in patients (11%) than in controls (5.6%) (p < .0001). The P-EPV for finding GCS in children with a sore throat was 9.3% (0.0-41%). The corresponding P-EPV for GCS in adults with a sore throat was 53% (36-67%) while the corresponding P-EPV for GAS in adults was 94% (90-96%).Conclusions: GCS do not seem associated with the uncomplicated acute sore throat in children but there is support for an association in adults being weaker than for GAS. A possible consequence is to ignore GCS in otherwise healthy patients at their first visit for an uncomplicated sore throat. This would enable a stronger focus on the use of modern point of care tests (POCTs) to detect GAS.Key pointsThere is no current consensus on the pathogenicity of group C beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GCS) in patients attending for an uncomplicated acute sore throat.This systematic literature review concludes it is unlikely that GCS is involved in the uncomplicated sore throat in otherwise healthy children.This meta-analysis found a moderate link between GCS and the uncomplicated sore throat in adults.The link in adults between GCS and the sore throat is much weaker than the corresponding link for group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Kent Gunnarsson
- Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Region Västra Götaland, Research and Development Primary Health Care, Research and Development Center Södra Älvsborg, Boras, Sweden;
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
- CONTACT Ronny Kent Gunnarsson Primary Health Care, School of Public Health and community medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Infections Caused by Group C and G Streptococcus ( Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis and Others): Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7. [PMID: 30977463 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0016-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococci carrying serogroup C and G antigens, and in particular, Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE), are emerging human pathogens that are increasingly isolated from patients with a myriad of infections that range from mundane to life-threatening. SDSE is microbiologically similar to Streptococcus pyogenes. These streptococci frequently cause infections of the throat and skin and soft tissues. Moreover, they may invade the bloodstream and disseminate widely to many deep tissue sites, including the endocardium. Life-threatening invasive infections due to SDSE, including the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, occur most frequently in patients with severe underlying medical diseases. Treatment with penicillin is adequate under most circumstances, but treatment failure occurs. SDSE may also be resistant to other antibiotic classes including tetracyclines, macrolides, and clindamycin. Most human infections caused by groups C and G streptococci are transmitted from person to person, but infections due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (and, rarely, to S. equi subsp. equi) are zoonoses. Transmission of these latter species occurs by animal contact or by contamination of food products and has been associated with the development of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Members of the Streptococcus anginosus group, usually classified with the viridans group of streptococci, are associated with a variety of pyogenic infections.
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Genome Sequence of the Uncommon Streptococcus pyogenes M/emm66 Strain STAB13021, Isolated from Clonal Clustered Cases in French Brittany. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/4/e00689-16. [PMID: 27445380 PMCID: PMC4956453 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00689-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we announce the complete annotated genome sequence of the invasive Streptococcus pyogenes strain M/emm66, isolated in 2013 from a subcutaneous abscess in new clustered cases in French Brittany.
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de Souza JP, Santos AR, de Paula GR, Barros RR. Antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic relationships among Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates in Rio de Janeiro. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:676-81. [PMID: 27301015 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1192680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) has been increasingly associated with several infectious diseases, ranging from pharyngitis to life-threatening conditions, such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. However, its molecular epidemiology in some geographical areas remains unclear. METHODS In this study, 44 isolates of SDSE, recovered from noninvasive infections (37) and from carriage (7), during 2008-2013, were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, emm typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. RESULTS All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, penicillin G and vancomycin. Resistance rates to erythromycin was 18.2% and to clindamycin was 6.8%, while 38.7% of the isolates were tetracycline non-susceptible. Macrolide resistance phenotypes were M (5 isolates), iMLSB (2) and cMLSB (1), associated with mefA/E, ermA and ermB genotypes, respectively. Seventeen emm types with 21 subtypes were found, but 6 types (stG653.0, stC1400.0 with three subtypes, stC839.0, stC36.0 with two subtypes, stG480.0 and stG840.0) were detected in 70.4% of the isolates. Six new emm subtypes were identified (stC1400.12, stC1400.13, emm152.1, emm152.2, stG652.6 and stG6792.5). Twenty-five PFGE profiles were obtained from 39 isolates. CONCLUSIONS Congruence between both typing systems was observed, since the majority of isolates belonging to a given emm type clustered together by PFGE. Clones (at least 80% similarity) were also observed among isolates with different emm types, probably due to horizontal recombination of the emm gene. Erythromycin-resistant isolates harbored diverse emm genes and generated different PFGE profiles, showing a polyclonal dissemination of such characteristic among SDSE isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paulo de Souza
- a Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia , Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Niterói , Brazil
| | - Amanda Ribeiro Santos
- a Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia , Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Niterói , Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Rocha Barros
- a Departmento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia , Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense , Niterói , Brazil
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Berman HF, Tartof SY, Reis JN, Reis MG, Riley LW. Distribution of superantigens in group A streptococcal isolates from Salvador, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:294. [PMID: 24885209 PMCID: PMC4045995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive disease, superficial disease, and can asymptomatically colonize humans. Superantigens are one virulence factor found in GAS. Previous studies found associations between the genes that encode superantigens and emm type of GAS. It is unknown if these associations are due to underlying biological factors that limit the distribution of superantigens or, alternatively, if these associations are due to the expansion of local GAS linages where these studies took place. To further address this question we screened GAS isolates collected from Salvador, Brazil for 11 known superantigen genes. METHODS Seventy-seven GAS isolates were screened by PCR for superantigen genes. These superantigen genes were speA, speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, ssa, and smeZ. We used Fisher's two-sided exact test to identify associations between superantigens and GAS emm type. We then compared our results to previous reports of superantigen prevalence and superantigen association with emm type. RESULTS In our collection we found several emm type and superantigen genotype combinations that have previously been reported in isolates from Europe and Australia. We also found that speA was significantly associated with emm type 1, and that speC was significantly associated with emm type 12. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports superantigen genotypes of GAS from a region of the world that is lacking this information. We found evidence of common GAS superantigen genotypes that are spread worldwide as well as novel superantigen genotypes that, so far, are unique to Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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