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Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Germinario EAP, Criscuolo EM, Bruno G, Sanchez-Mete L, Porowska B, Stigliano V, Accarpio F, Oddi A, Zingale I, Rossi S, De Angelis R, Fabbri A. Comparison of microbiological profile of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) isolates from subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC) or intestinal pre-cancerous lesions versus healthy individuals and evaluation of environmental factors involved in intestinal dysbiosis. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102757. [PMID: 37380012 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) isolates from colorectal biopsies of subjects with a histological analysis positive for colorectal cancer (CRC), pre-cancerous lesions (pre-CRC) or with a healthy intestinal tissue and to evaluate the environmental factors that may not only concur to CRC development but may also affect gut microbiota composition. METHODS ETBF isolates were typed using the ERIC-PCR method, while PCR assays were performed to investigate the bft alleles, the B. fragilis pathogenicity island (BFPAI) region and the cepA, cfiA and cfxA genes. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the agar dilution method. Environmental factors that could play a role in promoting intestinal dysbiosis were evaluated throughout a questionnaire administered to the subjects enrolled. RESULTS Six different ERIC-PCR types were identified. The type denominated C in this study was the most prevalent, in particular among the biopsies of subjects with pre-CRC, while an isolate belonging to a different type, denominated F, was detected in a biopsy from a subject with CRC. All the ETBF isolates from pre-CRC or CRC subjects had a B. fragilis pathogenicity island (BFPAI) region pattern I, while those from healthy individuals showed also different patterns. Furthermore, 71% of isolates from subjects with pre-CRC or CRC were resistant to two or more classes of antibiotics vs 43% of isolates from healthy individuals. The B. fragilis toxin BFT1 was the most frequently detected in this study, confirming the constant circulation of this isoform strains in Italy. Interestingly, BFT1 was found in 86% of the ETBF isolates from patients with CRC or pre-CRC, while the BFT2 was prevalent among the ETBF isolates from healthy subjects. No substantial differences based on sex, age, tobacco and alcohol consumption were observed between healthy and non-healthy individuals included in this study, while most of the subjects with CRC or pre-CRC lesions were subjected to pharmacological therapy (71%) and showed a body mass index (BMI) that falls within the overweight range (86%). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that some types of ETBF seem to better adapt and colonize the human gut and that the selective pressure exerted by factors related to lifestyle, such as pharmacological therapy and weight, could facilitate their persistence in the gut and their possible involvement in CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Spigaglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Barbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Angela Pia Germinario
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Bruno
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinic Umberto I, University of Rome 'Sapienza', 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lupe Sanchez-Mete
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Porowska
- Digestive Endoscopy UOC CSC03 of the Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialities "Paride Stefanini", Policlinic Umberto I, University of Rome 'Sapienza', 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Vittoria Stigliano
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Accarpio
- Digestive Endoscopy UOC CSC03 of the Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialities "Paride Stefanini", Policlinic Umberto I, University of Rome 'Sapienza', 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Oddi
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00114, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Zingale
- Digestive Endoscopy UOC CSC03 of the Department of General Surgery, Surgical Specialities "Paride Stefanini", Policlinic Umberto I, University of Rome 'Sapienza', 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberta De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Pricop GR, Gheorghe I, Pircalabioru GG, Cristea V, Popa M, Marutescu L, Chifiriuc MC, Mihaescu G, Bezirtzoglou E. Resistance and Virulence Features of Bacteroides spp. Isolated from Abdominal Infections in Romanian Patients. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110940. [PMID: 33198093 PMCID: PMC7696418 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria are predominant residents of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes but are also known to be associated with a number of human infections including peritonitis, appendicitis, abscesses, ulcers and wound infections. Herein, we investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles as well as the genetic support of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections. The study was performed on 198 Romanian patients from which different clinical samples were taken intra-operatory and sent for microbiological analyses. From the total number of isolated strains, a subset of 75 Bacteroides spp. were selected and further investigated for antibiotic resistance and virulence features, at phenotypic and genetic level. Our results obtained through the analysis of a significant number of Bacteroides strains could shed light on the virulence potential and mechanisms by which anaerobic bacteria can cause endogenous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Roxana Pricop
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Irina Gheorghe
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (G.G.P.)
| | - Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (G.G.P.)
| | - Violeta Cristea
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Marcela Popa
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Luminita Marutescu
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Grigore Mihaescu
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania; (G.R.P.); (V.C.); (L.M.); (M.C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Orestiada, Greece;
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Chin JC, Warkentien TE, Corey BW, Snesrud EC, Kronmann KC. Bacteroides Fragilis Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Discitis: "Back" to Susceptibility Testing. Fed Pract 2020; 37:242-246. [PMID: 32454579 PMCID: PMC7241607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic testing of anaerobic isolates can be important for proper antimicrobial stewardship to identify the appropriate narrow-spectrum treatment for a polymicrobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Chin
- is an Internal Medicine Physician; and are Infectious Disease Physicians; all at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Virginia. and are Researchers in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Tyler E Warkentien
- is an Internal Medicine Physician; and are Infectious Disease Physicians; all at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Virginia. and are Researchers in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Brendan W Corey
- is an Internal Medicine Physician; and are Infectious Disease Physicians; all at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Virginia. and are Researchers in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Erik C Snesrud
- is an Internal Medicine Physician; and are Infectious Disease Physicians; all at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Virginia. and are Researchers in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Karl C Kronmann
- is an Internal Medicine Physician; and are Infectious Disease Physicians; all at Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Virginia. and are Researchers in the Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Maryland
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Kierzkowska M, Majewska A, Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Sawicka-Grzelak A, Mlynarczyk A, Mlynarczyk G. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes and bft genes as well as antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from inpatients of the Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw during 2007-2012. Anaerobe 2019; 56:109-115. [PMID: 30844502 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess drug susceptibility of clinical B. fragilis strains and to determine any correlation between drug resistance and the presence of specific genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using E-tests. All isolates were analyzed with the PCR technique for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (cepA, cfxA, cfiA, ermF, ermB, ermG, nim), insertion sequences elements (IS1186, IS1187, IS1188, IS942), and enterotoxin-encoding genes (bft). Susceptibility tests yielded the following rates of resistance to the evaluated antibiotics: penicillin G (100%), clindamycin (22.5%), cefoxitin (6.3%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (1.8%). All strain were susceptible to imipenem, and metronidazole. The following antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the evaluated isolates: cepA (in 96.4% of isolates), cfxA (in 12.6%), cfiA (in 1.8%), and ermF (in 25.2%). Genes ermB, ermG, and nim were not found. The presence of the cepA gene showed no correlation with the penicillin G MIC. However, we observed a high correlation between cefoxitin MIC values and the presence of gene cfxA as well as a nearly complete correlation between clindamycin MIC values and the presence of gene ermF. The presence of a bft gene was detected in 14.4% of the analyzed B. fragilis isolates; with the bft-1 allele found in 75%, bft-2 in 25%, and bft-3 in none of the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of enterotoxin gene-positive isolates in our study did not differ from those of enterotoxin gene-negative isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kierzkowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Majewska
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sawicka-Grzelak
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mlynarczyk
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Microbiology, The Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Lindleya 4 Str., 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
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Gut microbiome of Moroccan colorectal cancer patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:211-225. [PMID: 29687353 PMCID: PMC6096775 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death in Morocco, there are no studies of the microbiome changes associated with the disease in the Moroccan population. The aim of our study was to compare the stool microbiome of Moroccan cancer patients with healthy individuals. We analyzed the microbiome composition of samples from 11 CRC patients and 12 healthy individuals by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Principal coordinate analysis of samples revealed defined cancer versus healthy clusters. Our findings showed that cancer samples had higher proportions of Firmicutes (T = 50.5%; N = 28.4%; p = 0.04), specifically of Clostridia (T = 48.3%; N = 19.0%; p = 0.002), and Fusobacteria (T = 0.1%; N = 0.0%; p = 0.02), especially of Fusobacteriia (T = 0.1%; N = 0.0%; p = 0.02), while Bacteroidetes were enriched in healthy samples (T = 35.1%; N = 62.8%; p = 0.06), particularly the class Bacteroidia (T = 35.1%; N = 62.6%; p = 0.06). Porphyromonas, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Selenomonas, and Fusobacterium were significantly overrepresented in diseased patients, similarly to other studies. Predicted functional information showed that bacterial motility proteins, flagellar assembly, and fatty acid biosynthesis metabolism were significantly overrepresented in cancer patients, while amino acid metabolism and glycan biosynthesis were overrepresented in controls. This suggests that involvement of these functional metagenomes is similar and relevant in the carcinogenesis process, independent of the origin of the samples. Results from this study allowed identification of bacterial taxa relevant to the Moroccan population and encourages larger studies to facilitate population-directed therapeutic approaches.
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Zamani S, Hesam Shariati S, Zali MR, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Sarabi Asiabar A, Bokaie S, Nomanpour B, Sechi LA, Feizabadi MM. Detection of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:53. [PMID: 28924454 PMCID: PMC5599888 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ulcerative colitis (UC) as a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), presumed to occur as a consequence of increased immune responses to intestinal microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are important intestinal bacteria that can be involved in IBD. The aim of this study was to design a quantitative assay for detection of B. fragilis and ETBF and also to find their association with UC. Methods Ninety-five biopsies were collected from patients with UC (n = 35) and with no IBD (nIBD, n = 60). All the specimens were cultured in Bacteroides bile esculin agar medium. Specific primers and probes were designed for quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) based on 16S rRNA and bft genes sequences of ETBF. Results The bft genes were detected in 51.4% of UC samples and 1.6% of nIBD samples, respectively. In UC patients, 37.1% of samples with diarrhea and 11.4% of samples without diarrhea, harbored the bft gene. Mean value of the number of ETBF with bft gene in UC and nIBD samples were 4.46 ן 102 and 1.96, respectively. Likewise these result for 16S rRNA gene in UC and nIBD samples were 2.0 × 103 and 8.4 × 103, respectively. Conclusions There was no significant association between presence and numbers of 16S rRNA gene of B. fragilis and UC. ETBF was detected more in UC specimens and biopsies of UC patients with diarrhea than in the control group. These data demonstrated that ETBF is associated with development of UC and as a causative agent for the development of diarrhea in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Zamani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sonia Hesam Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Sarabi Asiabar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Bokaie
- Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bizhan Nomanpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Thoracic Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Kim M, Kim H, Ji SE, Rim JH, Gwon SY, Kim WH, Rhee KJ, Lee K. Characterization of bftGenes among Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilisIsolates from Extraintestinal Specimens at a University Hospital in Korea. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2016.48.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myungsook Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - John Hoon Rim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sun Yeong Gwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Wan Hee Kim
- KOTITI Testing and Research Institute, Seongnam 13202, Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Fathi P, Wu S. Isolation, Detection, and Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in Clinical Samples. Open Microbiol J 2016; 10:57-63. [PMID: 27335618 PMCID: PMC4899533 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is an extensively studied anaerobic bacterium comprising the normal flora of the human gut. B. fragilis is known to be one of the most commonly isolated species from clinical samples and has been shown to cause a wide range of pathologies in humans [1, 2]. As an opportunistic pathogen B. fragilis can cause abscess formation and bacteremia [2]. Additionally in its enterotoxigenic form, B. fragilis is a known cause of diarrheal illness, is associated with inflammatory bowel disease, and has been recently characterized in patients with colon cancer [3 - 5]. As research in the field of the gut microbiome continues to expand at an ever increasing rate due to advances in the availability of next generation sequencing and analysis tools it is important to outline various molecular methods that can be employed in quickly detecting and isolating relevant strains of B. fragilis. This review outlines methods that are routinely employed in the isolation and detection of B. fragilis, with an emphasis on characterizing enterotoxigenic B. fragilis (ETBF) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gwon SY, Jang IH, Rhee KJ. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis-Associated Diseases and Detection. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2015.47.4.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Yeong Gwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju 26493, Korea
| | - In-Ho Jang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 18950, Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University at Wonju, Wonju 26493, Korea
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Pardesi B, Tompkins GR. Colony polymerase chain reaction of heme-accumulating bacteria. Anaerobe 2015; 32:49-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sóki J, Eitel Z, Terhes G, Nagy E, Urbán E. Occurrence and analysis of rare cfiA–bft doubly positive Bacteroides fragilis strains. Anaerobe 2013; 23:70-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diarrhea is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children younger than 5 years in impoverished regions of the world. Our aim was to compare the fecal microbiota of healthy children with that of children with clinical diarrhea in a population from a tropical highland in Colombia, South America. Our hypothesis was that a reduced prevalence of inherent Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species would be associated with enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. METHODS Children between 1 and 5 years of age from 2 different locations were evaluated for presence of clinical diarrhea. Nucleic acid, isolated from fecal samples, was used to determine by molecular protocols the abundance of inherent bacterial species and presence of enteric pathogens compared with clinically healthy children. The effect of host demographic factors on incidence of diarrhea was also analyzed. RESULTS : The composition of the fecal microbiota was affected by host demographic factors: age, health status, location, and sex. In partial support of our hypothesis, the relative abundance of commensal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species was inversely correlated with incidence of diarrhea regardless of location. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that changes in fecal microbiota composition of children with clinical diarrhea are associated with certain demographic factors that should be considered before designing a prophylactic intervention. Delivery of certain Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species or a diet rich in bifidogenic components that promote growth of Bifidobacterium species could provide a prophylactic effect to ameliorate the effect of diarrhea in children at risk.
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Odamaki T, Sugahara H, Yonezawa S, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Tanabe S, Tominaga T, Togashi H, Benno Y, Xiao JZ. Effect of the oral intake of yogurt containing Bifidobacterium longum BB536 on the cell numbers of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis in microbiota. Anaerobe 2011; 18:14-8. [PMID: 22138361 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains have been suggested to be associated with acute and persistent diarrheal disease, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, although further epidemiological studies are needed for clarification. Here, a pilot study was performed to examine the effect of the oral administration of yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain on the cell numbers of fecal ETBF in a healthy population. Among 420 healthy adults, 38 subjects were found to be ETBF carriers, giving a prevalence of approximately 9%. Among them, 32 subjects were enrolled in an open, randomized, parallel-group study to ingest yogurt supplemented with a probiotic strain, Bifidobacterium longum BB536 (BB536Y group), for 8 weeks, with milk provided to the control group (milk group). The cell numbers of ETBF and the dominant species of the B. fragilis group were measured by a quantitative PCR method. Compared with the baseline values, there was a significant decrease in the cell number of ETBF at week 8 in the BB536Y group but not in the milk group. Linear mixed models analysis for longitudinal data revealed a significant difference in the changes of ETBF cell number between the two groups during the intervention phase. These results imply the potential of probiotic yogurt for eliminating ETBF in the microbiota, but its clinical significance needs to be evaluated in the future. This is the first report of a possible effect of probiotic intake on ETBF in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Odamaki
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Kanagawa 228-8583, Japan.
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Cohen-Poradosu R, McLoughlin RM, Lee JC, Kasper DL. Bacteroides fragilis–Stimulated Interleukin-10 Contains Expanding Disease. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:363-71. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Quantitative detection of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis subtypes isolated from children with and without diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:416-8. [PMID: 20980581 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01556-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid real-time PCR (RT-PCR) approach was developed to detect the bft gene subtypes in Bacteroides fragilis isolated from fecal samples. DNA obtained from diarrhea (110) and nondiarrhea (150) samples was evaluated. Subtype 1 was observed in 9 (8.2%) diarrhea and 7 (4.7%) nondiarrhea samples. Subtype 2 was not detected in any DNA samples, and subtype 3 was observed in only 1 diarrhea sample. The presence of the bft-1 gene did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups of children. This technique could be used to evaluate a possible correlation between disease and the presence of B. fragilis enterotoxin.
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Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a minor component of the microbial flora of the intestine but the most frequent disease--causing anaerobe. Virulence characteristics are its capsule, which induces abscess formation, and the production of fragilysin, a Zn-metalloprotease. This toxin's action is to hydrolyze the extracellular domain of E-cadherin, the effect of which is to disrupt intercellular adhesion and thus increase permeability of the epithelium, causing intracellular redistribution of actin with morphologic changes to the cells and release of beta-catenin, which translocates to the nucleus and ultimately increases cellular proliferation. Clinically, enterotoxigenic B. fragilis is linked to secretory diarrhea, particularly in children. Preliminary evidence suggests that enterotoxigenic B. fragilis may also be linked to inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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Thornton RF, Kagawa TF, O'Toole PW, Cooney JC. The dissemination of C10 cysteine protease genes in Bacteroides fragilis by mobile genetic elements. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:122. [PMID: 20416045 PMCID: PMC2873492 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C10 family of cysteine proteases includes enzymes that contribute to the virulence of bacterial pathogens, such as SpeB in Streptococcus pyogenes. The presence of homologues of cysteine protease genes in human commensal organisms has not been examined. Bacteroides fragilis is a member of the dominant Bacteroidetes phylum of the human intestinal microbiota, and is a significant opportunistic pathogen. RESULTS Four homologues of the streptococcal virulence factor SpeB were identified in the B. fragilis genome. These four protease genes, two were directly contiguous to open reading frames predicted to encode staphostatin-like inhibitors, with which the protease genes were co-transcribed. Two of these protease genes are unique to B. fragilis 638R and are associated with two large genomic insertions. Gene annotation indicated that one of these insertions was a conjugative Tn-like element and the other was a prophage-like element, which was shown to be capable of excision. Homologues of the B. fragilis C10 protease genes were present in a panel of clinical isolates, and in DNA extracted from normal human faecal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a mechanism for the evolution and dissemination of an important class of protease in major members of the normal human microbiota.
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Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis: a rogue among symbiotes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22:349-69, Table of Contents. [PMID: 19366918 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00053-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) strains are strains of B. fragilis that secrete a 20-kDa heat-labile zinc-dependent metalloprotease toxin termed the B. fragilis toxin (BFT). BFT is the only recognized virulence factor specific for ETBF. ETBF strains are associated with inflammatory diarrheal disease in children older than 1 year of age and in adults; limited data suggest an association of ETBF colonization with inflammatory bowel disease flare-ups and colorectal cancer. ETBF secretes one of three highly related BFT isoforms. The relationship between BFT isoform and disease expression is unknown. Although the mechanism of action of BFT is incompletely understood, available data suggest that BFT binds to a specific intestinal epithelial cell receptor, stimulating intestinal cell signal transduction pathways that result in cell morphology changes, cleavage of E-cadherin, reduced colonic barrier function, and increased epithelial cell proliferation and cytokine expression (such as the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8). Together, the data suggest that in some hosts, ETBF acts via secretion of BFT to induce colitis. However, the full spectrum of clinical disease related to ETBF and the impact of chronic ETBF colonization on the host remain to be defined.
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Miranda KR, Dias MF, Guimarães PLS, Boente RF, Pauer H, Ramos PZ, Falcão LS, Ferreira EDO, Balassiano IT, Ferreira LQ, Santos-Filho JD, Paula GRD, Antunes ENF, Avelar KES, Domingues RMCP. Enterotoxigenic and nontoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 103:734-5. [PMID: 19057827 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis and nontoxigenic B. fragilis (NTBF) among 109 strains isolated from 1980-2008 in Brazil were investigated by PCR. One strain, representing 0.9% of the total analyzed strains, harbored the bft gene which was identified as bft-1 isoform based on PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Forty-nine strains (44.9%) exhibited the NTBF pattern III which possesses the flanking region required for pathogenicity island acquisition in which the bft gene is codified. These data reinforce the potential of B. fragilis as an emerging enteropathogen in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla R Miranda
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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