1
|
Fast C, Graham C, Kaatz M, Santiago-Mateo K, Kaatz T, MacPherson K, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Czub S. Discrimination of Classical and Atypical BSE by a Distinct Immunohistochemical PrP Sc Profile. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020353. [PMID: 36839625 PMCID: PMC9965285 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and is associated with the accumulation of a pathological isoform of the host-encoded glycoprotein, designated prion protein (PrPSc). Classical BSE (C-type) and two atypical BSE forms (L- and H-type) are known, and can be discriminated by biochemical characteristics. The goal of our study was to identify type-specific PrPSc profiles by using Immunohistochemistry. In our study, brain samples from 21 cattle, intracerebrally inoculated with C-, H-, and L-type BSE, were used. In addition, the corresponding samples from three orally C-type BSE infected animals were also included. From all animals, a lesion and PrPSc-profiles of six brain regions were determined. The lesion profile and the neuroanatomical distribution of PrPSc was highly consistent between the groups, but the immunohistochemical analysis revealed a distinct PrPSc profile for the different BSE-types, which included both the topographic and cellular pattern of PrPSc. This qualitative and quantitative analysis of PrPSc affected structures sheds new light into the pathogenesis of the different BSE types. Furthermore, immunohistochemical characterization is supported as an additional diagnostic tool in BSE surveillance programs, especially when only formalin-fixed tissue samples are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fast
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut/INEID, 17493 Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71274
| | | | - Martin Kaatz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Tammy Kaatz
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
| | - Kendra MacPherson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut/INEID, 17493 Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Czub
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 3Z4, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neuropathology of Animal Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030466. [PMID: 33801117 PMCID: PMC8004141 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a fatal group of infectious, inherited and spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases affecting human and animals. They are caused by the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a misfolded pathological isoform (PrPSc or prion- proteinaceous infectious particle) that self-propagates by conformational conversion of PrPC. Yet by an unknown mechanism, PrPC can fold into different PrPSc conformers that may result in different prion strains that display specific disease phenotype (incubation time, clinical signs and lesion profile). Although the pathways for neurodegeneration as well as the involvement of brain inflammation in these diseases are not well understood, the spongiform changes, neuronal loss, gliosis and accumulation of PrPSc are the characteristic neuropathological lesions. Scrapie affecting small ruminants was the first identified TSE and has been considered the archetype of prion diseases, though atypical and new animal prion diseases continue to emerge highlighting the importance to investigate the lesion profile in naturally affected animals. In this report, we review the neuropathology and the neuroinflammation of animal prion diseases in natural hosts from scrapie, going through the zoonotic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the chronic wasting disease (CWD) to the newly identified camel prion disease (CPD).
Collapse
|
3
|
Okada H, Iwamaru Y, Imamura M, Miyazawa K, Matsuura Y, Masujin K, Murayama Y, Yokoyama T. Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:284-287. [PMID: 28098532 PMCID: PMC5324790 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.
Collapse
|
4
|
Simmons M, Ru G, Casalone C, Iulini B, Cassar C, Seuberlich T. DISCONTOOLS: Identifying gaps in controlling bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 28795509 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the 2016 update of the DISCONTOOLS project gap analysis on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was based on a combination of literature review and expert knowledge. Uncertainty still exists in relation to the pathogenesis, immunology and epidemiology of BSE, but provided that infected material is prohibited from entering the animal feed chain, cases should continue to decline. BSE does not appear to spread between cattle, but if new strains with this ability appear then control would be considerably more difficult. Atypical types of BSE (L-BSE and H-BSE) have been identified, which have different molecular patterns and pathology, and do not display the same clinical signs as classical BSE. Laboratory transmission experiments indicate that the L-BSE agent has zoonotic potential. There is no satisfactory conclusion regarding the origin of the BSE epidemic. C-BSE case numbers declined rapidly following strict controls banning ruminant protein in animal feed, but occasional cases still occur. It is unclear whether these more recent cases indicate inadequate implementation of the bans, or the possibility that C-BSE might occur spontaneously, as has been postulated for H- and L-BSE. All of this will have implications once existing bans and levels of surveillance are both relaxed. Immunochemical tests can only be applied post-mortem. There is no immunological basis for diagnosis in the live animal. All aspects of disease control are expensive, particularly surveillance, specified risk material removal and feed controls. There is pressure to relax feed controls, and concurrent pressure from other sources to reduce surveillance. While the cost benefit argument can be applied successfully to either of these approaches, it would be necessary to maintain the ban on intraspecies recycling and some baseline surveillance. However, the potential risk is not limited to intraspecies recycling; recycling with cross-species transmission may be an ideal way to select or/and modify properties of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies agents in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Simmons
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - G Ru
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Casalone
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - B Iulini
- CEA - National Reference Laboratory for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Neuropathology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - C Cassar
- OIE, National and EU Reference Laboratory for BSE and Scrapie, Department of Pathology, APHA Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - T Seuberlich
- NeuroCenter, OIE and National Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Laurindo EE, Barros Filho IRD. Encefalopatia espongiforme bovina atípica: uma revisão. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000392015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: A encefalopatia espongiforme bovina (EEB), causada por um príon infectante, surgiu na década de 1980 na Europa como uma nova doença nos rebanhos bovinos e, desde então, estão sendo tomadas várias ações para sua prevenção e controle. A restrição da alimentação de ruminantes com subprodutos de origem animal e a remoção e destruição dos materiais de risco específico para a doença das carcaças em frigoríficos se mostraram efetivas medidas para o controle da doença, além de reduzirem a exposição humana ao agente, pois se trata de uma importante zoonose. No entanto, em 2004 os primeiros casos atípicos de EEB foram diagnosticados, nos quais os agentes causais apresentavam alterações de peso molecular na prova de Western blot, em relação ao agente da forma clássica. Além das diferenças moleculares dos agentes, as apresentações clínicas mostraram-se diferenciadas nas formas atípicas, acometendo principalmente bovinos com idade superior a oito anos. Por se tratar de uma nova forma da doença, muitos estudos estão sendo conduzidos buscando elucidar a patogenia, epidemiologia e seu potencial zoonótico. Objetivou-se neste estudo revisar os principais aspectos relacionados às EEB atípicas enfatizando sua etiologia, epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico e medidas de controle.
Collapse
|
6
|
Casas E, Kehrli ME. A Review of Selected Genes with Known Effects on Performance and Health of Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:113. [PMID: 28018909 PMCID: PMC5156656 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are genetic conditions that influence production in dairy and beef cattle. The objective of this review was to describe relevant genetic conditions that have been associated with productivity and health in cattle. Genes or genomic regions that have been identified as a candidate for the condition will be included, and the genetic basis of the condition will be defined. Genes and genetic conditions included in this review are bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, deficiency of the uridine monophosphate synthase, bovine chronic interstitial nephritis, horn development, myostatin, complex vertebral malformation, leptin, osteopetrosis, apoptosis peptide activating factor 1, chondrodysplastic dwarfism, caseins, calpastatin, umbilical hernia, lactoglobulin, citrullinemia, cholesterol deficiency, prions, thyroglobulin, diacylglycerol acyltransferase, syndactyly, maple syrup urine disease, slick hair, Factor XI deficiency, and μ-Calpain. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, and relevant information is provided to ascertain genetic markers associated with the conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Casas
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA, ARS, Ames, IA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Although clinical impression suggests that cerebral disorders of adult ruminants are not very common, an understanding of the common differential diagnoses is important to maintaining animal and human health. The most common causes of cerebral dysfunction are metabolic, toxic, or infectious. Many of the diseases and disorders cannot be easily differentiated based on clinical signs or antemortem diagnostic tests alone. Knowing which diseases can be easily ruled in or out, and how, will help the practitioner make case management decisions and have broader impact through recognizing index cases of emergent diseases and reducing exposure to zoonotic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Serra F, Seuberlich T. Commentary on "Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal". Prion 2016; 10:341-342. [PMID: 27435663 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1202392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Serra
- a Neurocenter, Division of Neurological Sciences , National and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- a Neurocenter, Division of Neurological Sciences , National and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE and Scrapie, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orge L, Simas JP. Response to commentary on "Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal". Prion 2016; 10:343. [PMID: 27802081 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1220798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Orge
- a Laboratório de Patologia , Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , IP , Portugal
| | - J Pedro Simas
- b Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Orge L, Machado CG, Ramalho L, Carvalho R, Silva J, Almeida P, Tavares P, Ochoa C, Lima C, Pinto MJM, Simas JP. Identification of H-type BSE in Portugal. Prion 2015; 9:22-8. [PMID: 25629308 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2014.997615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic, Portugal was the third most affected country. As a result of a successful national eradication plan, the number of BSE affected animals has been progressively declining in Portugal with no cases identified in 2013. However, within the scope of this active surveillance scheme, we have identified the first H-type BSE case born after the introduction of the reinforced ban in fallen stock. Here, we report the phenotypic features of this case and the analysis of the protein coding sequence of prnp as well as the prnp promoter and intron 1 insertion-deletions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Orge
- a Laboratório de Patologia polos Benfica e Vairão; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP ; Lisboa e Vairão , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Konold T, Phelan LJ, Clifford D, Chaplin MJ, Cawthraw S, Stack MJ, Simmons MM. The pathological and molecular but not clinical phenotypes are maintained after second passage of experimental atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:243. [PMID: 25274502 PMCID: PMC4190426 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathies (BSEs), classified as H-type and L-type BSE based on the Western immunoblot profiles, are naturally occurring diseases in cattle, which are phenotypically different to classical BSE. Transmission studies in cattle using the intracerebral route resulted in disease where the phenotypes were maintained irrespective of BSE type but clinically affected cattle with a shorter survival time displayed a nervous form whereas cattle with a longer survival time displayed a dull form. A second transmission study is reported here where four cattle were intracerebrally inoculated with brain tissue from experimentally infected cattle presenting with either the nervous or dull form of H- or L-type BSE to determine whether the phenotype is maintained. Results The four inoculated cattle were culled at 16.5-19.5 months post inoculation after presenting with difficulty getting up, a positive scratch response (all) and dullness (three cattle), which was not observed in two non-inoculated control cattle, each housed with either group of inoculated cattle. Only the inoculated cattle had detectable prion protein in the brain based on immunohistochemical examination, and the Western immunoblot profile was consistent with the H-type or L-type BSE of the respective donor cattle. Conclusions Second passage of H-type and L-type BSE in cattle produced a TSE where the majority of cattle displayed the dull form regardless of clinical disease form of the donor cattle. The pathological and molecular phenotypes of H- and L-type BSE were maintained. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timm Konold
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Laura J Phelan
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Derek Clifford
- Animal Sciences Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Melanie J Chaplin
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Saira Cawthraw
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Michael J Stack
- Prion Unit, Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Marion M Simmons
- Pathology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
|