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Leon-Velarde CG, Jun JW, Skurnik M. Yersinia Phages and Food Safety. Viruses 2019; 11:E1105. [PMID: 31795231 PMCID: PMC6950378 DOI: 10.3390/v11121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the human- and animal-pathogenic species in genus Yersinia is Yersinia enterocolitica, a food-borne zoonotic pathogen that causes enteric infections, mesenteric lymphadenitis, and sometimes sequelae such as reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum. Y. enterocolitica is able to proliferate at 4 C, making it dangerous if contaminated food products are stored under refrigeration. The most common source of Y. enterocolitica is raw pork meat. Microbiological detection of the bacteria from food products is hampered by its slow growth rate as other bacteria overgrow it. Bacteriophages can be exploited in several ways to increase food safety with regards to contamination by Y. enterocolitica. For example, Yersinia phages could be useful in keeping the contamination of food products under control, or, alternatively, the specificity of the phages could be exploited in developing rapid and sensitive diagnostic tools for the identification of the bacteria in food products. In this review, we will discuss the present state of the research on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Leon-Velarde
- Agriculture and Food Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1H 8J7, Canada;
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 HY Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
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Hallanvuo S, Herranen M, Jaakkonen A, Nummela M, Ranta J, Botteldoorn N, De Zutter L, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Hertwig S, Johannessen GS, Ludewig M, Messelhäußer U, Sigvart-Mattila P, Thisted-Lambertz S, Thure T, Vatunen E. Validation of EN ISO method 10273 - Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 288:66-74. [PMID: 29395387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
EN ISO 10273 method for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in foods was validated in the project Mandate M/381 funded by European Commission. A total of 14 laboratories from five European countries participated in the interlaboratory study (ILS) organized during 2013 and 2014. Before the ILS, the method was revised by an international group of experts and the performance of the revised method was assessed in an ILS study. The results are published as a part of the standard EN ISO 10273 revision. The study included three rounds with different sample types; raw milk, iceberg lettuce and minced meat, inoculated with a low and high level of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains representing major pathogenic bioserotypes 4/O:3 and 2/O:9. The homogeneity and stability of the samples were verified before dispatching them to the laboratories. The results demonstrated the method sensitivity of 96% in raw milk, 97% in minced meat, and 98% in lettuce at high inoculation level of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The specificity was 100% in raw milk, 96% in minced meat, and 98% in lettuce. The level of detection, LOD50, varied between study rounds, being 9.4 CFU/25 ml in raw milk, 9.9 CFU/25 g in minced meat and 63 CFU/25 g in lettuce samples. During the study, confirmation by using real-time PCR method ISO/TS 18867 together with pyrazinamidase testing was also validated, as alternative to conventional biochemical confirmation. When comparing different isolation steps used in the revised method during the study rounds, PSB enrichment and plating on CIN after alkaline (KOH) treatment showed the highest sensitivity (52-92%) in raw milk and minced meat samples. In lettuce samples, however, ITC with KOH treatment before plating on CIN showed higher sensitivity (64% at low level; 82% at high level) than plating on CIN from PSB with KOH treatment (44% at low level; 74% at high level). Statistical analysis of different isolation steps supported the use of two enrichment media, PSB and ITC, in the revised method. Recovery of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica on CIN was most efficient after KOH treatment and, based on the analysis, plating on CIN agar without KOH treatment could be left as optional procedure in the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saija Hallanvuo
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mirkka Herranen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Jaakkonen
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Nummela
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Ranta
- Risk Assessment Research Unit, Research and Laboratory Services Department, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadine Botteldoorn
- Service food pathogens, Institute of Public health, Juliette Wijtsmans street 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Hertwig
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Martina Ludewig
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Messelhäußer
- Laboratory of food microbiology, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinärstr. 2, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Pia Sigvart-Mattila
- Water Protection Association of the River Kokemäki, Patamäenkatu 24, 33900 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Tiina Thure
- Metropolilab Oy, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Vatunen
- Finnish Customs Laboratory, Tekniikantie 13, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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Shoaib M, Shehzad A, Raza H, Niazi S, Khan IM, Akhtar W, Safdar W, Wang Z. A comprehensive review on the prevalence, pathogenesis and detection ofYersinia enterocolitica. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41010-41021. [PMID: 35540058 PMCID: PMC9076465 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06988g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety is imperative for a healthy life, but pathogens are still posing a significant life threat. “Yersiniosis” is caused by a pathogen named Yersinia enterocolitica and is characterized by diarrheal, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis types of sicknesses. This neglected pathogen starts its pathogenic activity by colonizing inside the intestinal tract of the host upon the ingestion of contaminated food. Y. enterocolitica remains a challenge for researchers and food handlers due to its growth habits, low concentrations in samples, morphological similarities with other bacteria and lack of rapid, cost-effective, and accurate detection methods. In this review, we presented recent information about its prevalence, biology, pathogenesis, and existing cultural, immunological, and molecular detection approaches. Our ultimate goal is to provide updated knowledge regarding this pathogen for the development of quick, effective, automated, and sensitive detection methods for the systematic detection of Y. enterocolitica. Food safety is imperative for a healthy life, but pathogens are still posing a significant life threat.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- UniLaSalle
- Transformations & Agroressources Research Unit
- France
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
- FFNHS
| | - Husnain Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
| | - Sobia Niazi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- People's Republic of China
| | - Waseem Safdar
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences
- The University of Lahore-Islamabad Campus
- Islamabad
- Pakistan
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition
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Råsbäck T, Rosendal T, Stampe M, Sannö A, Aspán A, Järnevi K, Lahti ET. Prevalence of human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in Swedish pig farms. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:39. [PMID: 29940995 PMCID: PMC6020225 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are the most important reservoir for human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. We investigated the herd prevalence of human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in Swedish pig farms by analysing pen faecal samples using a cold enrichment of 1 week and thereafter subsequent plating onto chromogenic selective media (CAY agar). RESULTS Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was found in 32 (30.5%) of the 105 sampled farms with finisher pigs. Bioserotype 4/O:3 was identified at all but one farm, where 2/O:9 was identified. Pen-prevalence within the positive herds varied from 1/4 to 4/4 pens. The calculated intra-class correlation coefficient ICC (0.89) from a model with a random effect for grouping within herd indicated a very high degree of clustering by herd. None of the explored risk factors, including herd size, herd type, pig flow, feed type, access to outdoors, evidence of birds and rodents in the herd, usage of straw, number of pigs in sampled pen and age of pigs in pen were significantly associated with Y. enterocolitica status of the pen. The use of high pressure washing with cold water was significantly associated with Y. enterocolitica in the pen (OR = 84.77, 4.05-1772). Two culture methods were assessed for detection of Y. enterocolitica, one of which included the use of a chromogenic agar (CAY agar) intended for detection of human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The chromogenic media was found equal or superior to traditional methods and was used in this study. The isolates obtained were characterised by biotyping, serotyping, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and PCR. Characterisation by MALDI-TOF gave identical results to that of conventional bioserotyping. All porcine isolates were positive for the ail and inv genes by PCR, indicating that the isolates were most likely pathogenic to humans. CONCLUSIONS Human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was found in nearly one-third of the Swedish pig farms with finisher pigs. The use of high pressure washing with cold water was associated with the presence of Y. enterocolitica in the pen. A modified culturing method using a chromogenic agar was efficient for detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in pig faeces. The use of masspectrometry for identification and subtyping was in agreement with conventional biotyping and serotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Råsbäck
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Rosendal
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Stampe
- Farm and Animal Health, Kungsängens Gård 6B, 753 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Sannö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7070, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Aspán
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7070, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Järnevi
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elina Tast Lahti
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:449-479. [PMID: 28122803 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, chromogenic culture media have found widespread application in diagnostic clinical microbiology. In the last decade, the range of media available to clinical laboratories has expanded greatly, allowing specific detection of additional pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococci, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. New media have also been developed to screen for pathogens with acquired antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. This review seeks to explore the utility of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology, with particular attention given to media that have been commercialized in the last decade. The impact of laboratory automation and complementary technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also assessed. Finally, the review also seeks to demarcate the role of chromogenic media in an era of molecular diagnostics.
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Joutsen S, Eklund KM, Laukkanen-Ninios R, Stephan R, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Sheep carrying pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 5/O:3 in the feces at slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:78-82. [PMID: 27938687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a heterogeneous species including non-pathogenic strains belonging to biotype 1A and pathogenic strains belonging to biotypes 1B and 2-5. Pathogenic strains of biotypes 2-4 carrying the ail virulence gene have frequently been isolated from domestic pigs at slaughter. In sheep, mostly non-pathogenic biotype 1A strains have been reported. In our study, the prevalence of ail-positive Y. enterocolitica was studied by PCR and culturing in 406 young sheep (<1year of age) and 139 older sheep at slaughter in Finland. When using PCR, the detection rate was 11% (45/406) in young sheep originating from 11 (18%) farms. Surprisingly, Y. enterocolitica belonging to bioserotypes 2/O:9 and 5/O:3, carrying both chromosomal and plasmid-borne virulence genes, were isolated from the fecal samples of 10 (2%) and 23 (4%) sheep, respectively. All isolates of bioserotypes 2/O:9 (19 isolates) and 5/O:3 (53 isolates) carried the chromosomal virulence genes ail, inv, ystA, and myfA, and almost all isolates (71/72) also carried the virulence genes virF and yadA located on the virulence plasmid. The isolates showed high susceptibility to tested antimicrobials and low genetic diversity by PFGE. Y. enterocolitica bioserotype 5/O:3 is a very rare bioserotype, and has earlier only sporadically been reported in European wildlife and in sheep in Australia and New Zealand. Bioserotype 2/O:9 is a common bioserotype found in humans with yersiniosis, and has sporadically been isolated in wild and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Joutsen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maria Eklund
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272 CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Petsios S, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Sakkas H, Papadopoulou C. Conventional and molecular methods used in the detection and subtyping of Yersinia enterocolitica in food. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:55-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Thuan NK, Naher K, Kubo R, Taniguchi T, Hayashidani H. Evaluation of Chromogenic Medium for Selective Isolation of Yersinia. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2016; 57:166-168. [PMID: 27784868 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.57.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar (CIN) has been used as a selective agar to detect Yersinia in food or human patients; however, its components can inhibit the growth of some strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serovar O3 and Y. pseudotuberculosis. Recently, a new Yersinia selective agar, CHROMagar Yersinia enterocolitica (CAYe), was developed and evaluated as a novel selective agar for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. In this research, a total of 251Yersinia strains (176 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica, 59 Y. pseudotuberculosis, and 16 non-pathogenic Yersinia) were cultured on both CIN and CAYe for comparison. Except for 10 of 104 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O3 strains and 59 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains, 198 Yersinia isolates grew on both media after 48 hr of incubation at 32℃. Of the 10 pathogenic Y. enterocolitica O3 which could not grow on CIN or CAYe, 9 strains could not grow on CIN with supplements and 1 strain could not grow CAYe with supplements. Of 9 strains which did not grow on CIN with supplements, 3 strains could not grow on CIN without supplements. However, 1 strain which did not grow on CAYe with supplements could grow on CAYe without supplements. All of the Y. pseudotuberculosis strains could grow on CIN with/without supplements and on CAYe without supplements. The results indicate that the inhibition of the growth of Y. enterocolitica O3 on CIN is related to the components of CIN; however, the inhibition on CAYe appears to be related to the supplements in CAYe. Therefore, CAYe may be a more useful selective medium than CIN for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica .
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Arrausi-Subiza M, Gerrikagoitia X, Alvarez V, Ibabe JC, Barral M. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in wild boars in the Basque Country, northern Spain. Acta Vet Scand 2016; 58:4. [PMID: 26790625 PMCID: PMC4719535 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-016-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yersiniosis is a zoonosis widely distributed in Europe and swine carry different serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis in wild boars in northern Spain. The blood of wild boars (n = 505) was sampled between 2001 and 2012. Seroprevalence was determined in 490 serum samples with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventy-two of the animals were also examined for the presence of Y. enterocolitica or Y. pseudotuberculosis in the tonsils with real-time polymerase chain reaction. All the tonsils were analysed twice, directly and after cold enrichment in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 1 % mannitol and 0.15 % bile salts. Results Antibodies directed against Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were detected in 52.5 % of the animals. Yersinia enterocolitica was detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction in 33.3 % of the wild boars and Y. pseudotuberculosis in 25 %. Significant differences were observed according to the sampling year, and the highest prevalence was during winter and spring. The highest antibody levels and Y.enterocolitica prevalence were observed in mountainous areas at altitudes higher than 600 m, with very cold winters, and with the highest annual rainfall for each dominant climate. Areas with low and medium livestock populations were associated with the highest seroprevalence of Yersinia spp. in wild boars, whereas areas with high ovine populations had the highest prevalence of Y. enterocolitica. Conclusions This study shows that Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are highly prevalent among wild boars in the Basque country, with Y. enterocolitica most prevalent. The risk of infection among wild boars is influenced by the season and the area in which they live. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-016-0184-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:3-31. [PMID: 25567220 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00073-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease that is pervasive in both the developing and developed worlds. While for the most part bacterial gastroenteritis is self-limiting, identification of an etiological agent by bacterial stool culture is required for the management of patients with severe or prolonged diarrhea, symptoms consistent with invasive disease, or a history that may predict a complicated course of disease. Importantly, characterization of bacterial enteropathogens from stool cultures in clinical laboratories is one of the primary means by which public health officials identify and track outbreaks of bacterial gastroenteritis. This article provides guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories that perform stool cultures. The general characteristics, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of key bacterial enteropathogens are summarized. Information regarding optimal specimen collection, transport, and processing and current diagnostic tests and testing algorithms is provided. This article is an update of Cumitech 12A (P. H. Gilligan, J. M. Janda, M. A. Karmali, and J. M. Miller, Cumitech 12A, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea, 1992).
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HARA-KUDO Y, ISOBE J, FURUKAWA I, GONDAIRA F, TERAJIMA J, SAITO S. Selective Enrichment Broth and Chromogenic Agar for Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26, O103, O111, O121, O145 and O157. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5803/jsfm.32.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shioko SAITO
- Akita Prefectural Research Center for Public Health and Environment
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Gupta V, Gulati P, Bhagat N, Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food: an overview. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:641-50. [PMID: 25410144 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a gastrointestinal pathogen which causes yersiniosis, an illness characterized by diarrhea, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Y. enterocolitica is transmitted via the feco-oral route by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Several phenotypic and genotypic methods have been developed to reliably detect Y. enterocolitica in food. However, the source of infection of many recently reported foodborne outbreaks remains obscure. The detection of this pathogen in food is a challenging task, since it shares similarities with other enteric bacteria. The presence of other microorganisms in the food samples makes it even more difficult to identify this slow-growing pathogen. Therefore, the present-day emphasis is on the development of sensitive, easily automated methods suitable for in-situ detection, allowing quick and cost-effective characterization of food samples. This review summarizes and compares the currently available cultural, immunological, and molecular methods, particularly in relation to their specific merits or demerits when implemented for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Tan LK, Ooi PT, Carniel E, Thong KL. Evaluation of a modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin agar for isolation of Yersinia spp. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106329. [PMID: 25170941 PMCID: PMC4149559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are important food borne pathogens. However, the presence of competitive microbiota makes the isolation of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis from naturally contaminated foods difficult. We attempted to evaluate the performance of a modified Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar in the differentiation of Y. enterocolitica from non-Yersinia species, particularly the natural intestinal microbiota. The modified CIN enabled the growth of Y. enterocolitica colonies with the same efficiency as CIN and Luria-Bertani agar. The detection limits of the modified CIN for Y. enterocolitica in culture medium (10 cfu/ml) and in artificially contaminated pork (10(4) cfu/ml) were also comparable to those of CIN. However, the modified CIN provided a better discrimination of Yersinia colonies from other bacteria exhibiting Yersinia-like colonies on CIN (H2S-producing Citrobacter freundii, C. braakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Providencia rettgeri, and Morganella morganii). The modified CIN exhibited a higher recovery rate of Y. enterocolitica from artificially prepared bacterial cultures and naturally contaminated samples compared with CIN. Our results thus demonstrated that the use of modified CIN may be a valuable means to increase the recovery rate of food borne Yersinia from natural samples, which are usually contaminated by multiple types of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Kuan Tan
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Elisabeth Carniel
- Yersinia Research Unit, National Reference Laboratory and WHO Collaborating Centre for Yersinia, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Microbiology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Karhukorpi J, Päivänurmi M. Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1A from pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes by detection of β-glucosidase activity: comparison of two chromogenic culture media and Vitek2. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:34-37. [PMID: 24072767 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.062521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aesculin hydrolysis (ESC) is one of the key reactions in differentiating pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica biotypes 1B, 2, 3, 4 and 5 from the less-pathogenic biotype 1A. Because the ESC reaction is caused by β-glucosidase (βGLU) activity of the bacteria, we studied whether two commonly used methods (BBL CHROMagar Orientation and Vitek2 Gram-negative identification card) could be used in assessing βGLU activity of 74 Yersinia strains. Both methods were sensitive (100 % and 97 %) and specific (100 % and 100 %) in differentiating βGLU-positive YE BT1A from βGLU-negative Y. enterocolitica biotypes. For a subset of strains (n = 69), a new selective CHROMagar Yersinia showed excellent agreement with the strains' βGLU activity. Thus all the methods evaluated in this study may be used to differentiate between YE BT1A and other Y. enterocolitica biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Karhukorpi
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre Joint Authority Enterprise (ISLAB), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Marjut Päivänurmi
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre Joint Authority Enterprise (ISLAB), Joensuu, Finland
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