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Powell EA, Hata DJ, Starolis MW. Viral pathogen detection using multiplex gastrointestinal molecular panels: The pros and cons of viral target inclusion. J Clin Virol 2023; 169:105612. [PMID: 37866093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections has been revolutionized by the development of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) multiplex molecular panels for the detection of viral nucleic acids. In addition to a high degree of accuracy, these panels are commercially available and relatively simple to perform in the clinical laboratory. However, use of these panels must be carefully considered owing to the laboratory costs of the test, limited reimbursement, and potential for overuse. In this review from the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology, we focus on the viral components of GI multiplex panels (GIPs), presenting a brief overview of pathogens included on most panels and a discussion of advantages and challenges of the inclusion of viral targets on GIPs that should be considered before implementation in the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman St., Cincinnati, OH 45219, United States.
| | - D Jane Hata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL 32266, United States
| | - Meghan W Starolis
- Quest Diagnostics, 14225 Newbrook Dr., Chantilly, VA 20155, United States
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Tansarli GS, Long DR, Waalkes A, Bourassa LA, Libby SJ, Penewit K, Almazan J, Matsumoto J, Bryson-Cahn C, Rietberg K, Dell BM, Hatley NV, Salipante SJ, Fang FC. Genomic reconstruction and directed interventions in a multidrug-resistant Shigellosis outbreak in Seattle, WA, USA: a genomic surveillance study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:740-750. [PMID: 36731480 PMCID: PMC10726761 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigella spp have been associated with community-wide outbreaks in urban settings. We analysed a sustained shigellosis outbreak in Seattle, WA, USA, to understand its origins and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, define ongoing transmission patterns, and optimise strategies for treatment and infection control. METHODS We did a retrospective study of all Shigella isolates identified from stool samples at the clinical laboratories at Harborview Medical Center and University of Washington Medical Center (Seattle, WA, USA) from May 1, 2017, to Feb 28, 2022. We characterised isolates by species identification, phenotypic susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing. Demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of the patients were retrospectively examined. FINDINGS 171 cases of shigellosis were included. 78 (46%) patients were men who have sex with men (MSM), and 88 (52%) were people experiencing homelessness (PEH). Although 84 (51%) isolates were multidrug resistant, 100 (70%) of 143 patients with data on antimicrobial therapy received appropriate empirical therapy. Phylogenomic analysis identified sequential outbreaks of multiple distinct lineages of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei. Discrete clonal lineages (ten in S flexneri and nine in S sonnei) and resistance traits were responsible for infection in different at-risk populations (ie, MSM, PEH), enabling development of effective guidelines for empirical treatment. The most prevalent lineage in Seattle was probably introduced to Washington State via international travel, with subsequent domestic transmission between at-risk groups. INTERPRETATION An outbreak in Seattle was driven by parallel emergence of multidrug-resistant strains involving international transmission networks and domestic transmission between at-risk populations. Genomic analysis elucidated not only outbreak origin, but directed optimal approaches to testing, treatment, and public health response. Rapid diagnostics combined with detailed knowledge of local epidemiology can enable high rates of appropriate empirical therapy even in multidrug-resistant infection. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannoula S Tansarli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dustin R Long
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Waalkes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lori A Bourassa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Libby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelsi Penewit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jared Almazan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Matsumoto
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chloe Bryson-Cahn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Infection Prevention and Control, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Krista Rietberg
- Infection Prevention and Control, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - BreeAnna M Dell
- Public Health-Seattle & King County, Communicable Diseases, Epidemiology, and Immunizations, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noël V Hatley
- Public Health-Seattle & King County, Communicable Diseases, Epidemiology, and Immunizations, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ferric C Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Kanwar N, Jackson J, Bardsley T, Pavia A, Bourzac KM, Holmberg K, Selvarangan R. Impact of Rapid Molecular Multiplex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Testing in Management of Children during a Shigella Outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0165222. [PMID: 36853032 PMCID: PMC10035298 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01652-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal culture for isolation and identification of Shigella may take days. The BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (GI) panel (bioMérieux, France) is a PCR-based assay that detects enteric pathogens including Shigella/enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) in about an hour. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of GI panel detection of Shigella in a pediatric emergency department (ED) during an outbreak. Stool samples from children with acute gastroenteritis were tested by the GI panel. Test results were either withheld in preintervention (PRE) or reported to clinicians/families in the postintervention (POST) period. The impact of the GI panel testing on patient management and outcomes was measured. Shigella/EIEC was identified by the GI panel in the PRE (n = 30) and POST (n = 21) phase. The GI panel detected more Shigella infections than did culture; six of 31 (19.4%) Shigella GI panel-positive patients who also had stool cultures were missed by culture. Azithromycin therapy was prescribed for 20% of subjects in the PRE phase and 71.4% of subjects in the POST phase (P < 0.001). Time from the clinical encounter until starting azithromycin therapy was shorter in the POST phase (n = 9), 8.25 h (range, 6.37 to 52.37 h), than in the PRE phase (n = 1), 72 h. Six subjects in the PRE phase visited additional providers compared with one in the POST phase. Prompt diagnosis of shigellosis with the GI panel may provide the opportunity for prompt antimicrobial therapy and avoid additional visits to providers due to early definitive diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis of Shigella at an ED visit may optimize patient management and reduce transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanwar
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - J Jackson
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - T Bardsley
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - A Pavia
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - R Selvarangan
- Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Relich RF, Abbott AN. Syndromic and Point-of-Care Molecular Testing. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:507-531. [PMID: 36368779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Relich
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Indiana University Health Pathology Laboratory, Indiana University Health and Indiana University School of Medicine, Suite 6027E, 350 West 11th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - April N Abbott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Deaconess Hospital, 600 Mary Street, Evansville, IN 47747, USA
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Capraro GA. Replacement of Culture with Molecular Testing for Diagnosis Infectious Diseases. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:547-555. [PMID: 36368781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A Capraro
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Carolinas Pathology Group, Atrium Health, 5040 Airport Center Parkway, Building H, Suite A, Charlotte, NC 28208, USA.
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Pavlinac PB, Rogawski McQuade ET, Platts-Mills JA, Kotloff KL, Deal C, Giersing BK, Isbrucker RA, Kang G, Ma LF, MacLennan CA, Patriarca P, Steele D, Vannice KS. Pivotal Shigella Vaccine Efficacy Trials-Study Design Considerations from a Shigella Vaccine Trial Design Working Group. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:489. [PMID: 35455238 PMCID: PMC9032541 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine candidates for Shigella are approaching phase 3 clinical trials in the target population of young children living in low- and middle-income countries. Key study design decisions will need to be made to maximize the success of such trials and minimize the time to licensure and implementation. We convened an ad hoc working group to identify the key aspects of trial design that would meet the regulatory requirements to achieve the desired indication of prevention of moderate or severe shigellosis due to strains included in the vaccine. The proposed primary endpoint of pivotal Shigella vaccine trials is the efficacy of the vaccine against the first episode of acute moderate or severe diarrhea caused by the Shigella strains contained within the vaccine. Moderate or severe shigellosis could be defined by a modified Vesikari score with dysentery and molecular detection of vaccine-preventable Shigella strains. This report summarizes the rationale and current data behind these considerations, which will evolve as new data become available and after further review and consultation by global regulators and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B. Pavlinac
- Departments of Global Health and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | | | - James A. Platts-Mills
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Enteric and Sexually Transmitted Infections Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockvile, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Birgitte K. Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.K.G.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Richard A. Isbrucker
- Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (B.K.G.); (R.A.I.)
| | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Lyou-Fu Ma
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Calman A. MacLennan
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Peter Patriarca
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;
| | - Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
| | - Kirsten S. Vannice
- Enteric and Diarrheal Diseases Program Strategy Team, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; (L.-F.M.); (C.A.M.); (D.S.); (K.S.V.)
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Biographical Feature: Franklin P. Koontz, Ph.D., D(ABMM), F(AAM). J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.01975-19. [DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01975-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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8
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Fang FC, Patel R. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Infectious Diarrhea Guidelines: A View From the Clinical Laboratory. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 65:1974-1976. [PMID: 29053793 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ferric C Fang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Clinical Impact of a Multiplex Gastrointestinal Polymerase Chain Reaction Panel in Patients With Acute Gastroenteritis. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1688-1696. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abbott AN, Fang FC. Clinical Impact of Multiplex Syndromic Panels in the Diagnosis of Bloodstream, Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, and Central Nervous System Infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Wang Z, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Meng Z, Ma X, Zhang W. Saltatory Rolling Circle Amplification (SRCA): a Novel Nucleic Acid Isothermal Amplification Technique Applied for Rapid Detection of Shigella Spp. in Vegetable Salad. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Murphy CN, Fowler RC, Iwen PC, Fey PD. Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray® GastrointestinalPanel in a Midwestern Academic Hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:747-754. [PMID: 27957599 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The BioFire FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel (GIP) was implemented to replace traditional stool culture and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for stool pathogens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detection rate, incidence of coinfection, and culture recovery rate of gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens detected by the GIP over a 1-year period. A total of 2257 stools collected from January to December 2015 were tested using the GIP. Clostridium difficile colonization was also evaluated by an antigen/toxin EIA and confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The GIP detected one pathogen in 911 (40.4%) specimens. Coinfections were detected in 176 (7.8%) of these specimens. The most frequently detected pathogens were C. difficile (15.2%), norovirus (8.9%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (7.1%), enteroaggregative E. coli (3.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.3%), and sapovirus (2.0%). Each of the remaining GIP targets had a detection rate of ≤1.6%. The recovery of bacteria for public health investigations varied, with rates as high as 77% for Salmonella to as low as 30% for Yersinia enterocolitica. Of stools positive for C. difficile on the GIP that were tested by EIA, only 42.7% (88/206) were found to be producing detectable toxin. Overall, the implementation of the GIP resulted in high detection rates of GI pathogens, including the frequent detection of coinfections. This is a promising test to streamline the testing of agents causing infectious gastroenteritis from multiple tests down to a single order with limited hands-on time. Ongoing studies will need to assess the impact that the GIP has on downstream patient care and public health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA.
| | - R C Fowler
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - P C Iwen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
- Nebraska Public Health Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - P D Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
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14
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Application of Alternative Nucleic Acid Extraction Protocols to ProGastro SSCS Assay for Detection of Bacterial Enteric Pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1384-7. [PMID: 26935731 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00271-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to automated extraction, fecal specimens were processed by investigational lysis/heating (i.e., manual) and by chromatography/centrifugation (i.e., column) methods. ProGastro SSC and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (i.e., STEC) indeterminate rates for 101 specimens were 1.0% to 3.0% for automated, 11.9% for manual, and 24.8% to 37.6% for column methods. Following freeze-thaw of 247 specimens, indeterminate rates were 1.6% to 2.4% for manual and 0.8 to 5.3% for column methods. Mean processing times for manual and column methods were 30.5 and 69.2 min, respectively. Concordance of investigational methods with automated extraction was ≥98.8%.
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Beal SG, Assarzadegan N, Rand KH. Sample-to-result molecular infectious disease assays: clinical implications, limitations and potential. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:323-41. [PMID: 26689497 PMCID: PMC7103687 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2016.1134325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Molecular infectious disease diagnostic tests have undergone major advances in the past decade and will continue to rapidly evolve. Assays have become extraordinarily simple to perform, eliminating the need for pre-analytic sample preparation and post-amplification analysis. This allows these tests to be performed in settings without sophisticated expertise in molecular biology, including locations with limited resources. Additionally, the sensitivity and specificity of these assays is superb and many offer extremely fast turn-around times. These tests have major impacts on patient care, but also have some limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy G. Beal
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,
USA
| | - Naziheh Assarzadegan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,
USA
| | - Kenneth H. Rand
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine,
University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL,
USA
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