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Tian L, Liang C, Fu C, Qiang T, Liu Y, Ju X, Shi Z, Xia J, Li H. Esculin and ferric citrate-incorporated sturgeon skin gelatine as an antioxidant film for food packaging to prevent Enterococcus faecalis contamination. Food Funct 2020; 11:9129-9143. [PMID: 33026011 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a sturgeon skin gelatine film combined with esculin and ferric citrate was developed as an edible food packaging material to prevent Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) contamination. E. faecalis is able to hydrolyse esculin in the film, and then the hydrolysed product, esculetin, combines with ferric citrate to form a brown-black phenol iron complex. This phenomenon can be observed easily after 48 h of contamination under visible light, and it can be determined under 365 nm ultraviolet light with high sensitivity. With the addition of esculin and ferric citrate, the film showed better mechanical properties and water vapour permeability than those of the unmodified gelatine. When an increased amount of esculin was added, an increase in thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antioxidant stability of the film was observed. These physicochemical characteristics are beneficial for developing a packaging material for food storage that mitigates foodborne illness caused by E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China and College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xi'an Fourth Hospital, Xi'an 710004, P.R. China.
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Xingke Ju
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Shi
- Department of Urology Surgery Center, Xinjiang Uyghur People's Hospital, Urumqi, 830002, P.R. China
| | - Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, P.R. China
| | - Han Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, P.R. China
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Clostridium difficile Ribotype 023 Lacks the Ability To Hydrolyze Esculin, Leading to False-Negative Results on Chromogenic Agar. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:1404-5. [PMID: 26962090 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00234-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zamani Z, Bahar M, Jacques MA, Lak MR, Akhavan A. Genetic diversity of the common bacterial blight pathogen of bean, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, in Iran revealed by rep-PCR and PCR–RFLP analyses. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Esculin hydrolysis is one of the biochemical tests used in the identification of anaerobic microorganisms. The conventional method by use of growing microbial cells requires 24-48 hours of incubation. On the other hand, growth independent methods like the buffered esculin test, the spot test, and the PathoTec strip test utilize the presence of constitutive enzymes and, therefore, yield results in 1-4 hours. A total of 817 anaerobic organisms were used in this study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the three rapid methods. All three rapid methods gave excellent correlation with the standard conventional method. Over 99% of the organisms gave comparable results with the spot test and the buffered esculin test within one hour; the PathoTec strip test required up to 4 hours. The former two were not only more rapid but also more economical than the PathoTec strip test.
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