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Park J, Bae Y, Eom S, Choi Y, Lee G, Kang S. Development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs) for immunoassays through genetic fusion of monomeric alkaline phosphatase with antibody binders. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126299. [PMID: 37573903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In conventional immunoassays, a secondary antibody is used to amplify the signal generated by the binding of the primary antibody to the target analyte. Due to concerns regarding animal use and cost-inefficiency of secondary antibody productions, there is a significant demand for the development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs). Here, we developed rSAMs using a signal-generating enzyme, monomeric alkaline phosphatase (mALP), and antibody-binders, including monomeric streptavidin (mSA2) and mouse IgG1- or rabbit IgG-binding nanobodies (MG1Nb or RNb). The mALP-MG1Nb, mALP-RNb, and mALP-mSA2 were genetically constructed and produced in large quantities using bacterial overexpression systems, which reduced manufacturing costs and time without the use of animals. Each rSAM exhibited high and selective binding to its respective primary antibody, generating linear band signals corresponding to the amounts of target analytes in western blots. The rSAMs also successfully generated sigmoidal signal curves that increased as the sample concentration increased. Moreover, they generated stronger signals than conventional ALP-conjugated secondary antibodies and SA, particularly in the medium to high sample concentration range, in both indirect and sandwich-type indirect ELISAs at the same sample concentration. The rSAMs we developed here may provide new insights to develop novel immunoassay-based analytical and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuha Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao J, Lv Q, Liu P, Guo L, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Ming L, Kong D, Jiang H, Jiang Y. AlphaLISA for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B free from interference by protein A. Toxicon 2019; 165:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Miljković-Selimović B, Dinić M, Orlović J, Babić T. Staphylococcus aureus: Immunopathogenesis and Human Immunity. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/afmnai-2015-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryConsidering a large number of pathogen factors that enable high virulence of a microorganism such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), it is essential to see them through the continuous adaptation to the newly acquired mechanisms of the host immune response and efforts to overcome these, allowing the bacteria a perfect ecological niche for growth, reproduction, and location of new hosts. Past efforts to create a vaccine that would provide effective protection against infections caused by S. aureus remained without success. The reasons for this stem from the outstanding adaptability skills of this microorganism to almost all environmental conditions, the existence of a numerous virulence factors whose mechanisms of action are not well known, as well as insufficient knowledge of the immune response to S. aureus infections. This review article deals with this issue from another perspective and emphasizes actual knowledge on virulence factors and immune response to S. aureus.
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Sharma P, Wang N, Chervin AS, Quinn CL, Stone JD, Kranz DM. A Multiplex Assay for Detection of Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Exotoxins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135986. [PMID: 26305471 PMCID: PMC4549143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins, also known as superantigens, mediate a range of diseases including toxic shock syndrome, and they exacerbate skin, pulmonary and systemic infections caused by these organisms. When present in food sources they can cause enteric effects commonly known as food poisoning. A rapid, sensitive assay for the toxins would enable testing of clinical samples and improve surveillance of food sources. Here we developed a bead-based, two-color flow cytometry assay using single protein domains of the beta chain of T cell receptors engineered for high-affinity for staphylococcal (SEA, SEB and TSST-1) and streptococcal (SpeA and SpeC) toxins. Site-directed biotinylated forms of these high-affinity agents were used together with commercial, polyclonal, anti-toxin reagents to enable specific and sensitive detection with SD50 values of 400 pg/ml (SEA), 3 pg/ml (SEB), 25 pg/ml (TSST-1), 6 ng/ml (SpeA), and 100 pg/ml (SpeC). These sensitivities were in the range of 4- to 80-fold higher than achieved with standard ELISAs using the same reagents. A multiplex format of the assay showed reduced sensitivity due to higher noise associated with the use of multiple polyclonal agents, but the sensitivities were still well within the range necessary for detection in food sources or for rapid detection of toxins in culture supernatants. For example, the assay specifically detected toxins in supernatants derived from cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, these reagents can be used for simultaneous detection of the toxins in food sources or culture supernatants of potential pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ningyan Wang
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam S. Chervin
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Quinn
- ImmuVen, Inc., University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David M. Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sasaki T, Terano Y, Shibata T, Kawamoto H, Kuzuguchi T, Kohyama E, Watanabe T, Ohyama T, Gemba M. Establishment of Highly Specific and Quantitative Immunoassay Systems for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A, B, and C Using Newly-Developed Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 49:589-97. [PMID: 16034201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) activities remain after boiling or treating with proteases. The main symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, are caused by the ingestion of SEs. Among SEs, SEA has been reported to be the major and most toxic protein. A highly specific and simple assay system is required to diagnose staphylococcal food poisoning. Therefore, the development of a suitable assay system is strongly anticipated. In this study, we have established a highly specific and sensitive avidin-biotin sandwich ELISA (ABS-ELISA) system for SEA, SEB, and SEC1 using newly-developed monoclonal antibodies. The linearity of these systems obtained was in the range of 0.78-25 ng/ml for each SE, and furthermore, the lower concentrations of SEs could also be detected. The recoveries of SEs from murine serum, skim milk solution, and raw milk were found to be over 90%, suggesting that our systems could detect SEs without any interventions, such as these from milk or serum proteins. We were also able to quantify SEs in 22 specimens of culture supernatants of S. aureus isolated in past occurrences. Our established system should be very useful not only in the clinical field but also in various fields of investigation because of its quantifi-cation and simplicity in detecting SEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Sasaki
- Division of Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takatsuki, Japan
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Clarisse T, Michèle S, Olivier T, Valérie E, Vincent LM, Jacques-Antoine H, Michel G, Florence V. Detection and quantification of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in foods with specific and sensitive polyclonal antibodies. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Söderquist B, Colque-Navarro P, Blomqvist L, Olcén P, Holmberg H, Möllby R. Staphylococcal α-toxin in septicaemic patients; detection in serum, antibody response and production in isolated strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(93)90029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rattan A, Gupta SK, Singh S, Takker D, Kumar S, Bai P, Kukreja R, Jaber M. Detection of antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients of infertility by monoclonal antibody based sandwiched enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TUBERCLE AND LUNG DISEASE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE 1993; 74:200-3. [PMID: 8369516 DOI: 10.1016/0962-8479(93)90012-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich ELISA to detect specific protein antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was developed by using polyclonal anti-BCG rabbit antibodies as the primary capture antibodies. The mycobacterial antigens were detected with horseradish peroxidase conjugated monoclonal antibodies (P 6) as secondary antibodies. The enzyme was detected by using 1,2 Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) and Hydrogen peroxide as substrate. The antigen could be quantitated through linear regression analysis with lower detection limit of 1.25 micrograms/ml. 50 consecutive cases of infertility were examined by laparoscopy and tested for the presence of the antigen in the serum. Mycobacterial antigen could be detected in 9 of the 12 cases with definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis, 5 of the 23 where the diagnosis of tuberculosis was probable and in only 1 of 15 patients who had no laparoscopic abnormalities indicative of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rattan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Söderquist B, Colque-Navarro P, Blomqvist L, Olcén P, Holmberg H, Möllby R. Enzyme immunoassay for detection of α-toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(93)90020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goyache J, Orden JA, Blanco JL, Hernández J, Doménech A, Suárez G, Gómez-Lucía E. Murine monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin B: production and characterization. FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY 1992; 4:247-54. [PMID: 1515153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A group of 14 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were obtained by fusion of Sp2/O myeloma cells with spleen cells from female BALB/c mice immunized with commercial SEB. The antibodies belonged to IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses. We evaluated the anti-SEB titres, competition assays and sensitivity of detection by indirect ELISA. Reactivity and cross-reactivity were also studied by indirect ELISA and confirmed by immunoblotting. All the mAbs reacted with SEB and with a second band which had a different electrophoretic mobility and probably represents an aggregate of SEB or SEB bound to membranes. Three mAbs reacted only with SEB and the rest showed cross-reactions with SEC1. No reactions were observed against any other serovar (SEA, SED and SEE) or other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Goyache
- Departamento de Patología Animal I, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Brooks JL, Mirhabibollahi B, Kroll RG. Sensitive enzyme-amplified electrical immunoassay for protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus in foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:3278-84. [PMID: 2268148 PMCID: PMC184942 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.11.3278-3284.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An amperometric electrochemical immunoassay specific for protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus was developed. The method was based on a sandwich immunosorbent assay and incorporated an enzyme amplification step, using a NAD-specific redox cycle generating NADH (C. H. Stanley, A. Johannsson, and C. H. Self, J. Immunol. Methods 83:89-95, 1985). Reduction of the mediator, ferricyanide, was dependent on the initial concentration of antigen. The final potential was measured by using a Pt disk electrode polarized at +0.8 V to the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The assay was rapid (4 h) and generated protein A- and cell (S. aureus)-dependent signals. The system was highly sensitive and could detect 10 pg of protein A ml-1 and less than 100 CFU of S. aureus ml-1. Similar sensitivities were observed with S. aureus cultures inoculated into beef and milk, but the sensitivity was reduced slightly (ca. 10(3) g-1) with samples of Cheddar cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brooks
- Department of Microbiology, Agricultural and Food Research Council Institute of Food Research, Shinfield, Reading, United Kingdom
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