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Wangman P, Surasilp T, Pengsuk C, Sithigorngul P, Longyant S. Development of a
species‐specific
monoclonal antibody for rapid detection and identification of foodborne pathogen
Vibrio vulnificus. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradit Wangman
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology Srinakharinwirot University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Thanai Surasilp
- Major of General Science, Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science Roi Et Rajabhat University Roi Et Thailand
| | - Chalinan Pengsuk
- Faculty of Agricultural Product Innovation and Technology Srinakharinwirot University Nakhon Nayok Thailand
| | - Paisarn Sithigorngul
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology Srinakharinwirot University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Longyant
- Center of Excellence in Animal, Plant and Parasite Biotechnology Srinakharinwirot University Bangkok Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Srinakharinwirot University Bangkok Thailand
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Park YS, Kim SK, Kim SY, Kim KM, Ryu CM. The transcriptome analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana in response to the Vibrio vulnificus by RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225976. [PMID: 31841567 PMCID: PMC6913959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the recent increase in the demand for fresh produce, contamination of raw food products has become an issue. Foodborne diseases are frequently caused by the infection of leguminous plants by human bacterial pathogens. Moreover, contamination by Vibrio cholerae, closely related with Vibrio vulnificus, has been reported in plants and vegetables. Here, we investigated the possibility of Vibrio vulnificus 96-11-17M, an opportunistic human pathogen, to infect and colonize Arabidopsis thaliana plants, resulting in typical disease symptoms at 5 and 7 days post-inoculation in vitro and in planta under artificial and favorable conditions, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 5,360, 4,204, 4,916 and 3,741 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-inoculation, respectively, compared with the 0 h time point. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs act in pathways responsive to chemical and hormone stimuli and plant defense. The expression of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA)-, jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent pathways was altered following V. vulnificus inoculation. Genetic analyses of Arabidopsis mutant lines verified that common pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors perceive the V. vulnificus infection, thus activating JA and ET signaling pathways. Our data indicate that the human bacterial pathogen V. vulnificus 96-11-17M modulates defense-related genes and host defense machinery in Arabidopsis thaliana under favorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soon Park
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Kyu Kim
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung Mo Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Microbial Resource Center, KRIBB, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infection Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- * E-mail: ,
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3
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Yan W, Gu L, Liu S, Ren W, Lyu M, Wang S. Identification of a highly specific DNA aptamer for Vibrio vulnificus using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment coupled with asymmetric PCR. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1821-1829. [PMID: 30270541 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an important bacterial pathogen that causes serious infections in fish and is also highly pathogenic to humans. Many effective detection methods targeting this pathogen have previously been designed, but many of these methods are time-consuming, complicated and expensive. Thus, these approaches cannot be widely used by small aqacultural concerns. Although DNA aptamers have been used to detect pathogenic bacteria, these have not been applied to marine bacteria, including V. vulnificus. Therefore, we developed a highly specific DNA aptamer for V. vulnificus detection using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), coupled with asymmetric PCR. After 13 rounds of cross-selection, we identified a novel DNA aptamer (Vapt2). We evaluated the affinity, specificity and limit of detection (LOD) of this aptamer for V. vulnificus. We found that Vapt2 had a high affinity for V. vulnificus (Kd = 26.8 ± 5.3 nM) and detected this pathogen at a wide range of concentrations (8-2.0 × 108 cfu/ml). Vapt2 bound to V. vulnificus with high selectivity in the presence of other pathogenic bacteria. Our study increases our knowledge of the possible applications of aptamers with respect to marine bacteria. Moreover, our work might provide a framework for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria and water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lide Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingsheng Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang, China
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
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Garrett SB, Garrison-Schilling KL, Cooke JT, Pettis GS. Capsular polysaccharide production and serum survival of Vibrio vulnificus are dependent on antitermination control by RfaH. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4564-4572. [PMID: 27859050 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus undergoes phase variation among colonial morphotypes, including a virulent opaque form which produces capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and a translucent phenotype that produces little or no CPS and is attenuated. Here, we found that a V. vulnificus mutant defective for RfaH antitermination control showed a diminished capacity to undergo phase variation and displayed significantly reduced distal gene expression within the Group I CPS operon. Moreover, the rfaH mutant produced negligible CPS and was highly sensitive to killing by normal human serum, results which indicate that RfaH is likely essential for virulence in this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana B Garrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gregg S Pettis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Silveira DR, Milan C, Rosa JVD, Timm CD. Fatores de patogenicidade de Vibrio spp. de importância em doenças transmitidas por alimentos. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657001252013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: As bactérias do gênero Vibrio habitam ambiente tipicamente marinho e estuarino, sendo comumente isoladas de pescados. As principais espécies de Vibrio reportadas como agentes de infecções em humanos são V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus . V. vulnificus é considerado o mais perigoso, podendo causar septicemia e levar à morte. V. parahaemolyticus é um patógeno importante nas regiões costeiras de clima temperado e tropical em todo o mundo e tem sido responsável por casos de gastroenterites associadas ao consumo de peixes, moluscos e crustáceos marinhos. V. cholerae causa surtos, epidemias e pandemias relacionados com ambientes estuarinos. V. mimicus pode causar episódios esporádicos de gastroenterite aguda e infecções de ouvido. A patogenicidade das bactérias está ligada à habilidade do micro-organismo em iniciar uma doença (incluindo entrada, colonização e multiplicação no corpo humano). Para que isso ocorra, os micro-organismos fazem uso de diversos fatores. O objetivo desta revisão foi sintetizar o conhecimento disponível na literatura sobre os fatores de patogenicidade de V. vulnificus , V. parahaemolyticus , V. cholerae e V. mimicus .
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Kaluskar ZM, Garrison-Schilling KL, McCarter KS, Lambert B, Simar SR, Pettis GS. Manganese is an additional cation that enhances colonial phase variation of Vibrio vulnificus. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:789-794. [PMID: 26147440 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, an inhabitant of marine and estuarine environments around the world, is the leading cause of reported seafood-related deaths in the United States. Disease is caused by opaque colony-forming strains that produce capsular polysaccharide, loss of which results in an unencapsulated translucent phenotype with diminished virulence potential. Rugose is a third phenotypic variant of V. vulnificus, and produces a separate exopolysaccharide that results in a dry, wrinkled appearance and the ability to form profuse biofilms. Phase variation among these three phenotypes is influenced by several environmental factors, including the presence of calcium in the medium (Garrison-Schilling et al.). In this study, we have identified a second cation, manganese, which substantially increases the propensity of opaque V. vulnificus strains to switch to translucent or rugose phenotypes. In comparative studies, manganese and calcium promoted switching to the same phenotype for some strains but to different phenotypes for others, results of which indicate that the two cations do not always promote the same changes in underlying gene expression. The data here provide further evidence that exposure of V. vulnificus to select cations results in phenotypic changes that impact both virulence capacity and ecology of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelam M Kaluskar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | - Kevin S McCarter
- Department of Experimental Statistics, Louisiana State University, 171 Martin D. Woodin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Bliss Lambert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Shelby R Simar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Gregg S Pettis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Garrison-Schilling KL, Kaluskar ZM, Lambert B, Pettis GS. Genetic analysis and prevalence studies of the brp exopolysaccharide locus of Vibrio vulnificus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100890. [PMID: 25013926 PMCID: PMC4094392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase variation in the Gram-negative human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus involves three colonial morphotypes- smooth opaque colonies due to production of capsular polysaccharide (CPS), smooth translucent colonies as the result of little or no CPS expression, and rugose colonies due to production of a separate extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), which greatly enhances biofilm formation. Previously, it was shown that the brp locus, which consists of nine genes arranged as an operon, is up-regulated in rugose strains in a c-di-GMP-dependent manner, and that plasmid insertions into the locus resulted in loss of rugosity and efficient biofilm production. Here, we have used non-polar mutagenesis to assess the involvement of individual brp genes in production of EPS and related phenotypes. Inactivation of genes predicted to be involved in various stages of EPS biosynthesis eliminated both the rugose colonial appearance and production of EPS, while knockout of a predicted flippase function involved in EPS transport resulted in a dry, lightly striated phenotype, which was associated with a reduction of brp-encoded EPS on the cell surface. All brp mutants retained the reduced motility characteristic of rugose strains. Lastly, we provide evidence that the brp locus is highly prevalent among strains of V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zelam M. Kaluskar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Bliss Lambert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gregg S. Pettis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jeong HS, Kim JY, Jeon SM, Park MS, Kim SH. Genotypic Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus Clinical Isolates in Korea. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2011; 2:8-14. [PMID: 24159444 PMCID: PMC3766911 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrp.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vibrio vunificus is known to cause septicemia and severe wound infections in patients with chronic liver diseases or an immuno-compromised condition. We carried out the molecular characterization of V. vulnificus isolates from human Vibrio septicemia cases based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using NotI and SfiI. Methods and Results PFGE was used to characterize a total of 78 strains from clinical cases after NotI or SfiI digestion. The geographical distribution of PFGE patterns for the strains from the southern part of Korea, a high-risk region for Vibrio septicemia, indicated that the isolates from southeastern Korea showed a comparatively higher degree of homology than those from southwestern Korea. Conclusions We report the genetic distribution of V. vulnficus isolated from Vibrio septicemia cases during 2000–2004 in Korea. This method has potential use as a subspecies-typing tool for V. vulnificus strains isolated from distant geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Jeong
- Division of Enteric and Hepatitis Virus, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Korea
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Surasilp T, Longyant S, Rukpratanporn S, Sridulyakul P, Sithigorngul P, Chaivisuthangkura P. Rapid and sensitive detection of Vibrio vulnificus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick targeted to rpoS gene. Mol Cell Probes 2011; 25:158-63. [PMID: 21513793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with amplicon detection by chromatographic lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay was developed and evaluated for the detection of Vibrio vulnificus. Biotinylated LAMP amplicons were produced by a set of six designed primers that recognized the V. vulnificus RNA polymerase subunit sigma factor S (rpoS) gene followed by hybridization with an FITC-labeled probe and LFD detection. The optimized time and temperature conditions for the LAMP assay were 90 min at 65 °C. The LAMP-LFD method accurately identified 14 isolates of V. vulnificus but did not detect 25 non-vulnificus Vibrio isolates and 37 non-Vibrio isolates. The sensitivity of LAMP-LFD for V. vulnificus detection in pure culture was 1.5 × 10(3) CFU ml(-1) or equivalent to 2.8 CFU per reaction. In the case of spiked oyster samples without enrichment, the detection limit for V. vulnificus was 1.2 × 10(4) CFU g(-1) or equivalent to 11 CFU per reaction. The results show that this method appears to be accurate, precise and valuable tool for identification of V. vulnificus and can be used efficiently for detection of V. vulnificus in contaminated food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanai Surasilp
- Department of Biology, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Garrison-Schilling KL, Grau BL, McCarter KS, Olivier BJ, Comeaux NE, Pettis GS. Calcium promotes exopolysaccharide phase variation and biofilm formation of the resulting phase variants in the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:643-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fouz B, Llorens A, Valiente E, Amaro C. A comparative epizootiologic study of the two fish-pathogenic serovars of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2010; 33:383-390. [PMID: 20158583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is subdivided into two main serovars, serovar E, able to infect fish and humans, and serovar A, only virulent for fish. Serovar E emerged in 1976 as the causative agent of a haemorrhagic septicaemia (warm-water vibriosis) affecting eels cultured in brackish water. Serovar A emerged in 2000 in freshwater-cultured eels vaccinated against serovar E, causing warm-water vibriosis with fish showing a haemorrhagic intestine as the main differential sign. The aim of the present work was to compare the disease caused by both serovars in terms of transmission routes, portals of entry and host range. Results of bath, patch-contact and oral-anal challenges demonstrated that both serovars spread through water and infect healthy eels, serovar A entering mainly by the anus and serovar E by the gills. The course of the disease under laboratory conditions was similar for both serovars in terms of transmission and dependence of degree of virulence on water parameters (temperature and salinity). However, the decrease in degree of virulence in fresh water was significantly greater in serovar E than in serovar A. Finally, both serovars proved pathogenic for tilapia, sea bass and rainbow trout, but not for sea bream, with significant differences in degree of virulence only in rainbow trout. In conclusion, serovar A seems to represent a new antigenic form of V. vulnificus biotype 2 with an unusual portal of entry and is better adapted to fresh water than serovar E.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fouz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Chen S, Ge B. Development of a toxR-based loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:41. [PMID: 20146814 PMCID: PMC2838873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related bacterial gastroenteritis and outbreaks worldwide. Sensitive and specific detection methods are needed to better control V. parahaemolyticus infections. This study aimed at developing a highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. A set of five LAMP primers, two outer, two inner, and one loop were designed based on the published V. parahaemolyticus toxR sequence. Specificity of the assay was evaluated using a panel of 36 V. parahaemolyticus and 39 other strains. The assay sensitivity was determined using serial dilutions of V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 27969 culture ranging from 10(8) CFU/ml to extinction. The assay was also tested in experimentally inoculated oyster samples. RESULTS The toxR-based LAMP assay was able to specifically detect all of the 36 V. parahaemolyticus strains without amplification from 39 other strains. The detection limit was 47-470 cells per reaction in pure culture, up to 100-fold more sensitive than that of toxR-PCR. When applied in spiked oysters, the assay was able to detect 1.1 x 10(5) V. parahaemolyticus cells per gram of oyster without enrichment, up to 100-fold more sensitive than that of toxR-PCR. Standard curves generated for detecting V. parahaemolyticus in both pure culture and spiked oyster samples showed good linear relationship between cell numbers and the fluorescence or turbidity signals. CONCLUSIONS The toxR-based LAMP assay developed in this study was sensitive, specific, and quantitative, holding great potential for future field detection of V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Rengpipat S, Pusiririt S, Rukpratanporn S. Differentiating between isolates of Vibrio vulnificus with monoclonal antibodies. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Longyant S, Rukpratanporn S, Chaivisuthangkura P, Suksawad P, Srisuk C, Sithigorngul W, Piyatiratitivorakul S, Sithigorngul P. Identification of Vibrio spp. in vibriosis Penaeus vannamei using developed monoclonal antibodies. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar E gne but not galE is essential for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and virulence. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1628-38. [PMID: 18227162 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01393-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to establish the role of gne (encoding UDP-GalNAc 4-epimerase activity) and galE (encoding UDP-Gal-4-epimerase activity) in the biosynthesis of surface polysaccharides, as well as in the virulence for eels and humans of the zoonotic serovar of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, serovar E. DNA sequence data revealed that gne and galE are quite homologous within this species (> or =90% homology). Mutation in gne of strain CECT4999 increased the surface hydrophobicity, produced deep alterations in the outer membrane architecture, and resulted in noticeable increases in the sensitivity to microcidal peptides (MP), to eel and human sera, and to phagocytosis/opsonophagocytosis. Furthermore, significant attenuation of virulence for eels and mice was observed. By contrast, mutation in galE did not alter the cellular surface, did not increase the sensitivity to MP, serum, or phagocytosis, and did not affect the virulence for fish and mice. The change in the attenuated-virulence phenotype produced by a mutation in gne was correlated with the loss of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the capsule was maintained. Complementation of a gne-deficient mutant restored the LPS structure together with the whole virulence phenotype. In conclusion, gne, but not galE, is essential for LPS biosynthesis and virulence in the zoonotic serovar of V. vulnificus biotype 2.
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Fouz B, Roig FJ, Amaro C. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of a new fish-virulent Vibrio vulnificus serovar that lacks potential to infect humans. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:1926-1934. [PMID: 17526849 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterial species that is virulent for humans and fish. Human isolates are classified into biotypes 1 and 3 (BT1 and BT3) and fish isolates into biotype 2 (BT2). However, a few human infections caused by BT2 isolates have been reported worldwide (zoonosis). These BT2 human isolates belong to serovar E (SerE), which is also present in diseased fish. The aim of the present work was to characterize a new BT2 serovar [serovar A (SerA)], which emerged in the European fish-farming industry in 2000, by means of phenotypic, serological and genetic [plasmid profiling, ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)] methodologies. The results confirmed that SerA constitutes a homogeneous O-serogroup within the species that shares plasmidic information with SerE. Like SerE, this new serogroup was resistant to fresh fish serum, as well as being highly virulent for fish. In contrast, it was sensitive to human serum and avirulent for mice, even after pretreatment with iron. The two serovars presented different biochemical profiles as well as specific patterns by ribotyping and RAPD analysis. In conclusion, SerA seems to constitute a different clonal group that has recently emerged within the species V. vulnificus, with pathogenic potential for fish but not for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Fouz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Roig
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Fouz B, Larsen JL, Amaro C. Vibrio vulnificus serovar A: an emerging pathogen in European anguilliculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:285-91. [PMID: 16677318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the emerging pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar A in Danish anguilliculture is reported. Serovar A was originally isolated in a Spanish eel farm in 2000 and occurred in Denmark in the summer of 2004, affecting eels of 5-10 g body weight cultured in fresh water. The Danish eels showed clinical signs different from those reported for Spanish eels, such as severe haemorrhages in the head and gill region with necrosis of the soft tissues. Danish isolates were biochemically and serologically identical to Spanish serovar A strains and also highly virulent for eels by both intraperitoneal injection and immersion challenges. Vaccination with Vulnivaccine, a vaccine against V. vulnificus serovar E, cross-protected eels against serovar A. The LD(50) for experimentally infected vaccinated animals was significantly higher than for non-vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fouz
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Grau BL, Henk MC, Pettis GS. High-frequency phase variation of Vibrio vulnificus 1003: isolation and characterization of a rugose phenotypic variant. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:2519-25. [PMID: 15774896 PMCID: PMC1065241 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.7.2519-2525.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine bacterium Vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen that can spontaneously switch between virulent opaque and avirulent translucent phenotypes. Here, we document an additional form, the rugose variant, which produces copious biofilms and which may contribute both to pathogenicity of V. vulnificus and to its survival under adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Grau
- Department of Biological Sciences, 107 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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19
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Levin RE. Vibrio vulnificus, a Notably Lethal Human Pathogen Derived from Seafood: A Review of Its Pathogenicity, Subspecies Characterization, and Molecular Methods of Detection. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/fbt-200049071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Sanjuán E, Amaro C. Protocol for specific isolation of virulent strains of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E (biotype 2) from environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:7024-32. [PMID: 15574896 PMCID: PMC535198 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.12.7024-7032.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 comprises at least three serovars, with serovar E being the only one involved in both epizootics of eel vibriosis and sporadic cases of human infections. The virulent strains of this serovar (VSE) have only been recovered from clinical (mainly eel tissue) sources. The main objective of this work was to design and validate a new protocol for VSE-specific isolation from environmental samples. The key element of the new protocol is the broth used for the first step (saline eel serum broth [SEB]), which contains eel serum as a nutritive and selective component. This approach takes advantage of the ability of VSE cells to grow in eel serum and thus to separate themselves from the pool of competitors. The growth yield in SEB after 8 h of incubation was 1,000 times higher for VSE strains than for their putative competitors (including biotype 1 strains of the species). The selective and differential agar Vibrio vulnificus medium (VVM) was selected from five selective media for the second step because it gave the highest plating efficiency not only for the VSE group but also for other V. vulnificus groups, including biotype 3. The entire protocol was validated by field studies, with alkaline peptone water plus VVM as a control. V. vulnificus was isolated by both protocols, but serovar E was only recovered by the new method described here. All selected serovar E isolates were identified as VSE since they were virulent for both eels and iron-overloaded mice and resisted the bactericidal action of eel and iron-overloaded human sera. In conclusion, this new protocol is a suitable method for the isolation of VSE strains from environmental samples and is recommended for epidemiological studies of the pathogenic serovar E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sanjuán
- Departamento Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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21
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Esteve-Gassent MD, Fouz B, Amaro C. Efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against eel diseases caused by Vibrio vulnificus after its administration by four different routes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 16:93-105. [PMID: 15123314 DOI: 10.1016/s1050-4648(03)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Vulnivaccine, a vaccine against vibriosis caused by Vibrio vulnificus serovar E (formerly biotype 2), confers acceptable levels of protection to eels after its administration by prolonged immersion in three doses. Recently, a new pathogenic serovar, named serovar A, has been isolated from vaccinated eels in a Spanish freshwater eel farm. The main objective of this work was to design a bivalent vaccine, and to study its effectiveness against the two pathogenic serovars. With this aim, eels weighing around 20 g were immunised with the bivalent vaccine by oral and anal intubation, intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) and prolonged immersion. The overall results indicated that: (i) the new vaccine delivered by oral and anal intubation induced protection levels higher than 80%, to that achieved after i.p. vaccination; (ii) oral and anal vaccination induced a significant systemic and mucosal immune response; (iii) the protection after vaccination by whichever routes was related to antibody titres in plasma; (iv) mucosal and systemic compartments showed different kinetics of antibody production; (v) evidence for passive transfer of antibodies from plasma to gut mucus were found after i.p. and anal vaccination, and finally, (vi) vaccination did not enhance the production of lysozyme, in plasma or mucus. In conclusion, this new vaccine is effective in protecting eels against vibriosis caused by the two eel-pathogenic serovars of V. vulnificus, the oral delivery system is a promising way which may be used in intensive culture facilities during the whole growth period of eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Esteve-Gassent
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Zuppardo AB, DePaola A, Bowers JC, Schully KL, Gooch JA, Siebeling RJ. Heterogeneity of environmental, retail, and clinical isolates of Vibrio vulnificus as determined by lipopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1172-7. [PMID: 11510655 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.8.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus expresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens on its outer membrane surface. A serological typing system was developed for these antigens, utilizing the discriminatory recognition of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) by ELISA. MAb were used to recognize five unique types of LPS-associated antigens for examination of clinical. environmental, and retail isolates of V. vulnificus. The overall serotype profile of the clinical isolates was significantly different (P < 0.05) from that of the environmental and retail isolates. A higher percentage of clinical isolates were typable (61%) compared to the environmental isolates (41%) and retail isolates (44%). In particular, the percentage of serotype 1/5 among clinical isolates (33%), compared to that of environmental (9%) and retail (4%), was highly significant (P < 0.0001). Among the environmental Gulf Coast isolates, there were differences in the prevalence of serotypes 2 and 3 (P < 0.05), depending on whether isolates were obtained from Louisiana or Alabama harvest sites. There were no statistically significant differences between the serotype profiles of Gulf and Atlantic Coast retail isolates despite the absence of serotype 1/5 from the Atlantic Coast. While some serotype diversity was detected in V. vulnificus isolated during different seasons, from different geographic locations, and at retail versus at harvest, there was no apparent concordance between any of the serotype distributions obtained from oysters versus that isolated clinically. The heterogeneity of environmental isolates and relative homogeneity among clinical isolates suggest that human risk may not be predicted on quantitative exposure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zuppardo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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23
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Lewin A, Bert B, Dalsgaard A, Appel B, Høi L. A highly homologous 68 kbp plasmid found inVibrio vulnificus strains virulent for eels. J Basic Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200012)40:5/6<377::aid-jobm377>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Abstract
This review describes the factors which are currently recognized as being central to the virulence of the human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus. This estuarine/marine bacterium occurs in high numbers in molluscan shellfish, primarily oysters, and its ingestion in raw oysters results in a ca. 60% mortality in those persons who are susceptible to this bacterium. The organism is also able to produce life-threatening wound infections. We describe here the nature of both the wound and primary septicemia infections, the virulence factors known or believed to be involved in these infections, possible immunotherapy, and some thoughts on the possibility that not all strains of this pathogen are virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Linkous
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 28223, USA
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25
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Biosca EG, Collado RM, Oliver JD, Amaro C. Comparative study of biological properties and electrophoretic characteristics of lipopolysaccharide from eel-virulent and eel-A virulent Vibrio vulnificus strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:856-8. [PMID: 9925630 PMCID: PMC91109 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.856-858.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Vibrio vulnificus, virulence for eels is associated with serovar E strains. In this study, we investigated some biological properties of purified lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from serovar E and non-serovar E strains. Purified LPSs retained their O-polysaccharidic side chains and did not show any differences that could be related to host specificity, except for serological differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Biosca
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, 46100, Spain
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26
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Høi L, Dalsgaard I, DePaola A, Siebeling RJ, Dalsgaard A. Heterogeneity among isolates of Vibrio vulnificus recovered from eels (Anguilla anguilla) in Denmark. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:4676-82. [PMID: 9835548 PMCID: PMC90908 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.4676-4682.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings of this study demonstrate that Vibrio vulnificus isolates recovered from diseased eels in Denmark are heterogeneous as shown by O serovars, capsule types, ribotyping, phage typing, and plasmid profiling. The study includes 85 V. vulnificus isolates isolated from the gills, intestinal contents, mucus, spleen, and kidneys of eels during five disease outbreaks on two Danish eel farms from 1995 to 1997, along with a collection of 12 V. vulnificus reference strains. The results showed that more than one serovar may be capable of causing disease in eels and that these isolates are genetically heterogenous as shown by ribotyping. Ribotyping also showed that the same isolates may persist in an eel farm and cause recurrent outbreaks. Phage typing did not correlate with ribotyping or serotyping. However, we observed that 26 of 28 isolates, which were not susceptible to any of the phages, showed the same ribotype, O serovar, and capsule type. This suggests that these isolates may possess features that make them resistant to lysis by the phages used in this study. Ninety-three of 97 isolates harbored between one and three high-molecular-weight plasmids which previously had been suggested to be associated with eel virulence. The subdivision of V. vulnificus into two biotypes based on the indole reaction can no longer be supported, since 82 of 97 isolates in this study were indole positive, and a subdivision into serovars appears to be more correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Høi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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27
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Arias CR, Pujalte MJ, Garay E, Aznar R. Genetic relatedness among environmental, clinical, and diseased-eel Vibrio vulnificus isolates from different geographic regions by ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3403-10. [PMID: 9726889 PMCID: PMC106739 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.9.3403-3410.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic relationships among 132 strains of Vibrio vulnificus (clinical, environmental, and diseased-eel isolates from different geographic origins, as well as seawater and shellfish isolates from the western Mediterranean coast, including reference strains) were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR. Results were validated by ribotyping. For ribotyping, DNAs were digested with KpnI and hybridized with an oligonucleotide probe complementary to a highly conserved sequence in the 23S rRNA gene. Random amplification of DNA was performed with M13 and T3 universal primers. The comparison between ribotyping and RAPD PCR revealed an overall agreement regarding the high level of homogeneity of diseased-eel isolates in contrast to the genetic heterogeneity of Mediterranean isolates. The latter suggests the existence of autochthonous clones present in Mediterranean coastal waters. Both techniques have revealed a genetic proximity among Spanish fish farm isolates and a close relationship between four Spanish eel farm isolates and some Mediterranean isolates. Whereas the differentiation within diseased-eel isolates was only possible by ribotyping, RAPD PCR was able to differentiate phenotypically atypical isolates of V. vulnificus. On the basis of our results, RAPD PCR is proposed as a better technique than ribotyping for rapid typing in the routine analysis of new V. vulnificus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Arias
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
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28
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Arias CR, Verdonck L, Swings J, Aznar R, Garay E. A Polyphasic Approach to Study the Intraspecif ic Diversity Amongst Vibrio vulnificus Isolates. Syst Appl Microbiol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(97)80034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Jackson JK, Murphree RL, Tamplin ML. Evidence that mortality from Vibrio vulnificus infection results from single strains among heterogeneous populations in shellfish. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2098-101. [PMID: 9230389 PMCID: PMC229910 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.8.2098-2101.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of food-related mortality reported in the state of Florida. It is normal microflora in marine environments, where seawater and molluscan shellfish are the primary vectors of V. vulnificus disease. Risk correlates with seasonally high numbers of V. vulnificus bacteria during the summer months. Currently, the infectious dose for humans, as well as whether the disease is caused by single or multiple strains found in molluscan shellfish, is unknown. In this work, we studied pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles of V. vulnificus strains isolated from blood and oysters associated with V. vulnificus disease. Results showed that ca. 10(3) V. vulnificus bacteria/gram of oyster and higher concentrations were associated with human infections and that a single V. vulnificus strain, evidenced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, was isolated from human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0310, USA.
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30
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Amaro C, Fouz B, Biosca EG, Marco-Noales E, Collado R. The lipopolysaccharide O side chain of Vibrio vulnificus serogroup E is a virulence determinant for eels. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2475-9. [PMID: 9169795 PMCID: PMC175347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2475-2479.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium capable of producing septicemic infections in eels and immunocompromised humans. Two biotypes are classically recognized, with the virulence for eels being specific to strains belonging to biotype 2, which constitutes a homogeneous lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based O serogroup (which we have designated serogroup E). In the present study we demonstrated that the O side chain of this LPS determines the selective virulence of biotype 2 for eels: (i) biotype 1 strains (which do not belong to serogroup E) are destroyed by the bactericidal action of nonimmune eel serum (NIS) through activation of the alternative pathway of complement, (ii) biotype 2 strains (of serogroup E) are resistant to NIS, and (iii) rough mutants of biotype 2 lacking the O polysaccharide side chain are sensitive to NIS and avirulent for eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amaro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
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31
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Høi L, Dalsgaard A, Larsen JL, Warner JM, Oliver JD. Comparison of ribotyping and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR for characterization of Vibrio vulnificus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1674-8. [PMID: 9143101 PMCID: PMC168461 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.5.1674-1678.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 85 isolates of Vibrio vulnificus were characterized by ribotyping with a probe complementary to 16S and 23S rRNA of Escherichia coli and by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) with a 10-mer oligonucleotide primer. The RAPD-PCR results were scanned, and the images were analyzed with a computer program. Ribotype membranes were evaluated visually. Both the ribotyping and the RAPD-PCR results showed that the collection of strains was genetically very heterogeneous. Ribotyping enabled us to differentiate U.S. and Danish strains and V. vulnificus biotypes 1 and 2, while the RAPD-PCR technique was not able to correlate isolates with sources or to differentiate the two biotypes, suggesting that ribotyping is useful for typing V. vulnificus strains whereas RAPD-PCR profiles may subdivide ribotypes. Two Danish clinical biotype 2 strains isolated from fishermen who contracted the infection cleaning eels belonged to the same ribotype as three eel strains (biotype 2), providing further evidence that V. vulnificus biotype 2 is an opportunistic pathogen for humans. One isolate (biotype 2) from Danish coastal waters also showed the same ribotype as the eel strains. This is, to our knowledge, the first time the isolation of V. vulnificus biotype 2 from coastal waters has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Høi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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32
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Biosca EG, Amaro C, Larsen JL, Pedersen K. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus: proposal for the substitution of the subspecific taxon biotype for serovar. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:1460-6. [PMID: 9097444 PMCID: PMC168441 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.4.1460-1466.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification of Vibrio vulnificus strains into two biotypes has been maintained on the basis of phenotypic properties and eel virulence. Biotype 2 is virulent for eels, negative for the indole reaction, and serologically homogeneous (serogroup E), whereas strains of biotype 1 are avirulent, indole positive, and serologically heterogeneous. In the present study, we phenotypically and genotypically characterized 21 V. vulnificus isolates, recovered mainly from northern Europe, by comparing them with reference strains of both biotypes to look for new isolates of biotype 2. The results of this work revealed that the majority of isolates virulent for eels presented phenotypic traits previously considered characteristics of biotype 2 and specific ribotypes with HindIII. However, among the new isolates we found (i) a serogroup E strain virulent for eels but indole positive and (ii) one isolate not belonging to serogroup E but pathogenic for eels. Since no biochemical test for specific serogroup can with certainty be associated with eel virulence, we propose to classify V. vulnificus strains into serovars instead of biotypes. Thus, we suggest serovar E as the denomination of those strains previously classified as biotype 2. Finally, the occurrence of serogroup E in eels cultured in Norway and Sweden, as well as from human infections and shrimp, has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Biosca
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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33
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Biosca EG, Marco-Noales E, Amaro C, Alcaide E. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2: development and field studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:537-42. [PMID: 9023934 PMCID: PMC168346 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.2.537-542.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is a primary eel pathogen which constitutes a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based homogeneous O serogroup within the species. In the present work, we have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the specificity of LPS for the detection of this pathogen. The ELISA specificity was confirmed after testing 36 biotype 2 strains from laboratory cultures and environmental samples, 31 clinical and environmental biotype 1 isolates, and several strains of Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Yersinia species, including the fish pathogens V. anguillarum, V. furnissii, A. hydrophila, and Y. ruckerii. The detection limits for biotype 2 cells were around 10(4) to 10(5) cells/well, and the immunoassay was also able to detect cells in the nonculturable state. Artificially infected eels and environmental samples were analyzed, and the immunodetection was confirmed by cultural methods (isolation on selective and nonselective media before and after broth enrichment). With this methodology, V. vulnificus biotype 2 was successfully detected in infected eels and asymptomatic carriers, which suggests that eels can act as a reservoir for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Biosca
- Departamento Microbiología, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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34
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Tamplin ML, Jackson JK, Buchrieser C, Murphree RL, Portier KM, Gangar V, Miller LG, Kaspar CW. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental Vibrio vulnificus isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3572-80. [PMID: 8837412 PMCID: PMC168162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.10.3572-3580.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus belongs to the autochthonous bacterial flora of warm estuarine waters. It can cause life-threatening extraintestinal disease in persons who have underlying illness and who consume raw shellfish or contact wounds with estuarine water. Currently, very little is known about genetic diversity within this species. In this report, we describe high-level variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles among 53 clinical and 78 environmental isolates, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In contrast, ribotype profiles showed greater similarity. When combined ribotype profiles of clinical and environmental isolates were analyzed, four predominant clusters were observed. Interestingly, a low number (16%) of clinical isolates were found in cluster C, compared with clusters A, B, and D (range, 50 to 83%). In addition, 83% of all Hawaiian isolates were located in a single cluster, indicating a possible relationship between geography and genotype. We also report that spontaneous translucent colonial morphotypes were distinct by both restriction fragment length polymorphism and biochemical profiles, compared with opaque parent strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Tamplin
- Department of Home Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
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Biosca EG, Amaro C. Toxic and enzymatic activities of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 with respect to host specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2331-7. [PMID: 8779570 PMCID: PMC168013 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.7.2331-2337.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the enzymatic activities of selected strains of biotypes 1 and 2 of Vabrio vulnificus were analyzed by using conventional methods and the API ZYM system. The toxic activities of extracellular products (ECPs) were further evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The ECPs of both biotypes (i) showed high-level hydrolytic activities, (ii) displayed cytotoxicity for fish cell lines, and (iii) were lethal for eels. Exotoxins seem to be proteinaceous since heat treatment of ECP samples destroyed their toxicity. Only biotype 2 strains were virulent for cels, suggesting that host specificity must be related to differences in cell surface properties. Infectivity trials with other fish species also revealed that only biotype 2 strains were virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Biosca
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Ecologia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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Horré R, Marklein G, Schaal KP. Vibrio vulnificus, an emerging human pathogen. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 284:273-84. [PMID: 8837388 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(96)80103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Horré
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
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Amaro C, Biosca EG. Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, pathogenic for eels, is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:1454-7. [PMID: 8919812 PMCID: PMC167917 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.4.1454-1457.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans. Results from a detailed comparative study using reference strains of both biotypes revealed that the clinical strain ATCC 33817, originally isolated from a human leg wound and classified as V. vulnificus (no reference on its biotype is noted), belongs to biotype 2 of the species. As a biotype 2 strain, it is negative for indole and pathogenic for eels and mice, harbors two plasmids of high MrS, and belongs to serogroup E, recently proposed as characteristic of biotype 2 strains. In consequence, appropriate measures must be taken by consumers, particularly by those running a health risk, and by fish farmers, above all when manipulating eels during epizootic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amaro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Ecología, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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Biosca EG, Oliver JD, Amaro C. Phenotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, a lipopolysaccharide-based homogeneous O serogroup within Vibrio vulnificus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:918-27. [PMID: 8975619 PMCID: PMC167856 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.3.918-927.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have reevaluated the taxonomic position of biotype 2 of Vibrio vulnificus. For this purpose, we have biochemically and serologically characterized 83 biotype 2 strains from diseased eels, comparing them with 17 biotype 1 strains from different sources. Selected strains were also molecularly analyzed and tested for eel and mouse pathogenicity. Results have shown that biotype 2 (i) is biochemically homogeneous, indole production being the main trait that distinguishes it from biotype 1, (ii) presents small variations in DNA restriction profiles and outer membrane protein patterns, some proteins being immunologically related to outer membrane proteins from biotype 1, (iii) expresses a common lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile, which is immunologically identical among strains and distinct from that of LPS of tested biotype 1 strains, and (iv) contains at least two high-Mr plasmids. Regarding host range, we have confirmed that both biotypes are pathogenic for mice but only biotype 2 is pathogenic for eels. On the basis of these data, we propose that biotype 2 of V. vulnificus constitutes an LPS-based O serogroup which is phenotypically homogeneous and pathogenic for eels. In this article, the serogroup is designated serogroup E (for eels).
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Biosca
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Ecologia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Hoyer J, Engelmann E, Liehr RM, Distler A, Hahn H, Shimada T. Septic shock due to Vibrio vulnificus serogroup 04 wound infection acquired from the Baltic Sea. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14:1016-18. [PMID: 8654441 DOI: 10.1007/bf01691388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Chen D, Hanna PJ, Altmann K, Smith A, Moon P, Hammond LS. Development of monoclonal antibodies that identify Vibrio species commonly isolated from infections of humans, fish, and shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3694-700. [PMID: 1482190 PMCID: PMC183162 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.11.3694-3700.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Vibrio species that infect humans, fish, and shellfish were developed for application in rapid identifications. The pathogens included Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. carchariae, V. cholerae, V. damsela, V. furnissii, V. harveyi, V. ordalii, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus. Three types of MAbs were selected. The first important group included MAbs that reacted with only a single species. A second group comprised a number of MAbs that reacted with two, taxonomically closely related Vibrio species. For example, of 22 MAbs raised against V. alginolyticus, 6 recognized a 52-kDa flagellar H antigen common to both V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus; V. anguillarum and V. ordalii also shared antigens. A third group included three genus-specific MAbs that reacted with almost all Vibrio species but did not react with other members of the family Vibrionaceae (e.g., members of the Aeromonas, Photobacterium, and Plesiomonas genera) or a wide range of gram-negative bacteria representing many genera. This last group indicated the possible existence of an antigenic determinant common to Vibrio species. Two of these three genus-specific MAbs reacted with heat-stable antigenic determinants of Vibrio species as well as lipopolysaccharide extracted from Vibrio species. The use of the MAbs in blind tests and diagnosis of clinical isolates indicated that three different types of bacteria, viz., live, formalin-fixed, and sodium azide-killed bacteria, were detected consistently. Overall, it was found that the genus-specific MAbs were very useful for rapidly identifying vibrios in the screening of acute infections, while the species-specific MAbs and others were useful for completing the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Reddy GP, Hayat U, Abeygunawardana C, Fox C, Wright AC, Maneval DR, Bush CA, Morris JG. Purification and determination of the structure of capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio vulnificus M06-24. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2620-30. [PMID: 1556081 PMCID: PMC205902 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.8.2620-2630.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of Vibrio vulnificus has been strongly associated with encapsulation and an opaque colony morphology. Capsular polysaccharide was purified from a whole-cell, phosphate-buffered saline-extracted preparation of the opaque, virulent phase of V. vulnificus M06-24 (M06-24/O) by dialysis, centrifugation, enzymatic digestion, and phenol-chloroform extraction. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of the purified polysaccharide showed that the polymer was composed of a repeating structure with four sugar residues per repeating subunit: three residues of 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyhexopyranose in the alpha-gluco configuration (QuiNAc) and an additional residue of 2-acetamido hexouronate in the alpha-galactopyranose configuration (GalNAcA). The complete carbohydrate structure of the polysaccharide was determined by heteronuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were completely assigned, and vicinal coupling relationships were used to establish the stereochemistry of each sugar residue, its anomeric configuration, and the positions of the glycosidic linkages. The complete structure is: [----3) QuipNAc alpha-(1----3)-GalpNAcA alpha-(1----3)-QuipNAc alpha-(1----]n QuipNAc alpha-(1----4)-increases The polysaccharide was produced by a translucent phase variant of M06-24 (M06-24/T) but not by a translucent, acapsular transposon mutant (CVD752). Antibodies to the polysaccharide were demonstrable in serum from rabbits inoculated with M06-24/O.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore 21228
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