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Umesha S, Manukumar HM. Advanced molecular diagnostic techniques for detection of food-borne pathogens: Current applications and future challenges. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:84-104. [PMID: 26745757 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1126701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of disease-causing microbes from the food supply is a primary goal and this review deals with the overall techniques available for detection of food-borne pathogens. Now-a-days conventional methods are replaced by advanced methods like Biosensors, Nucleic Acid-based Tests (NAT), and different PCR-based techniques used in molecular biology to identify specific pathogens. Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and pathogens are detected in contaminated food items that cause always diseases in human in any one or the other way. Identification of food-borne pathogens in a short period of time is still a challenge to the scientific field in general and food technology in particular. The low level of food contamination by major pathogens requires specific sensitive detection platforms and the present area of hot research looking forward to new nanomolecular techniques for nanomaterials, make them suitable for the development of assays with high sensitivity, response time, and portability. With the sound of these, we attempt to highlight a comprehensive overview about food-borne pathogen detection by rapid, sensitive, accurate, and cost affordable in situ analytical methods from conventional methods to recent molecular approaches for advanced food and microbiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Umesha
- a Department of Studies in Biotechnology , University of Mysore, Manasagangotri , Mysore , Karnataka , India
| | - H M Manukumar
- a Department of Studies in Biotechnology , University of Mysore, Manasagangotri , Mysore , Karnataka , India
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Mangal M, Bansal S, Sharma SK, Gupta RK. Molecular Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: A Rapid and Accurate Answer to Food Safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1568-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.782483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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TIAN CHANGDONG, ZHANG YUNZHE, MA XIAOYAN, ZHANG WEI, WANG JIE. STUDY ON DETECTION OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS IN SHELLFISH BY USE OF LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION METHOD. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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von Altrock A, Roesler U, Merle R, Waldmann KH. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains on liver surfaces of pigs and their antimicrobial susceptibility. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1680-3. [PMID: 20828475 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.9.1680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A study to determine the occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on surfaces of slaughtered pig livers and the antimicrobial resistant pattern of the isolates was carried out in a slaughterhouse in Lower Saxony, Germany. During the slaughtering process, 1,500 surfaces of pig livers from 50 fattening herds were swabbed in order to isolate and characterize Y. enterocolitica isolates by serotyping, detecting the virulence plasmid coding the yopT gene, and resistance testing. Of the livers tested, 4.7% were positive for Y. enterocolitica O:3, which was the only identified serotype. The virulence gene yopT was found in 90.0% of these isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by the broth dilution method, and the MICs were determined for 13 antimicrobials. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole but were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, kanamycin, cefotaxime, and chlorphenicol. Up to now, resistance to florfenicol has always been described in combination with resistance to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 15.3% of the isolates were resistant to florfenicol, while no chloramphenicol-resistant strains could be identified. Multiresistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 22 strains (27.3%). Nevertheless, third-generation cephalosporines or fluoroquinolones, which were recommended for extraintestinal Y. enterocolitica infection in humans, were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany.
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Bai S, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Huang W, Xu S, Chen H, Fan LM, Chen Y, Deng XW. Rapid and reliable detection of 11 food-borne pathogens using thin-film biosensor chips. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:983-90. [PMID: 20091028 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods for identifying food-borne pathogens are time-consuming and laborious, so it is necessary to develop innovative methods for the rapid identification of food-borne pathogens. Here, we report the development of silicon-based optical thin-film biosensor chips for sensitive detection of 11 food-borne pathogens. Briefly, aldehyde-labeled probes were arrayed and covalently attached to a hydrazine-derivatized chip surface, and then, biotinylated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons were hybridized with the probes. After washing and brief incubation with an antibiotin immunoglobulin G-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and a precipitable horseradish peroxidase substrate, biotinylated chains bound to the probes were visualized as a color change on the chip surface (gold to blue/purple). Highly sensitive and accurate examination of PCR fragment targets can be completed within 30 min. This assay is extremely robust, sensitive, specific, and economical and can be adapted to different throughputs. Thus, a rapid, sensitive, and reliable technique for detecting 11 food-borne pathogens was successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Kechagia N, Nicolaou C, Ioannidou V, Kourti E, Ioannidis A, Legakis NJ, Chatzipanagiotou S. Detection of chromosomal and plasmid--encoded virulence determinants in Yersinia enterocolitica and other Yersinia spp. isolated from food animals in Greece. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 118:326-31. [PMID: 17825934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of Yersinia strains in animal reservoirs was examined in 835 food animals (pigs, chickens, sheep, cows) from different Greek departments (Attica, Fthiotida, Viotia and Evia) over a one year period. The isolated strains were characterized with respect to the presence of chromosomal (yst) and plasmid-encoded virulence determinants (virF, yadA) and their antimicrobial susceptibility was tested. In total, Yersiniaspp. were obtained from 9.94% of the 835 food animals at slaughter that were sampled in this study. There was no statistically significant seasonal distribution, nor was any significant departmental distribution observed. From the 83 isolated Yersinia strains, 76 (91,57%) belonged to Y. enterocolitica (58 were of serotype O:3/biotype 4 and 18 strains were non O:3, non O:9), 3 belonged to Y. pseudotuberculosis, 2 to Y. kristensenii and 2 to Y. intermedia. Y. enterocolitica O:3/4 was mainly isolated from the pigs, while Y. enterocolitica non O:3, non O:9 was from the chickens. The strains were grouped into 5 genotypes, with respect to the presence or absence of the virulence genes. A significant predominance of genotype V, the one carrying all the three virulence genes, was observed in the strains isolated from the pigs. Complete susceptibility to most of the 3rd and to the 4th generation cephalosporins and to ciprofloxacin, was observed among the isolates. Remarkable was the association between the presence of each virulence gene separately and resistance to some antimicrobials, a matter of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektaria Kechagia
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Vass. Sophias av. 72-74, 115 28, Athens, Greece
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Rodríguez-Calleja JM, García-López I, García-López ML, Santos JA, Otero A. Rabbit meat as a source of bacterial foodborne pathogens. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1106-12. [PMID: 16715811 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Even though worldwide production of rabbit meat is >1,000,000 tons, little information is available for rabbit meat microbiology. This study provides data on the prevalence of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria spp., motile Aeromonas spp., and Staphylococcus aureus on rabbit meat. A total of 24 rabbit carcasses from two abattoirs and 27 rabbit meat packages from supermarket displays were examined. In addition to culturing methods, associated virulence genes were investigated by PCR in suspect isolates and samples. Neither Salmonella nor E. coli O157:H7 was detected. All samples were negative for virulence-associated invA, stx1, and stx2 genes. At one abattoir, two carcasses (3.9%) carried Y. enterocolitica yst-, and two were positive for the yst gene, although viable Y. enterocolitica cells were not recovered from these samples. Seven samples (13.7%) were contaminated with Listeria. Of them, three were positive for hly and iap genes (Listeria monocytogenes hly+ / iap+), two carried Listeria seeligeri, one carried Listeria ivanovii, and one carried Listeria innocua. For detectable motile Aeromonas spp. (average count, 1.77 +/- 0.62 log CFU/g), the contamination rate was 35.3%, although ca. 90% of the samples were positive for the aerA and/or hlyA genes. The majority of aeromonad isolates were Aeromonas hydrophila aerA+ / hlyA+. Aeromonas caviae, Aeromonas popoffii, Aeromonas schubertii, and the two biovars of Aeromonas veronii were also isolated. The prevalence of S. aureus contamination (average count, 1.37 +/- 0.79 log CFU/g) was 52.9%. Among 27 S. aureus isolates, two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb), and two harbored genes for staphylococcal enterotoxin C (sec). The remaining isolates were negative for sea, seb, sec, sed, and see.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Rodríguez-Calleja
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, E-24071-León, Spain
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Horisaka T, Fujita K, Iwata T, Nakadai A, Okatani AT, Horikita T, Taniguchi T, Honda E, Yokomizo Y, Hayashidani H. Sensitive and specific detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 42:5349-52. [PMID: 15528740 PMCID: PMC525174 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.11.5349-5352.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method able to detect Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains in 30 min by using six primers designed by targeting the inv gene. This method is more sensitive than PCR and might be a useful tool for detecting and identifying Y. pseudotuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Horisaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Chatzipanagiotou S, Kyriazi Z, Ioannidis A, Trikka-Graphakos E, Nicolaou C, Legakis NJ. Detection of chromosomal- and plasmid-encoded virulence-associated epidemiological markers in Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from clinical cases: a comparative study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 8:131-2. [PMID: 15527328 DOI: 10.1007/bf03260056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Chui LW, King R, Lu P, Manninen K, Sim J. Evaluation of four DNA extraction methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 48:39-45. [PMID: 14761720 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid turn-around time. However, inhibitory factors may be co-extracted with the target nucleic acid that will hinder the performance of PCR. In this study, DNA extraction methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were evaluated including rapid lysis, organic extraction, silica-based and magnetic particle-based (MagaZorb) technologies on bacterial cells, and spiked bovine feces. Efficiency of the extraction was determined by PCR end point titration with primers targeting the insertion sequence, IS900. Results of the end point titrations are identical for bacterial cells and spiked feces. Inhibition was observed in PCR with DNA isolated from spiked feces, and a 1/100 dilution was able to alleviate this problem with DNA extracted by MagaZorb. A 1/1000 dilution was required for the other three methods. MagaZorb proved to be more efficient at removing inhibitory factors and required the least labor and completion time. Further evaluation is required for its utilization in other clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda W Chui
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Korkeala H. Low occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in clinical, food, and environmental samples: a methodological problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:220-9. [PMID: 12692095 PMCID: PMC153140 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.2.220-229.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While Yersinia enterocolitica is an important pathogen, which can cause yersiniosis in humans and animals, its epidemiology remains obscure. The pig is the major reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica of bioserotype 4/O:3, the most common type found in humans. Y. enterocolitica is thought to be a significant food-borne pathogen, although pathogenic isolates have seldom been recovered from foods. The low isolation rate of this pathogenic bacterium in natural samples, including clinical, food, and environmental samples, may be due to the limited sensitivity of culture methods. During the last decade, numerous DNA-based methods, such as PCR and colony hybridization assays, have been designed to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in natural samples more rapidly and with better sensitivity than can be achieved by culture methods. In addition, the occurrence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in natural samples is clearly higher with PCR than with culture methods. The methods available for detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in natural samples are reviewed in this article.
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Aarts HJ, Joosten RG, Henkens MH, Stegeman H, van Hoek AH. Rapid duplex PCR assay for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 47:209-17. [PMID: 11576685 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
For the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains, a duplex PCR has been developed based on differences observed between the fingerprint profiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The profiles were obtained by using a primer derived from the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) sequences. From the sequence of one pathogen-specific amplified fragment, a discriminative primer has been designed bridging the sequence of the highly conserved core region and 3' end of the ERIC element. In combination with three other primers, all located within the detected open reading frame that resembled the sequence of the bipA gene, this primer was applied in a duplex PCR assay to simultaneously detect Y. enterocolitica and to discriminate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. The same primer combinations were used in an on line rapid cycling real-time PCR assay. The used SYBR Green I format allowed for the easy translation of the PCR conditions and confirmation of the resulting amplicons. The time of analysis was reduced to approximately 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Aarts
- RIKILT Wageningen-UR, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Arnold T, Hensel A, Hagen R, Aleksic S, Neubauer H, Scholz HC. A highly specific one-step PCR - assay for the rapid discrimination of enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from pathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2001; 24:285-9. [PMID: 11518333 DOI: 10.1078/0723-2020-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on differences within the yopT-coding region of Yersinia. enterocolitica, Y pseudotuberculosis and Y pestis, a rapid and sensitive one-step polymerase chain reaction assay with high specificity for pathogenic Y enterocolitica was developed. By this method pathogenic isolates of Y enterocolitica can be easily identified and discriminated from other members of this genus. The entire coding sequence of the yopT effector gene of Y. pseudotuberculosis Y36 was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arnold
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Public Veterinary Health, Leipzig, Germany
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Vishnubhatla A, Oberst RD, Fung DY, Wonglumsom W, Hays MP, Nagaraja TG. Evaluation of a 5'-nuclease (TaqMan) assay for the detection of virulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw meat and tofu samples. J Food Prot 2001; 64:355-60. [PMID: 11252479 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Culture methods for detecting virulent Yersinia enterocolitica require selective enrichment and a series of confirmatory tests that are time-consuming, costly, and laborious. The objective of this study was to evaluate a fluorogenic 5'-nuclease assay for detecting the enterotoxin yst gene of virulent Y. enterocolitica in pure cultures, inoculated ground pork samples, and naturally contaminated food samples. These results were then compared with "gold standard" methods recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual for detecting pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The 5'-nuclease assay was able to identify the organism in 100% of the repetitions when 10(2) CFU/ml or more organisms were present in pure cultures and 10(3) CFU/g or more organisms were present in ground pork. Similar recovery efficiency on cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin (CIN) agar plates was only evident when 10(5) CFU/ml or more organisms were present in pure culture and 10(6) CFU/g or more organisms were present in inoculated ground pork. The 5'-nuclease assay indicated a contamination rate of 35.5% (94/265) in various meats and tofu, whereas the CIN plating method indicated a contamination rate of 28.3% (75/265). This resulted in 100% sensitivity and 64.5% specificity for the 5'-nuclease assay when compared with the standard culture recovery method. Only 75% (60/80) of the Yersinia spp. isolated on CIN was identified as containing a virulence plasmid by autoagglutination and crystal violet binding tests. These results indicate that the true rate of contamination of virulent Y. enterocolitica in pork and other processed meats and foods is being underestimated using current detection methods. This study demonstrates the potential of the 5'-nuclease assay for rapidly and specifically detecting virulent Y. enterocolitica in processed foods with the added advantage of being an automated detection system with high-throughput capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vishnubhatla
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Holland JL, Louie L, Simor AE, Louie M. PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 directly from stools: evaluation of commercial extraction methods for purifying fecal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:4108-13. [PMID: 11060076 PMCID: PMC87549 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.11.4108-4113.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is important for patient management and for prompt epidemiological investigations. We evaluated one in-house method and three commercially available kits for their ability to extract E. coli O157:H7 DNA directly from stool specimens for PCR. Of the 153 stool specimens tested, 107 were culture positive and 46 were culture negative. The sensitivities and specificities of the in-house enrichment method, IsoQuick kit, NucliSens kit, and QIAamp kit were comparable, as follows: 83 and 98%, 85 and 100%, 74 and 98%, and 86 and 100%, respectively. False-negative PCR results may be due to the presence of either inherent inhibitors or small numbers of organisms. The presence of large amounts of bacteria relative to the amount of the E. coli O157:H7 target may result in the lower sensitivities of the assays. All commercial kits were rapid and easy to use, although DNA extracted with the QIAamp kit did not require further dilution of the DNA template prior to PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Holland
- Department of Microbiology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jourdan AD, Johnson SC, Wesley IV. Development of a fluorogenic 5' nuclease PCR assay for detection of the ail gene of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3750-5. [PMID: 10966386 PMCID: PMC92216 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.9.3750-3755.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we describe the development and evaluation of a fluorogenic PCR assay for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. The assay targets the chromosomally encoded attachment and invasion gene, ail. Three primer-probe sets (TM1, TM2, and TM3) amplifying different, yet overlapping, regions of ail were examined for their specificity and sensitivity. All three primer-probe sets were able to detect between 0.25 and 0.5 pg of purified Y. enterocolitica DNA. TM1 identified all 26 Y. enterocolitica strains examined. TM3 was able to detect all strains except one, whereas TM2 was unable to detect 10 of the Y. enterocolitica strains tested. None of the primer-probe sets cross-reacted with any of the 21 non-Y. enterocolitica strains examined. When the TM1 set was utilized, the fluorogenic PCR assay was able to detect </=4 Y. enterocolitica CFU/ml in pure culture and 10 Y. enterocolitica CFU/ml independent of the presence of 10(8) CFU of contaminating bacteria per ml. This set was also capable of detecting </=1 CFU of Y. enterocolitica per g of ground pork or feces after a 24-h enrichment in a Yersinia selective broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Jourdan
- USDA ARS National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA.
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Vishnubhatla A, Fung DY, Oberst RD, Hays MP, Nagaraja TG, Flood SJ. Rapid 5' nuclease (TaqMan) assay for detection of virulent strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:4131-5. [PMID: 10966441 PMCID: PMC92271 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.9.4131-4135.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1999] [Accepted: 06/19/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rapid procedure for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in ground pork by combining a previously described PCR with fluorescent dye technologies. The detection method, known as the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan), produces results by measuring the fluorescence produced during PCR amplification, requiring no post-PCR processing. The specificity of the chromosomal yst gene-based assay was tested with 28 bacterial isolates that included 7 pathogenic and 7 nonpathogenic serotypes of Y. enterocolitica, other species of Yersinia (Y. aldovae, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. mollaretti, Y. intermedia, Y. bercovieri, Y. ruckeri, Y. frederiksenii, and Y. kristensenii), and other enteric bacteria (Escherichia, Salmonella, Citrobacter, and Flavobacterium). The assay was 100% specific in identifying the pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica. The sensitivity of the assay was found to be >/=10(2) CFU/ml in pure cultures and >/=10(3) CFU/g in spiked ground pork samples. Results of the assay with food enrichments prespiked with Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:3 and O:9 were comparable to standard culture results. Of the 100 field samples (ground pork) tested, 35 were positive for virulent Y. enterocolitica with both 5' nuclease assay and conventional virulence tests. After overnight enrichment the entire assay, including DNA extraction, amplification, and detection, could be completed within 5 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vishnubhatla
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Waage AS, Vardund T, Lund V, Kapperud G. Detection of low numbers of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in environmental water and sewage samples by nested polymerase chain reaction. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 87:814-21. [PMID: 10664906 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Isolation of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica from water and sewage by traditional culture techniques is time-consuming and subsequent differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains can be difficult and unreliable. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was used for the detection of low numbers of Y. enterocolitica in spiked samples from natural surface sources with variable background flora ranging from oligotrophic water to sewage. Water and sewage samples were filtered and filters enriched overnight in a non-selective medium. Nested PCR conducted on enriched broth, prepared by use of a rapid and simple preparation step consisting of centrifugation, proteinase K treatment and boiling, enabled the detection of 8-17 cfu 100 ml-1 water with background levels of up to 8700 heterotrophic organisms ml-1 and 10,000 cfu coliform organisms 100 ml-1 water. The analysis can be completed within 2-3 d and should be a significant tool in monitoring environmental waters and drinking water sources for the presence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Waage
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Trebesius K, Harmsen D, Rakin A, Schmelz J, Heesemann J. Development of rRNA-targeted PCR and in situ hybridization with fluorescently labelled oligonucleotides for detection of Yersinia species. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2557-64. [PMID: 9705392 PMCID: PMC105162 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2557-2564.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present details of two rapid molecular detection techniques based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence data to identify and differentiate Yersinia species from clinical and environmental sources. Near-full-length 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences for three different Yersinia species and partial 23S rDNA sequences for three Y. pestis and three Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were determined. While 16S rDNA sequences of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis were found to be identical, one base difference was identified within a highly variable region of 23S rDNA. The rDNA sequences were used to develop primers and fluorescently tagged oligonucleotide probes suitable for differential detection of Yersinia species by PCR and in situ hybridization, respectively. As few as 10(2) Yersinia cells per ml could be detected by PCR with a seminested approach. Amplification with a subgenus-specific primer pair followed by a second PCR allowed differentiation of Y. enterocolitica biogroup 1B from biogroups 2 to 5 or from other pathogenic Yersinia species. Moreover, a set of oligonucleotide probes suitable for rapid (3-h) in situ detection and differentiation of the three pathogenic Yersinia species (in particular Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis) was developed. The applicability of this technique was demonstrated by detection of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis in spiked throat and stool samples, respectively. These probes were also capable of identifying Y. enterocolitica within cryosections of experimentally infected mouse tissue by the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trebesius
- Max-von-Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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23
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Whitby PW, Dick HL, Campbell PW, Tullis DE, Matlow A, Stull TL. Comparison of culture and PCR for detection of Burkholderia cepacia in sputum samples of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1642-5. [PMID: 9620393 PMCID: PMC104893 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.6.1642-1645.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the utility of PCR to detect Burkholderia cepacia directly in sputum samples at two cystic fibrosis (CF) centers serving children and adults. Following liquefaction of the sputa by using N-acetyl-L-cysteine, DNA was isolated and analyzed by PCRs with three different primer pairs directed toward bacterial rRNA loci. Two primer pairs were putatively specific for B. cepacia. The other pair, which universally amplifies a band from all bacteria, served as a control. Sputum samples were obtained from 219 patients and analyzed independently by culture and by PCR to detect B. cepacia. The analyses were performed blinded with respect to each other. The results of the PCR with sputa demonstrated that the primers directed to the 16S loci demonstrated approximately 95% concordance with culture results and were more specific than those amplifying the 16S to 23S spacer region. In addition, the 16S primer pair putatively identified B. cepacia in seven patients whose sputa were culture negative at this time. Of these culture-negative patients, five had sputum samples that were culture positive for B. cepacia either prior or subsequent to this study. The results of this study indicate the utility of PCR as a diagnostic method for the rapid identification of B. cepacia in sputum samples of CF patients. We anticipate that improvements in our taxonomic understanding may allow the design of more specific primers for detection of each species of the B. cepacia complex in sputum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Whitby
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73104, USA
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24
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Odinot PT, Meis JF, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Melchers WJ. In situ localisation of Yersinia enterocolitica by catalysed reported deposition signal amplification. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51:444-9. [PMID: 9771443 PMCID: PMC500747 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.51.6.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM The sensitive detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in paraffin embedded tissue sections by in situ hybridisation (ISH). METHODS Y enterocolitica infected cell lines, rat spleens, and patient biopsy specimens were used to compare conventional ISH, immune fluorescence assay (IFA) detection, and catalysed reporter deposition (CARD) signal amplification ISH. RESULTS CARD-ISH was shown to be more sensitive then conventional ISH and had a comparable sensitivity to IFA. In contrast to IFA, CARD-ISH preserved good tissue morphology. CONCLUSIONS CARD-ISH appeared to be a fast and sensitive ISH method for detecting Y enterocolitica in routinely processed tissue sections. Application of this method allows the combination of routine detection and cellular localisation of the pathogen within the infected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Odinot
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Durisin MD, Ibrahim A, Griffiths MW. Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in milk and pork using a DIG-labelled probe targeted against the yst gene. Int J Food Microbiol 1997; 37:103-12. [PMID: 9310844 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A PCR-amplified, digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled yst probe was evaluated in naturally and artificially contaminated pork and milk samples for its ability to detect and differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica following enrichment in irgasan-ticarcillin-chlorate (ITC) enrichment broth. A total of 44 raw pork samples were obtained from one meat-processing factory and two local retail stores. Y. enterocolitica serogroup O:3/biovar 4 was isolated from 6 of the 44 (14%) pork samples tested. The hybridization results were in good agreement when compared with those from standard biochemical and serological tests. The lowest concentration detectable by a colony hybridization technique in the milk samples inoculated with Y. enterocolitica O:8 PA-A corresponded to 10 cfu/ml in the original sample. No pathogenic serovars were detected in 6 raw milk and 3 pasteurized milks tested. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the DIG-labelled yst probe is a reliable tool for rapid detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in naturally and artificially contaminated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Durisin
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Ibrahim A, Liesack W, Griffiths MW, Robins-Browne RM. Development of a highly specific assay for rapid identification of pathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica based on PCR amplification of the Yersinia heat-stable enterotoxin gene (yst). J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:1636-8. [PMID: 9163505 PMCID: PMC229810 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.6.1636-1638.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal gene yst, which encodes a heat-stable enterotoxin of Yersinia enterocolitica, is a useful diagnostic marker because it occurs only in invasive strains of this species. A homologous gene also occurs in some strains of Yersinia kristensenii. Sequence analysis of the yst genes from two different strains of Y. enterocolitica and from Y. kristensenii revealed a substantial number of mismatches at the 3' ends of the yst genes of the so-called American and European biotypes of Y. enterocolitica. Moreover, several mismatches and a deletion of 5 codons were found in the yst of Y. kristensenii. These findings were used to develop a PCR-based assay for yst of Y. enterocolitica which yielded a detectable product in as little as 50 min. The assay was 100% specific in terms of its ability to identify potentially pathogenic strains of Y. enterocolitica regardless of biotype or serotype. The PCR yielded an amplicon that was visible on agarose gel electrophoresis from as few as 100 CFU, or 10 CFU when the PCR was combined with dot blot hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe that corresponded to an internal sequence of yst. These results establish the value of the yst gene as a target for the identification of pathogenic bioserotypes of Y. enterocolitica and the usefulness of PCR for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibrahim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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27
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Odinot PT, Meis JF, Curfs JH, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA, Melchers WJ. Two-step polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Yersinia species in general and of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains specifically. Int J Infect Dis 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(97)90038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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28
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Lou Q, Chong SK, Fitzgerald JF, Siders JA, Allen SD, Lee CH. Rapid and effective method for preparation of fecal specimens for PCR assays. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:281-3. [PMID: 8968926 PMCID: PMC229557 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.1.281-283.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel method for the preparation of fecal specimens for PCR assays. Approximately 100 mg of solid stool or 200 microliters of liquid fecal sample was thoroughly suspended in 1 ml of water. Fecal debris was removed by low-speed centrifugation (2,800 x g for 2 min). The supernatant was then boiled for 10 min in a water bath and further clarified by high-speed centrifugation (12,000 x g for 5 min). Fifty microliters of the clarified supernatant was then purified by Sepharose CL-6B spin column chromatography, and a portion of the purified supernatant was used for PCR. By this method, stools containing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli H10407 were amplified by colonization factor antigen I fimbrial gene PCR, with a sensitivity of 100 organisms per reaction. The method was also effective for processing stool specimens for Clostridium difficile toxin A and B gene PCRs. This method is rapid, effective, and simple to perform and will improve the applications of PCR to stool specimens for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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29
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Olsen JE, Aabo S, Hill W, Notermans S, Wernars K, Granum PE, Popovic T, Rasmussen HN, Olsvik O. Probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:1-78. [PMID: 8751091 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are techniques commonly used to detect pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, the use of these techniques for detection of Salmonella, E. coli, V. cholerae, non-O1 Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and C. botulinum is reviewed with emphasis on application in food microbiology. In food control, DNA-techniques have most often been used in a 'culture confirmation' fashion, i.e. bacteria are enriched and sometimes even purified by traditional culture procedures and thereafter identified by the use of DNA-based methods. The most desirable approach is, however, to detect organisms directly in the food, but major problems remain to be solved before this can be routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Olsen
- KVL - Centre for Food Research, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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30
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Stacy-Phipps S, Mecca JJ, Weiss JB. Multiplex PCR assay and simple preparation method for stool specimens detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli DNA during course of infection. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:1054-9. [PMID: 7615704 PMCID: PMC228103 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.5.1054-1059.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrhea among travelers and residents of developing countries. ETEC produces either a heat-stable toxin or a heat-labile toxin, or both, encoded by plasmid-borne ST and LT genes, respectively. Diagnosis of infection with this subclass of E. coli can be performed with oligonucleotide hybridization probes; however, the sensitivity and specificity of this method are insufficient. A nonradioactive multiplex PCR assay that provides a sensitive and specific method for detecting the presence of either or both toxin genes has been developed. A simple procedure that removed inhibitors of the PCR while efficiently releasing ETEC DNA from stool specimens for subsequent amplification was used. The results for samples from a human volunteer study of ETEC infection indicated that this method of sample preparation results in greater clinical sensitivity than conventional total nucleic acid extraction and ethanol precipitation. Detection of ETEC by a multiplex PCR assay in stool specimens directly processed with a glass matrix and chaotropic solution had greater sensitivity than culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stacy-Phipps
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, California 94501, USA
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31
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Yoshino K, Takao T, Huang X, Murata H, Nakao H, Takeda T, Shimonishi Y. Characterization of a highly toxic, large molecular size heat-stable enterotoxin produced by a clinical isolate of Yersinia enterocolitica. FEBS Lett 1995; 362:319-22. [PMID: 7729521 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00267-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) designated as Y-STc was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of a pathogenic strain of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O3 and its amino acid sequence was determined. The mature Y-STc was found to consist of 53 amino acid residues, which includes the putative pro-sequence. The molecular weight of Y-STc was 5638 and constituted the largest molecular size in the family of currently known STs. The minimum effective dose of purified Y-STc in the suckling mouse assay was 0.6 ng (0.0 pmol), indicating that, despite the long sequence, Y-STc is the most toxic in the ST family.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshino
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
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32
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Bricker BJ, Halling SM. Differentiation of Brucella abortus bv. 1, 2, and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis bv. 1 by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2660-6. [PMID: 7852552 PMCID: PMC264138 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.11.2660-2666.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several PCR assays which identify the genus Brucella but do not discriminate among species have been reported. We describe a PCR assay that comprises five oligonucleotide primers which can identify selected biovars of four species of Brucella. Individual biovars within a species are not differentiated. The assay can identify three biovars (1, 2, and 4) of B. abortus, all three biovars of B. melitensis, biovar 1 of B. suis, and all B. ovis biovars. These biovars include all of the Brucella species typically isolated from cattle in the United States, a goal of the present research. The assay exploits the polymorphism arising from species-specific localization of the genetic element IS711 in the Brucella chromosome. Identity is determined by the size(s) of the product(s) amplified from primers hybridizing at various distances from the element. The performance of the assay with U.S. field isolates was highly effective. When 107 field isolates were screened by the described method, there was 100% agreement with the identifications made by conventional methods. Six closely related bacteria (Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium meliloti, and Rhodospirillum rubrum) and two control bacteria (Bordetella bronchiseptica and Escherichia coli) tested negative by the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Bricker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010
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33
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Dasen SE, LiPuma JJ, Kostman JR, Stull TL. Characterization of PCR-ribotyping for Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:2422-4. [PMID: 7529239 PMCID: PMC264078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.10.2422-2424.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribotyping, a method of genotyping bacterial isolates for epidemiologic study, uses rRNA as a probe to detect chromosomal restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Although ribotyping is accurate, its utility is limited by the labor and time necessary for Southern blot analysis. PCR-ribotyping uses PCR to amplify the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region of the bacterial rRNA operon. Length heterogeneity in the spacer region has previously been found to be useful as an alternative to standard ribotyping in a study of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia. To further analyze the accuracy of PCR-ribotyping, three groups of previously characterized isolates of B. cepacia were investigated. PCR-ribotyping grouped 90 isolates recovered from seven well-defined epidemics into the correct outbreak group with a mean concordance of 93%. Both standard ribotyping and PCR-ribotyping separated 15 unrelated isolates into 14 types. In an analysis of 83 B. cepacia isolates from chronically colonized cystic fibrosis patients, the concordance of PCR-ribotyping with standard ribotyping ranged from 83 to 100%, with a mean of 98%. One isolate from a chronically colonized patient had a different type by standard ribotyping but was identical to the other isolates from this patient by PCR-ribotyping. Thus, PCR-ribotyping is a rapid and accurate method for typing B. cepacia and is less labor intensive than standard ribotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dasen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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34
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Ibrahim A, Goebel BM, Liesack W, Griffiths M, Stackebrandt E. The phylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1993; 114:173-7. [PMID: 7506685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter- and intrageneric relationships of the genus Yersinia were investigated by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. A stretch of approximately 1450 nucleotides was sequenced from representatives of ten of the eleven validly described species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that yersinae form a coherent cluster within the gamma subgroup of Proteobacteria. The intrageneric relationship was characterized by five sublines with Y. enterocolitica, Y. rohdei, and Y. ruckeri forming separate sublines each represented by a single species. A separate subline was formed by Y. pestis, Y pseudotuberculosis and Y. kristensenii, while Y. mollaretii, Y. intermedia, Y. bercovieri, Y. aldovae, and Y. kristensenii formed a fifth subline. The phylogenetic distinctness of the yersiniae sublines is compared to published phenotypic properties and results of DNA-DNA similarity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibrahim
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Heidelberg JF, O'Neill KR, Jacobs D, Colwell RR. Enumeration of Vibrio vulnificus on membrane filters with a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe specific for kingdom-level 16S rRNA sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3474-6. [PMID: 7504431 PMCID: PMC182476 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.10.3474-3476.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus was enumerated on membrane filters after hybridization with a fluorescent oligonucleotide eubacterial probe. Cells were hybridized in liquid buffer or directly on membrane filters. There was no significant difference between fluorescent oligonucleotide direct counts and acridine orange direct counts (P > 0.05). Liquid buffer hybridization was preferable to direct filter hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Heidelberg
- Marine-Estuarine-Environmental Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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36
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Kapperud G, Vardund T, Skjerve E, Hornes E, Michaelsen TE. Detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in foods and water by immunomagnetic separation, nested polymerase chain reactions, and colorimetric detection of amplified DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:2938-44. [PMID: 8215366 PMCID: PMC182389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.9.2938-2944.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure with two nested pairs of primers specific for the yadA gene of Yersinia enterocolitica was developed. The PCR assay identified all common pathogenic serogroups (O:3, O:5,27, O:8, O:9, O:13, and O:21) from three continents and differentiated pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from Y. pseudotuberculosis and from a variety of nonpathogenic yersiniae representing 25 serogroups and four species. The performance of the method was evaluated with seeded food and water samples. We compared two procedures for sample preparation prior to PCR: one was based on immunomagnetic separation of the target bacteria from the sample, using magnetic particles coated with immunoglobulin antibodies to Y. enterocolitica serogroup O:3, and the other method consisted of a series of centrifugation steps combined with proteinase treatment. Regardless of the method used, the PCR assay was capable of detecting 10 to 30 CFU/g of meat in 10(6)-fold excess of indigenous bacteria. When the samples were enriched overnight in a nonselective medium, the sensitivity was increased to approximately 2 CFU/g, except for samples with an extremely high background flora (> 10(7) CFU/g). We compared gel electrophoretic detection of PCR products with a colorimetric detection method designated DIANA (detection of immobilized amplified nucleic acids), which enabled easy visualization of amplified fragments in a microtiter plate format with an optical density reader. DIANA and gel electrophoresis showed complete concordance in their discrimination between positive and negative samples. The combination of immunomagnetic separation, nested PCR, and DIANA makes possible the development of a fully automated analytic process which requires a minimum of laboratory manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kapperud
- National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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