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Thomas SC, Madaan T, Kamble NS, Siddiqui NA, Pauletti GM, Kotagiri N. Engineered Bacteria Enhance Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy through Stromal Remodeling of Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101487. [PMID: 34738725 PMCID: PMC8770579 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Desmoplastic solid tumors are characterized by the rapid build-up of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, such as hyaluronic acid (HA). The resulting physiological barrier prevents the infiltration of immune cells and also impedes the delivery of anticancer agents. The development of a hypervesiculating Escherichia coli Nissle (ΔECHy) based tumor targeting bacterial system capable of distributing a fusion peptide, cytolysin A (ClyA)-hyaluronidase (Hy) via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) is reported. The capability of targeting hypoxic tumors, manufacturing recombinant proteins in situ and the added advantage of an on-site OMV based distribution system makes the engineered bacterial vector a unique candidate for peptide delivery. The HA degrading potential of Hy for stromal modulation is combined with the cytolytic activity of ClyA followed by testing it within syngeneic cancer models. ΔECHy is combined with immune checkpoint antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to demonstrate that remodeling the tumor stroma results in the improvement of immunotherapy outcomes and enhancing the efficacy of biological signaling inhibitors. The biocompatibility of ΔECHy is also investigated to show that the engineered bacteria are effectively cleared, elicit minimal inflammatory and immune responses, and therefore could be a reliable candidate as a live biotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shindu C. Thomas
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Tushar Madaan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nitin S. Kamble
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nabil A. Siddiqui
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Giovanni M. Pauletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, 1 Pharmacy Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Sato T, Nakazawa F. Coaggregation between Prevotella oris and Porphyromonas gingivalis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2012; 47:182-6. [PMID: 23245806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The coaggregation of bacteria has been defined as one of the most important processes in the oral infection such as periodontitis. Prevotella oris and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which are two of the periodontopathogens, are frequently detected in severe forms of periodontal diseases. However, the interaction between P. oris and P. gingivalis is still unknown. In this study, the coaggregation of P. oris with nine oral bacterial species including P. gingivalis was examined. METHODS All bacteria used in this study were cultured anaerobically and suspended in coaggregation buffer. Each cell suspension was mixed in a test tube and subjected to shaking at room temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, the coaggregation values were scored. Furthermore, the effects of various chemical reagents, and heat, proteinase K, and serum treatment were examined. RESULTS In this study, P. oris coaggregated only with P. gingivalis. A heat-stable, nonproteinous component of P. oris and a heat-labile, proteinous component of P. gingivalis play important roles in this coaggregation. In addition, this coaggregation was inhibited by l-arginine, l-lysine, and Nα-p-tosyl-l-lysine. Therefore, it was considered that a cell surface protein on P. gingivalis, such as gingipain, may be involved in the coaggregation. Furthermore, the coaggregation was not inhibited by serum treatment. CONCLUSION This is the first report to describe the coaggregation of P. oris and P. gingivalis. Our study proposes the possibility that P. oris may promote the colonization of P. gingivalis in an early stage of biofilm formation. Furthermore, this coaggregation may contribute to the initiation and progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Sato
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakazawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Sato T, Kamaguchi A, Nakazawa F. The release of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from human erythrocyte membranes lysed by hemolysin of Prevotella oris. Anaerobe 2012; 18:553-5. [PMID: 22967794 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We found that a 38-kDa protein was released from erythrocyte membranes lysed by hemolysin of Prevotella oris, although hypotonic hemolysis did not show such a phenomenon. The 38-kDa protein was identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. This study discusses the relationship between GAPDH and hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Sato
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Sato T, Kamaguchi A, Nakazawa F. Purification and characterization of hemolysin from Prevotella oris. J Oral Biosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shibutani T, Imai K, Kanazawa A, Iwayama Y, Shibutani T. Use of hyaluronic acid binding protein for detection of hyaluronan in ligature-induced periodontitis tissue. J Periodontal Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Izawa N, Hanamizu T, Iizuka R, Sone T, Mizukoshi H, Kimura K, Chiba K. Streptococcus thermophilus produces exopolysaccharides including hyaluronic acid. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Makris G, Wright JD, Ingham E, Holland KT. The hyaluronate lyase of Staphylococcus aureus - a virulence factor? MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:2005-2013. [PMID: 15184586 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronate lyase (HL) gene of Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 (hysA) was inactivated in vitro with the insertion of the erythromycin determinant, ermC, from plasmid pE194. The hysA : : ermC mutation was introduced into S. aureus via a temperature-sensitive shuttle vector, where it underwent homologous recombination with the wild-type (w.t.) allele. The insertion of ermC in the chromosomal hysA locus was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization and the loss of HL activity was demonstrated macroscopically by a plate assay. The importance of HL for pathogenicity was assessed by comparing the virulence of the HL(-) mutant strain to that of the w.t. in an established mouse abscess model of S. aureus infection. A significantly higher cell recovery was obtained from lesions infected with the w.t. strain compared to the lesions infected with the HL(-) strain (P =0.01). Although the lesion areas from both groups were not significantly different (P=0.9) they were of different morphology. A colorimetric assay was used to measure HL activity from culture supernatants of the S. aureus 8325-4 strains w.t., WA250 (agr) and PC1839 (sar) grown in a chemically defined medium. HL activity reached a maximum in the w.t. strain during mid-exponential phase (t=5 h) and while it showed a 16-fold decrease in the agr mutant it increased 35-fold in the sar mutant background. These results strongly suggest that HL is a virulence factor which is important in the early stages of subcutaneous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Makris
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John D Wright
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Eileen Ingham
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Keith T Holland
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Stephens P, Wall IB, Wilson MJ, Hill KE, Davies CE, Hill CM, Harding KG, Thomas DW. Anaerobic cocci populating the deep tissues of chronic wounds impair cellular wound healing responses in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:456-66. [PMID: 12653737 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaerobic cocci are estimated to be present in the deep tissues of over 50% of chronic skin wounds. While the part they play in the chronicity of these wounds is uninvestigated, anaerobic cocci have previously been shown to be involved in other chronic inflammatory human conditions. METHODS In this study the anaerobic microflora of the deep tissues of 18 patients with refractory chronic venous leg ulcers (mean age 80.3 years; mean duration > 24 months) was characterized using strict anaerobic culture conditions. The effect of the anaerobic organisms isolated from these tissues on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and cellular wound healing responses was studied using in vitro models. RESULTS Anaerobic organisms were present in the deep tissues of 14 of 18 wounds and were principally Peptostreptococcus spp. The effects of three Peptostreptococcus spp. isolated from these wounds (P. magnus, P. vaginalis and P. asaccharolyticus) on cellular wound healing responses were compared with those of two pathogenic organisms also isolated from these wounds (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter diversus). While the direct ECM proteolytic activity exhibited by the Peptostreptococcus spp. was limited, they did significantly inhibit both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, but only at high concentrations. However, at lower concentrations peptostreptococcal supernatants profoundly inhibited keratinocyte wound repopulation and endothelial tubule formation. The magnitude of these effects varied between strains and they were distinct from those demonstrated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter diversus. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm the importance of anaerobic organisms in chronic wounds and demonstrate an indirect, strain-specific mechanism by which these microorganisms may play a part in mediating the chronicity of these wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephens
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
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de Azeredo LA, Leite SG, Freire DM, Benchetrit LC, Coelho RR. Proteases from actinomycetes interfere in solid media plate assays of hyaluronidase activity. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 45:207-12. [PMID: 11348678 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Four hundred and fifteen actinomycete strains were screened for hyaluronidase activity in two plate assays media. In the first one, using hyaluronic acid as substrate and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to help precipitation of the nondegraded substrate, only strain 594 and hyaluronidase control were positive. In the second assay, plates with hyaluronic acid, but not BSA, gave the same results. For plates containing only BSA, proteinase activity was detected in strain 594. When hyaluronic acid was treated with pronase, the only clear zones, in the second assay without BSA, were those around hyaluronidase controls. Protease activity, commonly found in actinomycetes, was detected only in strain 594, among the 415 studied, when tested in hyaluronidase assay using hyaluronate plus BSA. This may be due to the composition of the growth medium, since media with different composition gave different results for protease activity in each of the 15 strains analyzed. These data suggest that proteases can affect an accurate detection of hyaluronidase in media containing proteins, not only from hyaluronate preparations, but also from other medium ingredients. Thus, for a correct interpretation of the method, they must be excluded. Commercial Hyaluronidase used as controls must be also tested for the presence of protease contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A de Azeredo
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Bloco I, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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In vitro utilization of mucin, lung polymers, plant cell walls and insect cuticle by Aspergillus fumigatus, Metarhizium anisopliae and Haematonectria haematococca. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pirnazar P, Wolinsky L, Nachnani S, Haake S, Pilloni A, Bernard GW. Bacteriostatic effects of hyaluronic acid. J Periodontol 1999; 70:370-4. [PMID: 10328647 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.4.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation is one of a series of projects seeking to ascertain whether hyaluronic acid (HA) is therapeutically effective in tissue regeneration procedures. The rationale for these investigations is to test the hypothesis that HA can serve as a bioabsorbable carrier for other substrates as well as itself actively promote the regeneration of tissue. METHODS In this paper, we report on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties of 3 molecular weight formulations of recombinant HA (low, 141 kD; medium, 757 kD; and high, 1,300 kD) on selected oral and non-oral microorganisms in the planktonic phase. Three concentrations of each HA formulation were screened, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/ml, using a standard broth culture assay. RESULTS Recombinant HA exerted varied bacteriostatic effects on all the bacterial strains tested depending on its molecular weight (MW) and concentration. The high concentrations of the medium MW HA had the greatest bacteriostatic effect, particularly on the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella oris, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes strains. The 1.0 mg/ml concentration of high MW HA had the greatest overall bacteriostatic effect, inhibiting the growth of all 6 bacterial strains tested. Among the bacterial strains studied, HA was found to have no bactericidal effects, regardless of concentration or molecular weight. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that HA in the MW range of 1,300 kD may prove beneficial in minimizing bacterial contamination of surgical wounds when used in guided tissue regeneration surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pirnazar
- Section of Oral Biology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Shibutani T, Imai K, Kanazawa A, Iwayama Y. Use of hyaluronic acid binding protein for detection of hyaluronan in ligature-induced periodontitis tissue. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33:265-73. [PMID: 9777593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to demonstrate, by use of biotin-labeled hyaluronic acid binding protein (HABP) and an avidin-enzyme system, the localization of hyaluronan (HA) in periodontal tissue of beagle dogs during experimentally induced periodontitis. Experimental periodontitis was induced in the dogs by ligation of the gingival sulcus. Experimental tissue was collected at 0, 3, 7 and 21 days after ligation. HA was revealed by strong staining in the intercellular space around epithelial cells and periodontal ligament, and by light staining in the gingival connective tissue. According to the progression of periodontal tissue breakdown, HA was detected in a small number of leukocytes and monocytes, on the surface of osteoclasts, the surface of alveolar bone, thickened endothelium and in epithelial cells related to rete peg formation. Streptomyces hyaluronidase-treated specimens gave negative staining. This study suggests that HA may be associated with the inflammatory reaction in experimental periodontitis tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibutani
- Department of Periodontology, Asahi Universuty, School of Dentistry, Gifu, Japan.
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Stubbs S, Lewis MA, Waddington RJ, Embery G. Hydrolytic and depolymerising enzyme activity of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Oral Dis 1996; 2:272-8. [PMID: 9171510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevotella intermedia has been reported to be associated with periodontal disease whilst P. nigrescens has predominantly been isolated from more specific conditions and healthy sites. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme activity of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine strains of P. intermedia and 12 strains of P. nigrescens were studied. Lipolytic, saccharolytic, nucleolytic and proteolytic activity was determined by traditional microbiological and chromogenic substrate methods. RESULTS All strains hydrolysed gelatine, casein, DNA and RNA. Lipase activity was produced by all strains except P. nigrescens ATCC 33563T. Lipolytic activity of P. nigrescens strains decreased as the environmental glucose concentration was increased. Only two strains, both P. intermedia, hydrolysed benzyl-arg-rho-nitroanilide. All strains hydrolysed alkaline rho-nitrophenolphosphate (except P. intermedia DAL100), produced glycylprolyl dipeptidase activity and demonstrated elastase-like activity. All but three strains (2 P. intermedia and I P. nigrescens) hydrolysed suc-ala-ala-pro-phe-rho-nitroanilide. Overall, no qualitatively analysed enzyme activity was exclusive to all strains of either species. Quantitatively analysed activity exhibited a high degree of variability both within and between species. CONCLUSIONS P. intermedia and P. nigrescens degrade natural and synthetic substrates, but intra- and interspecies activity is variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stubbs
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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