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Viani A, Orusa T, Borgogno-Mondino E, Orusa R. Snow Metrics as Proxy to Assess Sarcoptic Mange in Wild Boar: Preliminary Results in Aosta Valley (Italy). Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040987. [PMID: 37109516 PMCID: PMC10143256 DOI: 10.3390/life13040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread diffusion of the wild boar on the Italian territory and its consistent use for hunting have created the possibility to conduct multiple studies on the pathologies afflicting this ungulate. Nevertheless, in the last two decades, only some pathologies such as classical and African Swine Fever, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis from Brucella suis have benefited from substantial public funding and the consequent great interest from the scientific world, while less attention was addressed to parasitic diseases including sarcoptic mange. Therefore, to fill this gap, the purpose of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of sarcoptic mange in the wild boar population in Aosta Valley in the Northwest of Italy, including sympatric species as foxes. Due to past field surveys, it has been possible to find a possible role of snow metrics in the spread of this pathogen. Even if there are only empirical evidence and the mechanism remain unknown remote sensing analysis considering snow metrics were performed to provide to veterinarians, foresters, biologists, and ecologists new tools to better understand wield board dynamics and join to ordinary tool an instrument to enhance management and planning strategies. The snow metrics (SM) were derived from USGS NASA Landsat 8 L2A retrieved from Theia CNES platform and processed in Orfeo Toolbox LIS extension package. The relationship between SM and the disease spread was tested per each Aosta Valley municipality obtaining LISA maps for each hunting season. The results have showed that this parasite is present in an endemic form even if with rather low prevalence values, equal to 1.2% in the season hunting season 2013/2014, and equal to 7.5% in the hunting season 2014/2015. Moreover, within simultaneous given values of SM, sarcoptic mange seem to find good conditions for spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Viani
- Institute for Piedmont, Liguria, Aosta Valley (IZS PLV) S.C Valle d'Aosta-CeRMAS (National Reference Center for Wildlife Diseases), Località Amerique 7/G, 11020 Quart, Italy
| | - Tommaso Orusa
- GEO4Agri DISAFA Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Enrico Borgogno-Mondino
- GEO4Agri DISAFA Laboratory, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Riccardo Orusa
- Institute for Piedmont, Liguria, Aosta Valley (IZS PLV) S.C Valle d'Aosta-CeRMAS (National Reference Center for Wildlife Diseases), Località Amerique 7/G, 11020 Quart, Italy
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Suárez-Esquivel M, Chaves-Olarte E, Moreno E, Guzmán-Verri C. Brucella Genomics: Macro and Micro Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7749. [PMID: 33092044 PMCID: PMC7589603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella organisms are responsible for one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses, named brucellosis. The disease affects several species of animals, including humans. One of the most intriguing aspects of the brucellae is that the various species show a ~97% similarity at the genome level. Still, the distinct Brucella species display different host preferences, zoonotic risk, and virulence. After 133 years of research, there are many aspects of the Brucella biology that remain poorly understood, such as host adaptation and virulence mechanisms. A strategy to understand these characteristics focuses on the relationship between the genomic diversity and host preference of the various Brucella species. Pseudogenization, genome reduction, single nucleotide polymorphism variation, number of tandem repeats, and mobile genetic elements are unveiled markers for host adaptation and virulence. Understanding the mechanisms of genome variability in the Brucella genus is relevant to comprehend the emergence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Suárez-Esquivel
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 1180, Costa Rica;
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 1180, Costa Rica;
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3
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Shome R, Kalleshamurthy T, Natesan K, Jayaprakash KR, Byrareddy K, Mohandoss N, Sahay S, Shome BR, Hiremath J, Rahman H, Barbuddhe SB. Serological and molecular analysis for brucellosis in selected swine herds from Southern India. J Infect Public Health 2018; 12:247-251. [PMID: 30448370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella suis. The study describes the occurrence of brucellosis in two organized piggeries in Southern India. METHODS A total of 585 serum samples comprising 575 from pigs and 10 from animal handlers were collected and tested by serological tests and PCR. Tissue samples were collected for isolation of the pathogen. RESULTS Out of 575 serum samples screened, 236 (41.04%) were positive for brucellosis by both Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (iELISA) and 47 (8.17) samples showed Brucella DNA amplification by genus specific PCR. The sows those aborted and 19 boars with orchitis were seropositive for brucellosis indicating association of clinical symptoms with brucellosis seropositivity. Two of 10 pig handlers were positive by RBPT and showed significant serum agglutination test (SAT) titres of >1:160 and 1:320. B. suis bvI was isolated and identified by biochemical tests and confirmed by amplification Brucella genus and Bruce ladder PCRs from vaginal and testicular samples. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of untested breeding boars in the farms might have resulted in the disease transmission and spread. The present study highlighted the diagnosis of B. suis bvI as a cause of abortions in the pigs and occupational exposure to farm personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India.
| | - Triveni Kalleshamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Krithiga Natesan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - K Rohit Jayaprakash
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Kavya Byrareddy
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India
| | - Nagalingam Mohandoss
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Bibek R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Bengaluru, 560064, India
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4
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Olsen SC, Tatum FM. Swine brucellosis: current perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2016; 8:1-12. [PMID: 30050849 PMCID: PMC6042558 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s91360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brucella suis is a significant zoonotic species that is present in domestic livestock and wildlife in many countries worldwide. Transmission from animal reservoirs is the source of human infection as human-to-human transmission is very rare. Although swine brucellosis causes economic losses in domestic livestock, preventing human infection is the primary reason for its emphasis in disease control programs. Although disease prevalence varies worldwide, in areas outside of Europe, swine brucellosis is predominantly caused by B. suis biovars 1 and 3. In Europe, swine are predominantly infected with biovar 2 which is much less pathogenic in humans. In many areas worldwide, feral or wild populations of swine are important reservoir hosts. Like other Brucella spp. in their natural host, B. suis has developed mechanisms to survive in an intracellular environment and evade immune detection. Limitations in sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostics require use at a herd level, rather for individual animals. There is currently no commercial vaccine approved for preventing brucellosis in swine. Although not feasible in all situations, whole-herd depopulation is the most effective regulatory mechanism to control swine brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA,
| | - F M Tatum
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA,
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Stoffregen WC, S. Johnson C, Olsen SC. Immunogenicity and safety of a natural rough mutant of Brucella suis as a vaccine for swine. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:451-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Muñoz PM, Blasco JM, Engel B, de Miguel MJ, Marín CM, Dieste L, Mainar-Jaime RC. Assessment of performance of selected serological tests for diagnosing brucellosis in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:150-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Althouse GC, Rossow K. The potential risk of infectious disease dissemination via artificial insemination in swine. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 46 Suppl 2:64-7. [PMID: 21884281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky's disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, rubulavirus, foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease. This paper will summarise the current state of knowledge pertaining to these pathogens in relation to swine AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Althouse
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
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8
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Meirelles-Bartoli RB, Mathias LA, Samartino LE. Brucellosis due to Brucella suis in a swine herd associated with a human clinical case in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1575-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Maes D, Nauwynck H, Rijsselaere T, Mateusen B, Vyt P, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Diseases in swine transmitted by artificial insemination: An overview. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Stoffregen WC, Olsen SC, Jack Wheeler C, Bricker BJ, Palmer MV, Jensen AE, Halling SM, Alt DP. Diagnostic characterization of a feral swine herd enzootically infected with Brucella. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:227-37. [PMID: 17459850 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty feral swine were trapped from a herd that had been documented to be seropositive for Brucella and which had been used for Brucella abortus RB51 vaccine trials on a 7,100-hectare tract of land in South Carolina. The animals were euthanized and complete necropsies were performed. Samples were taken for histopathology, Brucella culture, and Brucella serology. Brucella was cultured from 62 (77.5%) animals. Brucella suis was isolated from 55 animals (68.8%), and all isolates were biovar 1. Brucella abortus was isolated from 28 animals (35.0%), and isolates included field strain biovar 1 (21 animals; 26.3%), vaccine strain Brucella abortus S19 (8 animals, 10.0%), and vaccine strain Brucella abortus RB51 (6 animals, 7.5%). Males were significantly more likely to be culture positive than females (92.9% vs. 60.6%). Thirty-nine animals (48.8%) were seropositive. Males also had a significantly higher seropositivity rate than females (61.9% vs. 34.2%). The relative sensitivity rates were significantly higher for the standard tube test (44.6%) and fluorescence polarization assay (42.6%) than the card agglutination test (13.1%). Lesions consistent with Brucella infection were commonly found in the animals surveyed and included inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes, liver, kidney, and male reproductive organs, which ranged from lymphoplasmacytic to pyogranulomatous with necrosis. This is the first report of an apparent enzootic Brucella abortus infection in a feral swine herd suggesting that feral swine may serve as a reservoir of infection for Brucella abortus as well as Brucella suis for domestic livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Stoffregen
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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11
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Ruiz-Fons F, Vicente J, Vidal D, Höfle U, Villanúa D, Gauss C, Segalés J, Almería S, Montoro V, Gortázar C. Seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Spain: The effect on wild boar female reproductive performance. Theriogenology 2006; 65:731-43. [PMID: 16076482 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the seroprevalence of six reproductive pathogens in Spanish hunter-harvested wild boar females. The sample was representative of the hunting harvest in the studied hunting estates. Mean antibody prevalences were: 60.6+/-0.06% for Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), 56.6+/-0.09% for porcine parvovirus (PPV), 51.8+/-0.06% for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), 29.7+/-0.09% for Brucella spp. and 36.3+/-0.1% for Toxoplasma gondii. We did not detect antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv). ADV seroprevalence was associated with PPV and PCV2 seroprevalence in Spanish wild boar females. Ovulation rate in the studied wild boar females was 4.41+/-0.16 (n=120), mean litter size was 3.91+/-0.16 (n=82) and the partial resorption index 0.92+/-0.17 (n=66). Ovulation rate and litter size were statistically associated with age. T. gondii seroprevalence was negatively related to ovulation rate and partial resorption index. Wild boars from managed fenced estates had antibodies against more pathogens than wild boars from open estates. Potential relations between management of wild boar populations and exposure of individuals to different reproductive pathogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Cvetnic Z, Mitak M, Ocepek M, Lojkic M, Terzic S, Jemersic L, Humski A, Habrun B, Sostaric B, Brstilo M, Krt B, Garin-Bastuji B. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) as reservoirs of Brucella suis biovar 2 in Croatia. Acta Vet Hung 2004; 51:465-73. [PMID: 14680058 DOI: 10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the results of findings for brucellosis in wild boars and domestic swine in two regions of Croatia. In the region of Djakovo the blood samples of 211 wild boars were analysed and in 29.4% of the samples serologically positive reactions were established. In the same region the blood samples of 1080 domestic swine on pastures were also analysed and positive serological reactions were established in 12.3%. In the regions around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 53 wild boars were analysed and in 22.6% of them positive serological reactions were established. On several locations around Lonjsko Polje the blood samples of 901 domestic swine were serologically analysed and 13.5% of the swine were found to be seropositive. Bacteriological analyses of submitted materials from 24 wild boars resulted in isolation of Brucella from seven (29.2%) samples, and from 43 samples originating from domestic swine that had aborted and had been serologically positive, Brucella were isolated from 25 (58.1%) swine, as well as from 10 (62.5%) out of 16 aborted piglets. In all the isolates Brucella suis biovar 2 was identified. Wild boars are carriers and reservoirs of Brucella suis biovar 2 in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cvetnic
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Savska cesta 143, Croatia.
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Alexopoulos C, Fthenakis GC, Burriel A, Bourtzi-Hatzopoulou E, Kritas SK, Sbiraki A, Kyriakis SC. The effects of the periodical use of in-feed chlortetracycline on the reproductive performance of gilts and sows of a commercial pig farm with a history of clinical and subclinical viral and bacterial infections. Reprod Domest Anim 2003; 38:187-92. [PMID: 12753551 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0531.2003.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) as a measure of preventing or minimizing infectious problems of reproductive failure in gilts and sows. In a farm of 400 Large White x Landrace gilts and sows with a clinical history of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) virus, the animals were treated with CTC. Treatment consisted of 10 g CTC sow/day for 15 days every 3 months. It improved the health status of sows by decreasing post-farrowing clinical mastitis and vaginal discharges, abortions, return-to-oestrus and irregular return-to-oestrus rates. These beneficial effects had a positive impact on the performance of the litter. More piglets were born live and weaned. These positive effects improved with repeated use of CTC. The serological evidence of PRRS virus, Leptospira spp. and Chlamydia spp. and the subsequent beneficial use of the antimicrobial agent indicate that reproductive failure, possibly resulting from the bacterial agents can be controlled with in-feed use of broad spectrum antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexopoulos
- Clinic of Obstetrics and AI, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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Nielsen K, Gall D, Smith P, Vigliocco A, Perez B, Samartino L, Nicoletti P, Dajer A, Elzer P, Enright F. Validation of the fluorescence polarization assay as a serological test for the presumptive diagnosis of porcine brucellosis. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68:245-53. [PMID: 10510043 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sera from Canadian pigs (brucellosis free, n = 14037) and sera from pigs infected with Brucella suis (n = 401) were tested by the buffered antigen plate agglutination test, the complement fixation test, an indirect and a competitive enzyme immunoassay and a fluorescence polarization assay. The results were analysed and assay sensitivity and specificity estimates were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of the tests were as follows: the buffered antigen plate agglutination test, 77.1 and 96.9%; the complement fixation test (considering anticomplementary sera as negative), 93.3 and 95.5%; the complement fixation test (considering anticomplementary sera as positive), 58.1 and 99.9%; the indirect enzyme immunoassay, 94.0 and 97.9%; the competitive enzyme immunoassay, 90.8 and 96.6%; and the fluorescence polarization assay, 93.5 and 97.2%; respectively. It was concluded that the fluorescence polarization assay was a valuable asset to the diagnosis of porcine brucellosis because of its accuracy, ease of performance and relative cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nielsen
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ont.
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