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Szabo I, Grafe M, Kemper N, Junker E, Malorny B. Genetic basis for loss of immuno-reactive O-chain in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis veterinary isolates. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:165-173. [PMID: 28532797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-two rough Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) isolates from broilers and the environment were characterized for their serological and genotypic properties. Under routine diagnostic serotyping methods such isolates lack the immuno-reactivity of the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and are referred to as non-typeable. Using a modified slide agglutination method, the isolates could be differentiated into three different serological variants. Twenty-six isolates (50%) were defined as semi-rough, nineteen isolates (37%) as deep-rough, four isolates (8%) as rough and three isolates could not be assigned. Genetically, all semi-rough isolates lacked the wzyB gene encoding the O-antigen polymerase. Two isolates carried a frameshift mutation in wzyB. In 15 of 23 cases deep-rough or rough isolates had a single point mutation, a single - or double-nucleotide insert or deletion in the wbaP gene. The mutational changes lead to expression of truncated (premature) protein, resulting in the loss of the immuno-reactive O-chain. Both rough and smooth S. Enteritidis isolates showed identical or highly similar XbaI-PFGE profiles. Our results indicate that the loss of a functional LPS in S. Enteritidis isolates is caused by a variety of different mutation events within the wzyB (semi-rough) or the wbaP (deep-rough) gene and is not a result of a vertical spread of a specific S. Enteritidis subtype. The defect of the LPS may be a common evolutionary mechanism through which host defence can be escaped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Szabo
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department for Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marianne Grafe
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department for Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ernst Junker
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department for Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Malorny
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department for Biological Safety, National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella, Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
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Dewaele I, Rasschaert G, Wildemauwe C, Van Meirhaeghe H, Vanrobaeys M, De Graef E, Herman L, Ducatelle R, Heyndrickx M, De Reu K. Polyphasic characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates on persistently contaminated layer farms during the implementation of a national control program with obligatory vaccination: A longitudinal study. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2727-35. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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3
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Fang NX, Huang B, Hiley L, Bates J, Savill J. A rapid multiplex DNA suspension array method for Salmonella typhimurium subtyping using prophage-related markers. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 88:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Soyer Y, Alcaine SD, Schoonmaker-Bopp DJ, Root TP, Warnick LD, McDonough PL, Dumas NB, Gröhn YT, Wiedmann M. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis diversity of human and bovine clinical Salmonella isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:707-17. [PMID: 20180633 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) characterization of 335 temporally and spatially matched clinical, bovine, and human Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates revealed 167 XbaI PFGE patterns. These isolates were previously classified into 51 serotypes and 73 sequence types, as determined by multilocus sequence typing. Discriminatory power of PFGE (Simpson's index, D = 0.991) was considerably higher than that of multilocus sequence typing (D = 0.920) or serotyping (D = 0.913). Although 128 PFGE types each only represented a single isolate, 8 PFGE types represented >4 isolates, including (i) three serotype Enteritidis and Heidelberg patterns that were only identified among human isolates, (ii) two PFGE patterns (each representing serotypes Bardo and Newport) that were significantly more common among bovine isolates as compared with human isolates; (iii) two PFGE types that each includes two serotypes (4,5,12:i:- and Typhimurium; Thompson and 1,7:-:1,5); and (iv) one PFGE type that includes eight Typhimurium isolates from humans and cattle. Characterization of isolates collected over multiple farm visits indicated that given specific PFGE types persisted over time on 11 farms. On an additional seven farms, isolates with a given sequence type represented multiple PFGE type, which typically only differed by <3 bands, suggesting PFGE type diversification during strain persistence. Sixteen PFGE types were isolated from 2 or more farms, including two widely distributed serotype Newport-associated PFGE types each found on 10 farms. In six instances two or three human isolates collected in the same county in the same or consecutive months represented the same subtypes, suggesting small human case clusters. PFGE-based characterization and surveillance of human and animal isolates can provide improved understanding of Salmonella diversity and epidemiology, including identification of possible host-associated and common, widely distributed PFGE types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Soyer
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Capparelli R, Nocerino N, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, Amoresano A, Giangrande C, Becker K, Blaiotta G, Evidente A, Cimmino A, Iannaccone M, Parlato M, Medaglia C, Roperto S, Roperto F, Ramunno L, Iannelli D. Bacteriophage-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutant confers broad immunity against staphylococcal infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11720. [PMID: 20661301 PMCID: PMC2908692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of a bacteriophage (a bacteria-attacking virus) resistance is clearly beneficial to the bacteria. As expected in such conditions, resistant bacteria emerge rapidly. However, in the absence of the phage, resistant bacteria often display reduced fitness, compared to their sensitive counterparts. The present study explored the fitness cost associated with phage-resistance as an opportunity to isolate an attenuated strain of S. aureus. The phage-resistant strain A172 was isolated from the phage-sensitive strain A170 in the presence of the MSa phage. Acquisition of phage-resistance altered several properties of A172, causing reduced growth rate, under-expression of numerous genes and production of capsular polysaccharide. In vivo, A172 modulated the transcription of the TNF-α, IFN-γ and Il-1β genes and, given intramuscularly, protected mice from a lethal dose of A170 (18/20). The heat-killed vaccine also afforded protection from heterologous methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (8/10 mice) or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) (9/10 mice). The same vaccine was also effective when administered as an aerosol. Anti-A172 mouse antibodies, in the dose of 10 µl/mouse, protected the animals (10/10, in two independent experiments) from a lethal dose of A170. Consisting predominantly of the sugars glucose and galactose, the capsular polysaccharide of A172, given in the dose of 25 µg/mouse, also protected the mice (20/20) from a lethal dose of A170. The above results demonstrate that selection for phage-resistance can facilitate bacterial vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Nocerino
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Giangrande
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Karsten Becker
- Universitätsklinikum Münster Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Antonio Evidente
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Parlato
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ramunno
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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KANG ZW, JUNG JH, KIM SH, LEE BK, LEE DY, KIM YJ, LEE JY, WON HK, KIM EH, HAHN TW. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Chickens and Humans in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1433-8. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Wu KANG
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University
| | - Ji-Hun JUNG
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment
| | - Sung Hun KIM
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infection, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health
| | - Bok Kwon LEE
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infection, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health
| | - Duk Young LEE
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infection, Center for Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health
| | - Young Jo KIM
- Livestock Product Standard Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service
| | - Ji Youn LEE
- Livestock Product Standard Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service
| | | | | | - Tae-Wook HAHN
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University
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7
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De Lappe N, Doran G, O'Connor J, O'Hare C, Cormican M. Characterization of bacteriophages used in the Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage-typing scheme. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:86-93. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) typing phages (SETPs) used in the Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (Health Protection Agency, London, UK) phage-typing scheme have not previously been characterized in detail. We have examined the adsorption properties of the phages with respect to a number of S. enterica serovars and defined phage morphology with electron microscopy. PFGE was used to estimate overall genome size and banding patterns generated by electrophoresis following restriction endonuclease digestion of the genome with HindIII were compared. PCR amplification and sequencing of selected genes was performed. The 16 phages comprise three morphotypes, Podoviridae (SETP1, 8, 10, 14, 15 and 16), Siphoviridae (SETP3, 5, 7, 11, 12 and 13) and Myoviridae (SETP2, 4, 6 and 9). All Podoviridae and Siphoviridae, but not Myoviridae, adsorbed to the O12 lipopolysaccharide antigen of Salmonella serogroups B (4,12) and D1 (9,12). The genome sizes for the Podoviridae and Siphoviridae (PFGE-A) were approximately 42 kb. The genome size for Myoviridae SETP2, 4 and 9 was 36.5 kb, and for myovirus SETP6 was 27 kb. HindIII digestion of phage DNA produced 9 distinct patterns of 8 to 11 bands. Relationships between phages based on digest patterns were consistent with those defined by morphology. The Podoviridae had homologues of several P22 genes while the Siphoviridae had homologues of several genes present in the sequenced siphovirus SETP3 (EF177456). This study represents an initial step in characterizing the molecular basis that underlies the widely used S. Enteritidis typing scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. De Lappe
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - G. Doran
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - J. O'Connor
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - C. O'Hare
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - M. Cormican
- National Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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8
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Kim SH, Kim S, Chun SG, Park MS, Park JH, Lee BK. Phage types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolated from humans and chickens. J Microbiol 2008; 46:209-13. [PMID: 18545971 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-007-0197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed 66 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in 2002. Thirty isolates were obtained from human patients with diarrhea, and 36 were obtained from chickens. A total of ten phage types (PT) were identified in the human and chicken isolates. PT1 and PT21 were the predominant PTs in both the human (20% and 13%) and chicken (17% and 47%) isolates. Twelve pulsotypes were generated by PFGE and divided into two major groups. Most of the PFGE types were categorized into cluster group 1. Eighteen chicken isolates in cluster group 1 showed high-level genetic association (>95%) with 22 other human isolates. Additionally, six chicken isolates from cluster group 2 showed fairly high-level genetic association (>95%) with the other seven human isolates. The highest levels of genetic association in humans and chickens were seen with A5-PT21 (11 isolates), A2-PT1 (7 isolates), and B1-PT4 (6 isolates). The Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and phage typing provided conclusive evidence that human Salmonella infections are attributable to the consumption of contaminated chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hun Kim
- Division of Enteric Bacterial Infections, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
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9
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Skov MN, Andersen JS, Baggesen DL. Occurrence and spread of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in Danish animal herds investigated by the use of DNA typing and spatio-temporal analysis. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:1124-30. [PMID: 17877841 PMCID: PMC2870897 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807009399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the investigation we report the occurrence and spread of multiresistant Salmonella Typhimurium phage type (DT) 104 in 174 known Danish animal herds infected between 1996 and 2003. We applied PFGE, plasmid analysis and spatio-temporal analysis for a description of the development and spread of infection among herds. The results showed that in Denmark DT104 are mainly spread by trade of animals; however, horizontal spread of DT104 is also important and the risk of an animal herd becoming infected increased with the proximity in time and space to a DT104-infected herd. Based on these results, it is recommended that specific actions are taken to limit the risk of horizontal spread of DT104 from newly infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Skov
- National Food Institute, The Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Pang JC, Chiu TH, Chiou CS, Schroeter A, Guerra B, Helmuth R, Tsen HY. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, plasmid profiles and phage types for the human isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis obtained over 13 years in Taiwan. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:1472-83. [PMID: 16313420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Plasmid profile, phage typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of 124 Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated in 1998-2002 in Taiwan were analysed and the results were compared with those of the 63 strains obtained in 1991-1997, so that molecular subtypes and epidemic strains for Salmonella Enteritidis over a 13-year period (1991-2002) could be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 124 strains of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from human in Taiwan between 1998 and 2002 were analysed by PFGE, plasmid analysis and phage typing. The results obtained were compared with those of the 63 strains obtained in 1991-1997, so that the clonal relationships for a total of 187 strains obtained over 13 years could be elucidated. For PFGE, restriction enzymes XbaI, SpeI and NotI were used for chromosomal DNA digestion. Results showed 28 PFGE pattern combinations for the 187 Salmonella strains. Of them, pattern X3S3N3 was the major subtype as 130 strains isolated from different locations during 1991-2002 showed this PFGE pattern. For all these 187 strains, the genetic similarity was higher than 80%. Plasmid analysis showed 17 distinct types, which consist of one to four plasmids and the predominant phage type of those strains was PT4 (71.6%) and PT6a (13.4%). The three methods identified different degrees of polymorphism in the following order: plasmid profile (18 types, D = 0.659) > PFGE (28 types, D = 0.512) > phage typing (13 types, D = 0.438). As PFGE patterns, phage type and plasmid profile were combined for subtyping, the 187 strains could be grouped into 46 subtypes and the discriminatory index was raised to 0.795. For these 46 subtypes, the predominant one was X3S3N3/P1/PT4, which contained 77 (41%) isolates. CONCLUSIONS Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis strains from sporadic cases were with pattern X3S3N3. They were the prevalent and may be the epidemic strains found in Taiwan during 1991-2002. The present study suggested that the several variants were derived from a single clonal line and the genome for strains of Salmonella Enteritidis are highly conserved over a 13-year period (1991-2002). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained here are useful for epidemiolgical study of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis in Taiwan. Comparing the data of the present study with those obtained for strains from other countries, the major subtypes for Salmonella Enteritidis infection in the world can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Pang
- Department of Food Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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11
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Thong KL, Goh YL, Yasin RM, Lau MG, Passey M, Winston G, Yoannes M, Pang T, Reeder JC. Increasing genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates from papua new guinea over the period from 1992 to 1999. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4156-60. [PMID: 12409390 PMCID: PMC139691 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.11.4156-4160.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA was performed on 133 strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi obtained from Papua New Guinea, with the objective of assessing the temporal variation of these strains. Fifty-two strains that were isolated in 1992 and 1994 were of one phage type, D2, and only two predominant PFGE profiles, X1 and X2, were present. Another 81 strains isolated between 1997 and 1999 have shown divergence, with four new phage types, UVS I (n = 63), UVS (n = 5), VNS (n = 4), and D1 (n = 9), and more genetic variability as evidenced by the multiple and new PFGE XbaI profiles (21 profiles; Dice coefficient, F = 0.71 to 0.97). The two profiles X1 and X2 have remained the stable, dominant subtypes since 1992. Cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages algorithm identifies two main clusters (at 87% similarity), indicating that the divergence of the PFGE subtypes was probably derived from some genomic mutations of the X1 and X2 subtypes. The majority of isolates were from patients with mild and moderate typhoid fever and had various XbaI profiles. A single isolate from a patient with fatal typhoid fever had a unique X11 profile, while four of six isolates from patients with severe typhoid fever had the X1 pattern. In addition, 12 paired serovar Typhi isolates recovered from the blood and fecal swabs of individual patients exhibited similar PFGE patterns, while in another 11 individuals paired isolates exhibited different PFGE patterns. Three pairs of isolates recovered from three individuals had different phage types and PFGE patterns, indicating infection with multiple strains. The study reiterates the usefulness of PFGE in assessing the genetic diversity of S. enterica serovar Typhi for both long-term epidemiology and in vivo stability and instability within an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai-Lin Thong
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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12
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Liebana E, Garcia-Migura L, Guard-Petter J, McDowell SWJ, Rankin S, Opitz HM, Clifton-Hadley FA, Davies RH. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage types 4, 7, 6, 8, 13a, 29 and 34: a comparative analysis of genomic fingerprints from geographically distant isolates. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:196-209. [PMID: 11849346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate genetic heterogeneity in the most common phage types of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 233 isolates of Salm. Enteritidis from England, Northern Ireland, Spain, Hong Kong and the USA belonging to phage types (PT) 4 (n=88), PT7 (n=12), PT6 (n=72), PT8 (n=14), PT13a (n=29), PT29 (n=14) and PT34 (n=4) were characterized by PstI-SphI (PS) ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis after digestion of DNA with XbaI. PS ribotyping differentiated the isolates into 53 different PS types and PFGE showed 14 different macrorestriction profiles; with the combination of both methods, 73 combined types were identified. Some of these clones appeared to be present within several countries. Movement of foodstuffs, animals or people may have been involved in the spread of these strains. On the other hand, some clones were only found in specific locations. CONCLUSIONS Several well defined clonal lines seem to co-exist within the different phage types included in this study, and a combined typing approach may constitute a useful tool for epidemiological investigations. Clustering analysis of ribotypes and PFGE types agree with previous studies and suggest that phage types that share receptor binding properties can be distinguished as two families: the PT4 family including PT7 and PT6, and the PT8 family including PT13a. The other phage types are difficult to place in a family unless the geographical site of isolation is known. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper reports on an extensive assessment of the use of molecular tools for the study of the epidemiology of the enteric pathogen Salm. Enteritidis. It also gives new information regarding relationships among some common phage types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Liebana
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, UK.
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13
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Mmolawa PT, Willmore R, Thomas CJ, Heuzenroeder MW. Temperate phages in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: implications for epidemiology. Int J Med Microbiol 2002; 291:633-44. [PMID: 12008917 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is the most common Salmonella serovar isolated from humans in Australia. The most common definitive phage types (DT) include 9, 64 and 135. Induction of lysogenic phages from DT 64 with mitomycin C followed by cesium chloride gradient purification, resulted in separation of two populations of phage particles. DNA extracted from these particles that was digested with SmaI showed two distinct patterns of banding. Transmission electron microscopy showed that both phage particles belong to the podovirus family of the C1 morphotype. One of the phages, ST64T is capable of mediating both generalized transduction and bacteriophage type conversion. Crude phage lysate induced from S. Typhimurium DT 64 was capable of phage type conversion. S. Typhimurium DT 9 was converted to DT 64 and DT 135 was converted to DT 16. S. Typhimurium DT 41 was also converted to DT 29. Amplified-fragment length polymorphism revealed differences between the original isolates and the convertants. Phage type conversion raises the question of the stability of the bacterial phage types in natural settings and the possibility of its occurrence during an outbreak scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess T Mmolawa
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Effects of plasmid curing on antibiotic susceptibility, phage type, lipopoly saccharide and outer membrane protein profiles in local Salmonella isolates. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Garaizar J, López-Molina N, Laconcha I, Lau Baggesen D, Rementeria A, Vivanco A, Audicana A, Perales I. Suitability of PCR fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, combined with computerized gel analysis, in library typing of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:5273-81. [PMID: 11097902 PMCID: PMC92456 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.12.5273-5281.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2000] [Accepted: 10/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Salmonella enterica (n = 212) of different serovars and phage types were used to establish a library typing computerized system for serovar Enteritidis on the basis of PCR fingerprinting, infrequent-restriction-site PCR (IRS-PCR), or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The rate of PCR fingerprinting interassay and intercenter reproducibility was low and was only increased when DNA samples were extracted at the same time and amplified with the same reaction mixtures. Reproducibility of IRS-PCR technique reached 100%, but discrimination was low (D = 0.52). The PFGE procedure showed an intercenter reproducibility value of 93.3%. The high reproducibility of PFGE combined with the previously determined high discrimination directed its use for library typing. The use of PFGE with enzymes XbaI, BlnI, and SpeI for library typing of serovar Enteritidis was assessed with GelCompar 4.0 software. Three computer libraries of PFGE DNA profiles were constructed, and their ability to recognize new DNA profiles was analyzed. The results obtained pointed out that the combination of PFGE with computerized analysis could be suitable in long-term epidemiological comparison and surveillance of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, specially if the prevalence of genetic events that could be responsible for changes in PFGE profiles in this serovar was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garaizar
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Basque Country University, 01080 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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Rychlik I, Svestkova A, Karpiskova R. Subdivision of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis phage types PT14b and PT21 by plasmid profiling. Vet Microbiol 2000; 74:217-25. [PMID: 10808090 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that plasmid profiling is a sensitive method for further identification of strains of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis) phage type PT21 and to a lesser extent the strains of phage type PT14b. Five and three plasmid types were identified within 33 strains of phage type PT21 and 19 strains of phage type PT14b, respectively. Plasmid types in strains of phage type PT21 showed significant correlation with geographical origin of the strain. In strains of phage type PT14b a single isolate predominated suggesting that the plasmid designated as 'C' can be directly linked with S. enteritidis PT14b strains. Application of IS200 fingerprinting did not reveal any other differences and showed just one copy of IS200 in all the 52 analysed strains. All the strains were tested for antibiotic resistance and only four strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefuroxime and cotrimoxazole. This indicates that low molecular weight plasmids in Salmonella enteritidis are not responsible for the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Landers E, González-Hevia MA, Mendoza MC. Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis. Relationships between food, water and pathogenic strains. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 43:81-90. [PMID: 9761341 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A molecular epidemiology study of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis was carried out by ribotyping performed with a mixture of PstI and SphI (PS ribotyping), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing conducted with the OPB17 primer. A series, including 38 food and 25 water strains, which were epidemiologically unrelated and collected in Spain over 1985-1996, was differentiated into 20 PS ribotypes [discrimination index (DI) = 0.67], RAPD types (DI = 0.28), and by combining both methods into 23 genomic groups (DI = 0.76). With ribotyping data from the strains tested in this and in a previous work, including clinical and reference strains, a similarity dendrogram was traced and the subsequent branches and groupings were correlated with RAPD types, phage types and sources of origin. At a similarity level of 55%, a major cluster (grouping five subclusters and three single branches) and two minor clusters were revealed. Results supported the fact that organisms representing, at least, 40 genomic groups are currently circulating in Spain, but that only the organisms of five groups predominate and these fall into a single subcluster or lineage. Organisms of these five groups could be considered endemic, associated with food-borne human infections and, for epidemiological purposes, can be differentiated by phage typing. The most frequent phage types can be subdivided into genomic groups. Organisms of the prevalent genomic groups and several less frequent ones were mainly associated with poultry transmission and gastroenteritis as the major clinical forms, while organisms of another two frequent groups were mainly associated with extra-intestinal infections, and organisms of four infrequent groups were only collected from sewage or environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Landers
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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Laconcha I, López-Molina N, Rementeria A, Audicana A, Perales I, Garaizar J. Phage typing combined with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and random amplified polymorphic DNA increases discrimination in the epidemiological analysis of Salmonella enteritidis strains. Int J Food Microbiol 1998; 40:27-34. [PMID: 9600607 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phage typing (PT) combined with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting method was used to characterize Salmonella enteritidis strains. Twenty-four epidemiologically unrelated isolates, sampled from diverse ecological niches and fifteen isolates from four well-defined outbreaks of foodborne gastroenteritis, were studied. Seven phage types, with a predominance of PT 4 (63% of isolates), were observed when analysing the epidemiologically unrelated group. PT 4 was detected in all of the ecological niches studied, including food and fecally polluted river and beach water. The discriminatory power for phage typing, the average probability that the typing system will assign a different type to two unrelated strains randomly sampled in the microbial population, was 0.62. Ten PFGE pattern types were obtained with Xba I restriction endonuclease enzyme among the unrelated isolates; thirteen isolates belonged to PFGE pattern type 1 and the rest of the PFGE types were assigned to one or two isolates. The Dice coefficient clustered the similarities of the PFGE patterns between 80-100%. PFGE showed a discriminatory power of 0.72. Five clearly distinct RAPD patterns were observed with the OPS-19 oligonucleotide, but the discrimination obtained was low (0.46). The combination of the three typing methods increased the number of types to seventeen, giving high discrimination (0.92). Seven of the isolates recovered from various ecological niches belonged to the combination PT 4/PFGE 1/RAPD A and other combinations were unique or included only two strains. The four epidemiologically well-defined foodborne outbreaks were associated with the PT 4 phage type. In two of the outbreaks, other phage types (PT 7a and RDNC) were also observed in two isolates. Most of the isolates belonging to the foodborne outbreaks had an identical PFGE pattern (PFGE pattern type 1), but a difference in a restriction band was observed in an isolate belonging to an outbreak. Two RAPD patterns were observed in the outbreaks; RAPD pattern type A was detected in three of the four outbreaks. When the combined typing method was applied to the study, high concordance was observed and most of the outbreak strains belonged to the combination PT 4/PFGE 1/RAPD A. It is concluded that the combination of phage type with PFGE and RAPD provides a powerful discriminatory tool for the epidemiological analysis of unrelated and related strains of S. enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Laconcha
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Basque Country University, Victoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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