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Yap PSX, Ahmad Kamar A, Chong CW, Yap IKS, Thong KL, Choo YM, Md Yusof MY, Teh CSJ. Intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in preterm-infants during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:238-246. [PMID: 27650884 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1229884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of intestinal carriage of Gram-negative bacteria among preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia were determined. A total of 34 stool specimens were obtained from preterm infants upon admission and once weekly up to two weeks during hospitalization. The presumptive colonies of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were selected for identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and subtyping by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Out of 76 Gram-negative isolates, highest resistance was detected for amoxicillin/clavulanate (30.8%, n = 16), ceftriaxone (42.3%, n = 22), ceftazidime (28.8%, n = 15), cefoxitin (28.8%, n = 15), aztreonam (36.5%, n = 19), and polymyxin B (23.1%, n = 12). Three colistin resistant K. pneumoniae have also been detected based on E-test analysis. Thirty-nine isolates of K. pneumoniae and 20 isolates of E. coli were resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes and were categorized as multidrug resistant (MDR). PFGE analysis revealed a higher diversity in pulsotypes for K. pneumoniae (18 pulsotypes) in comparison to E. coli (four pulsotypes). In addition, a total of fifteen pulsotypes was observed from 39 MDR K. pneumoniae. The risk factors for antibiotic resistance were assessed using random forest analysis. Gender was found to be the most important predictor for colistin resistant while length, OFC, and delivery mode were showing greater predictive power in the polymyxin B resistance. This study revealed worrying prevalence rates of intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae and E. coli of hospitalized preterm infants in Malaysia, particularly high resistance to polymyxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Soo Xi Yap
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Azanna Ahmad Kamar
- b Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Chun Wie Chong
- c Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy , International Medical University , 57000 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Ivan Kok Seng Yap
- c Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy , International Medical University , 57000 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- d Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Yao Mun Choo
- b Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yasim Md Yusof
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , 50603 Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Al-Swailem AM, Kadry AA, Fouda SI, Shibl AM, Shair OH. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 65:423-32. [PMID: 24672095 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of infection caused by invasive penicillinnonsusceptible (PNS) and multidrug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a worldwide concern, necessitating the epidemiologic surveillance of such strains. OBJECTIVES One aim of this study was to identify clones of invasive PNS S pneumoniae among isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The second aim was to compare these clones with international clones to track their spread in Saudi Arabia. METHODS The phenotypes of invasive isolates characterized as S pneumoniae were determined using susceptibility testing and serotyping (capsular test and E-test). The genotypes of PNS isolates were determined using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. The genetic relatedness of these local strains to the international widespread clones was investigated. RESULTS Of 296 S pneumoniae isolates identified using biochemical and culture characteristics, 89 (30.1%) were invasive. Susceptibility testing using the E-test revealed that 17 of the 89 invasive isolates (19.1%) were PNS. Most of the 89 isolates (89.9%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; 32.6% and 23.6% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, respectively. All of the isolates (100.0%) were fully susceptible to ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Capsular serotyping of the 89 isolates showed that 19A (18.0%), 613 (14.6%), 23F (13.5%), 9V (11.2%), 14 (6.7%), 19F (5.6%), and 18C (4.5%) were the most predominant serogroups/serotypes. The 17 PNS strains were confirmed on polymerase chain reaction to have penicillin resistance genes. Of these 17 strains, international clone 19A-a was the most predominant (41.2%), followed by 6B-a (17.6%), and 23F-a and 9V-a (each, 11.8%). CONCLUSIONS The present study identified the spread of the 4 most commonPNS S pneumoniae isolates (clones)-19A, 613, 23F, and 9V-to Riyadh, but identified no new clones among patients having invasive infection with S pneumoniae in Riyadh. This study emphasizes that international PNS clones have contributed to the prevalence and spread of PNS pneumococci among the clinical isolates in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashraf A Kadry
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soliman I Fouda
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atef M Shibl
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar H Shair
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zulz T, Wenger JD, Rudolph K, Robinson DA, Rakov AV, Bruden D, Singleton RJ, Bruce MG, Hennessy TW. Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F isolates associated with rural community outbreaks in Alaska. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1402-7. [PMID: 23408692 PMCID: PMC3647894 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02880-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F were observed in two neighboring regions of rural Alaska in 2003 to 2006 and 2006 to 2008. IPD surveillance data from 1986 to 2009 and carriage survey data from 1998 to 2004 and 2008 to 2009 were reviewed to identify patterns of serotype 12F transmission. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed on all available isolates, and selected isolates were characterized by additional genetic subtyping methods. Serotype 12F IPD occurred in two waves in Alaska between 1986 and 2008. While cases of disease occurred nearly every year in Anchorage, in rural regions, 12F IPD occurred with rates 10- to 20-fold higher than those in Anchorage, often with many years between disease peaks and generally caused by a single predominant genetic clone. Carriage occurred predominantly in adults, except early in the rural outbreaks, when most carriage was in persons <18 years old. In rural regions, carriage of 12F disappeared completely after outbreaks. Different 12F clones appear to have been introduced episodically into rural populations, spread widely in young, immunologically naïve populations (leading to outbreaks of IPD lasting 1 to 3 years), and then disappeared rapidly from the population. Larger population centers might have been the reservoir for these clones. This epidemiologic pattern is consistent with a highly virulent, but immunogenic, form of pneumococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Zulz
- Arctic Investigations Program, DPEI, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anchorage, Alaska, USA.
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Mouro A, Kiffer C, Koga PCM, Monteiro AMV, Camargo ECG, Pignatari ACC. Spatial exploration of Streptococcus pneumoniae clonal clustering in São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 15:462-6. [PMID: 22230853 DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(11)70228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the spatial distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its clonal patterns collected between 2002 and 2006 in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS As part of an observational study in São Paulo city, Brazil, S. pneumoniae isolates routinely cultured from blood, respiratory specimens, or cerebrospinal and other profound fluids were selected. Additionally, only isolates with either penicillin (PEN) intermediate (I) or resistant (R) status on routine antibiogram were included, in order to obtain a higher probability of clonal isolates. A single I/R S. pneumoniae isolate per patient was included and submitted to genotypic determination by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for the isolates by Etest® to PEN and other antimicrobials. Each isolate was geocoded in a digital map. The Kernel function and ratio methods between total isolates vs. clones were used in order to explore possible cluster formations. RESULTS Seventy-eight (78) S. pneumoniae community isolates from two major outpatient centers in São Paulo, Brazil, were selected from the databank according to their penicillin susceptibility profile, i.e. R or I to penicillin assessed by oxacillin disc diffusion. Of these, 69 were submitted to PFGE, 65 to MIC determination, and 48 to spatial analytical procedures. Preliminary spatial analysis method showed two possible cluster formation located in southwest and southeast regions of the city. CONCLUSION Further analyses are required for precisely determining the existence of S. pneumoniae clusters and their related risk factors. Apparently there is a specific transmission pattern of S. pneumoniae clones within certain regions and populations. GIS and spatial methods can be applied to better understand epidemiological patterns and to identify target areas for public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilton Mouro
- Special Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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King DS, Luna VA, Cannons AC, Amuso PT. Procurement of spore-free Bacillus anthracis for molecular typing outside of BSL3 environment. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1817-27. [PMID: 19878524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To (i) develop a protocol that would eliminate or greatly reduce sporulation within Bacillus anthracis vegetative cells, and (ii) harvest an adequate number of cells and sufficient DNA suitable for molecular methods including Riboprint analysis and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). METHODS AND RESULTS Seven strains of B. anthracis (Ames, French B2, Heluky, Kruger, Pasteur, Sterne, and Vollum) were grown at 37, 42 and 45 degrees C under normal air, enhanced CO(2), microaerophilic, and anaerobic conditions on solid media and subcultured in two broths with and without supplements. The bacterial cells were centrifuged and washed. Slides made from the cell pellets were stained with Malachite Green and observed for the presence of spores. Cell preparations were subjected to 80 degrees C for 30 min and processed for and analysed by either Riboprinte or PFGE. Multiple pellets of each strain were processed, stained, placed onto solid culture media, incubated for 7 days and observed for growth. The cell preparations yielded clear and reproducible results with both molecular methods. None of the cell preparations yielded growth on the culture media. CONCLUSIONS This method eliminated viable spores in cell preparations of B. anthracis, yet still allowed the growth of vegetative cells to provide sufficient DNA suitable for analysis by Riboprinter and PFGE. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This method will provide safe cell preparations, prevent instrument contamination, and may be useful for other aerobic and anaerobic spore-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S King
- Center for Biological Defense, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Phenotypic and genetic diversity ofVibrio alginolyticus strains recovered from juveniles and olderSparus aurata reared in a Tunisian marine farm. ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03179458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Singh A, Goering RV, Simjee S, Foley SL, Zervos MJ. Application of molecular techniques to the study of hospital infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:512-30. [PMID: 16847083 PMCID: PMC1539107 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00025-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are an important source of morbidity and mortality in hospital settings, afflicting an estimated 2 million patients in United States each year. This number represents up to 5% of hospitalized patients and results in an estimated 88,000 deaths and 4.5 billion dollars in excess health care costs. Increasingly, hospital-acquired infections with multidrug-resistant pathogens represent a major problem in patients. Understanding pathogen relatedness is essential for determining the epidemiology of nosocomial infections and aiding in the design of rational pathogen control methods. The role of pathogen typing is to determine whether epidemiologically related isolates are also genetically related. To determine molecular relatedness of isolates for epidemiologic investigation, new technologies based on DNA, or molecular analysis, are methods of choice. These DNA-based molecular methodologies include pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR-based typing methods, and multilocus sequence analysis. Establishing clonality of pathogens can aid in the identification of the source (environmental or personnel) of organisms, distinguish infectious from noninfectious strains, and distinguish relapse from reinfection. The integration of molecular typing with conventional hospital epidemiologic surveillance has been proven to be cost-effective due to the associated reduction in the number of nosocomial infections. Cost-effectiveness is maximized through the collaboration of the laboratory, through epidemiologic typing, and the infection control department during epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Singh
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Chung WO, Gabany J, Persson GR, Roberts MC. Distribution of erm(F) and tet(Q) genes in 4 oral bacterial species and genotypic variation between resistant and susceptible isolates. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:152-8. [PMID: 11895543 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.290210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria that are currently considered potential periopathogens. Prevotella nigrescens has recently been separated from P. intermedia and its rôle in periodontitis is unknown. The erm(F) gene codes for an rRNA methylase, conferring resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB), and the tet(Q) gene for a ribosomal protection protein, conferring resistance to tetracycline. The presence of these resistance genes could impair the use of antibiotics for therapy. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the carriage of erm(F) and tet(Q), and genetic variability of 12 Porphyromonas gingivalis, 10 Prevotella intermedia, 25 Prevotella nigrescens and 17 Bacteroides forsythus isolates from 9 different patient samples. METHODS We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting antibiotic resistance genes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for detecting genetic variability among the isolates. RESULTS Thirty-one (48%) isolates were resistant to both erythromycin and tetracycline and carried the erm(F) and tet(Q) genes, eight (13%) were tetracycline resistant and carried the tet(Q) gene, 9 (14%) were erythromycin resistant and carried the erm(F) gene, and 12 (19%) isolates did not carry antibiotic resistance genes. PFGE was used to compare isolates from the same patient and isolates from different patient samples digested with XbaI. No association was found between antibiotic resistance gene carriage and PFGE patterns in any species examined. All isolates of the same species from the same patient had highly related or identical PFGE patterns. Isolates of same species from different patients had unique PFGE pattern for each species tested. CONCLUSION All isolates of the same species from any one patient were genetically related to each other but distinct from isolates from other patients, and 66% of the patients carried antibiotic resistant isolates, which could impair antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasun O Chung
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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Chiou CS, Hsu WB, Wei HL, Chen JH. Molecular epidemiology of a Shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in Taiwan, Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1048-56. [PMID: 11230426 PMCID: PMC87872 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.3.1048-1056.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of shigellosis occurred in a township of Nantou Conuty in central Taiwan from August to October in 1996. The infections extended to two neighboring townships and continued to the end of 1996. Forty cases were confirmed during the period, in contrast to only one confirmed case in Nantou County in 1996 before the outbreak. All of these 41 cases in 1996 were identified as infections with Shigella flexneri serotype 2a. In order to trace the source of the infections, the 41 isolates recovered were analyzed by plasmid profile and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). There was no correlation between the plasmid profile results and the PFGE results, and the latter were used for subtyping of the 41 isolates. Twenty-two isolates (53%) had the same NotI and XbaI PFGE patterns, and 4 isolates (10%) had an additional unstable plasmid band in their NotI patterns but otherwise had the same NotI and XbaI patterns as the 22 isolates. These 26 isolates were designated the outbreak strain, and of these, 24 appeared in eight villages in one township and 2 appeared in a neighboring township. Fourteen of the remaining 15 isolates, including the isolate recovered 7 months before the outbreak, had both NotI and XbaI PFGE patterns closely related to those of the outbreak strain, indicating that Shigella infections were endemic in the area. By tracing the first isolation dates of the outbreak strain in individual villages and the neighboring township, it was found that the strain spread along the major arterial road and its branch road as time passed. Our molecular typing results and epidemiological data demonstrated the endemic nature of the outbreak strain as well as a person-to-person mode of transmission for the widespread infections the strain caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chiou
- Third Branch Office, Center for Disease Control, Department of Health, Taichung, Taiwan 402, Republic of China
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Wong HC, Liu SH, Wang TK, Lee CL, Chiou CS, Liu DP, Nishibuchi M, Lee BK. Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 from Asia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:3981-6. [PMID: 10966418 PMCID: PMC92248 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.9.3981-3986.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1999] [Accepted: 07/06/2000] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of serovars of the food-borne pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus normally cause infection. Since 1996, the O3:K6 strains of this pathogen have caused pandemics in many Asian countries, including Taiwan. For a better understanding of these pandemic strains, the recently isolated clinical O3:K6 strains from India, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan were examined in terms of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing and other biological characteristics. After PFGE and cluster analysis, all the O3:K6 strains were grouped into two unrelated groups. The recently isolated O3:K6 strains were all in one group, consisting of eight closely related patterns, with I1(81%) and I5(13%) being the most frequent patterns. Pattern I1 was the major one for strains from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. All recently isolated O3:K6 strains carried the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene. No significant difference was observed between recently isolated O3:K6 strains and either non-O3:K6 reference strains or old O3:K6 strains isolated before 1996 with respect to antibiotic susceptibility, the level of thermostable direct hemolysin, and the susceptibility to environmental stresses. Results in this study confirmed that the recently isolated O3:K6 strains of V. parahaemolyticus are genetically close to each other, while the other biological traits examined were usually strain dependent, and no unique trait was found in the recently isolated O3:K6 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan 111, Republic of China
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Luna VA, Jernigan DB, Tice A, Kellner JD, Roberts MC. A novel multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup 19 clone from Washington State identified by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length patterns. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1575-80. [PMID: 10747146 PMCID: PMC86493 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.4.1575-1580.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1999] [Accepted: 01/31/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1997, a cluster of multiresistant invasive serogroup 19 pneumococcus infections, including two fatalities, was reported in Washington State. Further investigation identified other cases. Fourteen Washington Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, four from Alaska, and eight isolates from eastern Canada with reduced penicillin susceptibility (MIC of > or =1 microg/ml) were included in the study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with ApaI, SacII, and SmaI restriction enzymes and IS1167 and mef restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) pattern analysis were performed. Twenty of the 26 isolates had identical or related PFGE patterns, with two or all three enzymes, and identical or related IS1167 RFLP patterns, indicating that they were genetically related. These 20 isolates contained the mef gene conferring erythromycin resistance and had identical mef RFLP patterns. The PFGE and RFLP patterns were distinct from those of six multiresistant clones previously described and suggest that a new multiresistant clone has appeared in Washington, Alaska, and eastern Canada. This newly characterized clone should be included in the Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Luna
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7238, USA
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Davies T, Goering RV, Lovgren M, Talbot JA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Molecular epidemiological survey of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asia, Europe, and North America. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 34:7-12. [PMID: 10342101 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(98)00156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One hundred penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP) strains from Asia, Europe, and North America were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; fingerprinting of penicillin binding protein (pbp) genes; and BOX PCR. Results show that six PFGE patterns (three patterns comprising > or = 2 serotypes) were found widespread and accounted for 64 of the 100 PRSP strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Davies
- Department of Pathology, Hershey Medical Center, PA 17033, USA
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