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Jalal M, Ansari MA, Alzohairy MA, Ali SG, Khan HM, Almatroudi A, Raees K. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Oropharyngeal Candida glabrata Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Clinical Strains of Bacteria and Fungi. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E586. [PMID: 30071582 PMCID: PMC6116273 DOI: 10.3390/nano8080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was one step extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using supernatant of Candida glabrata isolated from oropharyngeal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and evaluation of their antibacterial and antifungal potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR spectra revealed the binding and stabilization of nanoparticles with protein. The TEM analysis showed that nanoparticles were well dispersed and predominantly spherical in shape within the size range of 2⁻15 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of AgNPs were characterized by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/ minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and well diffusion methods. The MBC and MFC were found in the range of 62.5⁻250 μg/mL and 125⁻500 μg/mL, which revealed that bacterial strains were more susceptible to AgNPs than fungal strains. These differences in bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of the AgNPs were due to the differences in the cell structure and organization of bacteria and yeast cells. The interaction of AgNPs with C. albicans analyzed by TEM showed the penetration of nanoparticles inside the Candida cells, which led the formation of "pits" and "pores" that result from the rupturing of the cell wall and membrane. Further, TEM analysis showed that Candida cells treated with AgNPs were highly deformed and the cells had shrunken to a greater extent because of their interaction with the fungal cell wall and membrane, which disrupted the structure of the cell membrane and inhibited the normal budding process due to the destruction and loss of membrane integrity and formation of pores that may led to the cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institutes of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441 Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad A Alzohairy
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of applied Medical sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Haris M Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of applied Medical sciences, Qassim University, Qassim 51431, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kashif Raees
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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Yeasts. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726781 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0030-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are unicellular organisms that reproduce mostly by budding and less often by fission. Most medically important yeasts originate from Ascomycota or Basidiomycota. Here, we review taxonomy, epidemiology, disease spectrum, antifungal drug susceptibility patterns of medically important yeast, laboratory diagnosis, and diagnostic strategies.
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Radic M, Goic-Barisic I, Novak A, Rubic Z, Tonkic M. Evaluation of PNA FISH® Yeast Traffic Light in identification of Candida species from blood and non-blood culture specimens. Med Mycol 2016; 54:654-8. [PMID: 27067303 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PNA FISH(®) (peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization) Yeast Traffic Light (PNA FISH(®) YTL) assay is a commercially avaliable method for rapid identification of Candida spp. directly from positive blood cultures. This report provides a one-year experience in identification of yeasts from 25 specimens (15 positive blood cultures and 10 other clinically significant specimens) using PNA FISH(®) YTL and comparing it to VITEK 2 System. Overall, assay identification compatibility with VITEK 2 System was found among 21/25 (84%) isolates tested. Only 3/25 (12%) of the isolates were not identified, and one isolate was misidentified by the PNA FISH(®) YTL assay. Our results show that the assay is a reliable method in identification of Candida spp. not only from blood cultures, but even from other clinically significant specimens (urine cultures, catheter tip cultures, peritoneal fluid cultures) when compared to automated method like VITEK 2 System. This novel application of the PNA FISH(®) YTL assay could therefore contribute to cost savings and significant benefit to patients, as rapid information about isolated yeast species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Radic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Goic-Barisic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Anita Novak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Zana Rubic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Split, Croatia University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Andersen KM, Kristoffersen AK, Ingebretsen A, Vikholt KJ, Örtengren UT, Olsen I, Enersen M, Gaustad P. Diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Norwegian Candida glabrata clinical isolates. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:29849. [PMID: 26861194 PMCID: PMC4748091 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.29849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients have resulted in greater incidence of invasive fungal infections with high mortality. Candida albicans infections dominate, but during the last decade, Candida glabrata has become the second highest cause of candidemia in the United States and Northern Europe. Reliable and early diagnosis, together with appropriate choice of antifungal treatment, is needed to combat these challenging infections. Objectives To confirm the identity of 183 Candida glabrata isolates from different human body sites using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and VITEK®2, and to analyze isolate protein profiles and antifungal susceptibility. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of seven antifungal drugs was determined for the isolates to elucidate susceptibility. Design A total of 183 C. glabrata isolates obtained between 2002 and 2012 from Norwegian health-care units were analyzed. For species verification and differentiation, biochemical characterization (VITEK®2) and mass spectrometry (MALDI–TOF) were used. MIC determination for seven antifungal drugs was undertaken using E-tests®. Results Using VITEK®2, 92.9% of isolates were identified as C. glabrata, while all isolates (100%) were identified as C. glabrata using MALDI-TOF. Variation in protein spectra occurred for all identified C. glabrata isolates. The majority of isolates had low MICs to amphotericin B (≤1 mg/L for 99.5%) and anidulafungin (≤0.06 mg/L for 98.9%). For fluconazole, 18% of isolates had MICs >32 mg/L and 82% had MICs in the range ≥0.016 mg/L to ≤32 mg/L. Conclusions Protein profiles and antifungal susceptibility characteristics of the C. glabrata isolates were diverse. Clustering of protein profiles indicated that many azole resistant isolates were closely related. In most cases, isolates had highest susceptibility to amphotericin B and anidulafungin. The results confirmed previous observations of high MICs to fluconazole and flucytosine. MALDI-TOF was more definitive than VITEK®2 for C. glabrata identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari-Mette Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Oral Biology (DOB), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - André Ingebretsen
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology (DOB), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Department of Oral Biology (DOB), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Fungi and yeasts are critical causes of acute infection. As such, the detection and identification of these organisms are crucial in the diagnosis of affected patient populations. There is a vast array of commercial tests currently available for diagnostic purposes. These vary from traditional culture and biochemical methods to advanced multiparameter molecular tests. Recent technological advances have driven the development of rapid tests which are complementing and in some cases replacing the more traditional methods of detection. Irrespective of the method used the ultimate goal is timely detection of the infectious agent allowing appropriate treatment and improved outcome for the patient.
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the evolution of biochemical phenotypic yeast identification methods with emphasis on conventional approaches, rapid screening tests, chromogenic agars, comprehensive commercial methods, and the eventual migration to genotypic methods. As systemic yeast infections can be devastating and resistance is common in certain species, accurate identification to the species level is paramount for successful therapy and appropriate patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pincus
- bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, Missouri 63042, USA.
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Abstract
The yeasts, being favorite eukaryotic microorganisms used in food industry and biotechnologies for production of biomass and various substances, are also used as model organisms in genetic manipulation, molecular and biological research. In this respect, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the best-known species but current situation in medicine and industry requires the use of other species. Here we summarize the basic taxonomic, morphological, physiological, genetic, etc. information about the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata that is evolutionarily very closely related to baker's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bialková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wilson DA, Joyce MJ, Hall LS, Reller LB, Roberts GD, Hall GS, Alexander BD, Procop GW. Multicenter evaluation of a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization probe for characterization of yeast isolates from blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2909-12. [PMID: 15956416 PMCID: PMC1151928 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.6.2909-2912.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated aliquots from 244 clinical blood culture bottles that demonstrated yeasts on Gram stain using a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid (PNA) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probe. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the C. albicans PNA FISH test in this study were 99%, 100%, 100%, and 99.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Wilson
- Section of Clinical Microbiology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Willinger B, Wein S, Hirschl AM, Rotter ML, Manafi M. Comparison of a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, with a dipstick test for rapid identification of Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:499-501. [PMID: 15635027 PMCID: PMC540123 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.499-501.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compares the performance of a 3-h dipstick trehalose test with GLABRATA RTT, a new commercially available 20-min test for the rapid identification of Candida glabrata. With the exception of blood agar, GLABRATA RTT gave reliable results with all media tested and was always superior to the dipstick test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Willinger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/5P, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Freydiere AM, Perry JD, Faure O, Willinger B, Tortorano AM, Nicholson A, Peman J, Verweij PE. Routine use of a commercial test, GLABRATA RTT, for rapid identification of Candida glabrata in six laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:4870-2. [PMID: 15472367 PMCID: PMC522330 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4870-4872.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When evaluated in six clinical laboratories from six countries with 1,174 fresh isolates, including 715 Candida glabrata and 459 non-C. glabrata strains, GLABRATA RTT (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) yielded an overall sensitivity and an overall specificity of 95.8 and 98.9%, respectively. The results were consistent from one laboratory to another. The five false-positive results corresponded to C. parapsilosis (n = 2), C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT allows a rapid, cost-effective, and reliable presumptive identification of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Freydiere
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Hôpital Debrousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Vermitsky JP, Edlind TD. Azole resistance in Candida glabrata: coordinate upregulation of multidrug transporters and evidence for a Pdr1-like transcription factor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3773-81. [PMID: 15388433 PMCID: PMC521908 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3773-3781.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata has emerged as a common cause of fungal infection. This yeast has intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals such as fluconazole, and mutation to frank azole resistance during treatment has been documented. Potential resistance mechanisms include changes in expression or sequence of ERG11 encoding the azole target. Alternatively, resistance could result from upregulated expression of multidrug transporter genes; in C. glabrata these include CDR1 and PDH1. By RNA hybridization, 10 of 12 azole-resistant clinical isolates showed 6- to 15-fold upregulation of CDR1 compared to susceptible strains. In 4 of these 10 isolates PDH1 was similarly upregulated, and in the remainder it was upregulated three- to fivefold, while ERG11 expression was minimally changed. Laboratory mutants were selected on fluconazole-containing medium with glycerol as carbon source (to eliminate mitochondrial mutants). Similar to the clinical isolates, six of seven laboratory mutants showed unchanged ERG11 expression but coordinate CDR1-PDH1 upregulation ranging from 2- to 20-fold. Effects of antifungal treatment on gene expression in susceptible C. glabrata strains were also studied: azole exposure induced CDR1-PDH1 expression 4- to 12-fold. These findings suggest that these transporter genes are regulated by a common mechanism. In support of this, a mutation associated with laboratory resistance was identified in the C. glabrata homolog of PDR1 which encodes a regulator of multidrug transporter genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutation falls within a putative activation domain and was associated with PDR1 autoupregulation. Additional regulatory factors remain to be identified, as indicated by the lack of PDR1 mutation in a clinical isolate with coordinately upregulated CDR1-PDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Vermitsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Ln., Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
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Massonet C, Van Eldere J, Vaneechoutte M, De Baere T, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K. Comparison of VITEK 2 with ITS2-fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2209-11. [PMID: 15131191 PMCID: PMC404601 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2209-2211.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 61 clinical yeast isolates of Candida, Cryptococcus, Blastoschizomyces, and Saccharomyces spp. were used to compare two identification techniques, VITEK 2 and ITS2-fragment length polymorphism analysis (ITS2-FLP), with ID32C as the reference method. ID32C identified 58 isolates correctly. ITS2-FLP with Instagene DNA extraction identified 59 isolates. ITS2-FLP combined with boiling-freezing DNA extraction identified 55 isolates. VITEK 2 identified 41 isolates correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Massonet
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rega Institute, U.Z. Gasthuisberg, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Piens MA, Perry JD, Raberin H, Parant F, Freydière AM. Routine use of a one minute trehalase and maltase test for the identification of Candida glabrata in four laboratories. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:687-9. [PMID: 12944553 PMCID: PMC1770057 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.9.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the rapid identification of Candida glabrata using a one minute trehalase and maltase test in four clinical laboratories. METHOD The test was evaluated with 944 freshly isolated yeasts comprising 572 C glabrata and 372 non-C glabrata strains. These strains were isolated on one of three differential media-Candida ID, CHROMagar Candida, or Albicans ID2 medium-and all strains were fully identified using standard methods. RESULTS The trehalase and maltase test allowed the overall identification of 550 of 572 C glabrata strains (sensitivity, 96.2%) and only 11 of 372 isolates of other yeast species yielded a false positive result (specificity, 96.8 %). Sensitivity and specificity were consistent from one laboratory to another. Using Candida ID medium, the rapid trehalase and maltase test showed a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 96.2%. Using CHROMagar Candida, sensitivity and specificity were 95.6% and 98.1%, respectively. Using Albicans ID2 medium (tested by two laboratories), the sensitivity was 100% and 98.5% and specificity was 98.1% and 98.2%. In 60% of cases, the test could be performed directly from the primary isolation medium, thus reducing the time for identification. CONCLUSION The rapid trehalase and maltase test was highly reliable for the presumptive identification of C glabrata on primary isolation using three different chromogenic media. Direct recognition of C albicans by means of their characteristic colour on chromogenic media coupled with one minute trehalase maltase testing performed only on suspect colonies of C glabrata allowed for rapid presumptive identification of the two yeast species most commonly encountered in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Piens
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie Médicale, 69373 Lyon, France
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Freydiere AM, Robert R, Ploton C, Marot-Leblond A, Monerau F, Vandenesch F. Rapid identification of Candida glabrata with a new commercial test, GLABRATA RTT. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3861-3. [PMID: 12904403 PMCID: PMC179766 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3861-3863.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLABRATA RTT test (Fumouze Diagnostics, Levallois Perret, France) is based on the ability of Candida glabrata to hydrolyze trehalose but not maltose. It requires an inoculum of only four to six colonies, and the results are available within 20 min. We tested GLABRATA RTT with 330 stock isolates grown in subcultures on four different primary fungal isolation media and obtained a sensitivity of 94 to 98% (depending on the medium used) and a specificity of 97.3 to 98.6%. The false-positive results corresponded to C. tropicalis, C. famata, and C. lusitaniae. GLABRATA RTT thus offers rapid and reliable identification of C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-M Freydiere
- Laboratoire de Bacteriologie, Hôpital Debrousse, Lyon, France.
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2003; 20:273-80. [PMID: 12622058 DOI: 10.1002/yea.942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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