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Shahzad MA, Yousaf A, Ahsan A, Irshad H, Riaz A, Khan A, Ullah I, Sattar S, Bostan N, Javed S. Virulence and resistance profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in the Pakistani Pothohar region. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14569. [PMID: 38914650 PMCID: PMC11196630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is considered one of the most widespread infectious disease of cattle and buffaloes, affecting dairy herds. The current study aimed to characterize the Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from subclinical mastitis animals in Pothohar region of the country. A total of 278 milk samples from 17 different dairy farms around two districts of the Pothohar region, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, were collected and screened for sub clinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test. Positive milk samples were processed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus using mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were analyzed for their antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes using disc diffusion and PCR respectively. 62.2% samples were positive for subclinical mastitis and in total 70 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered. 21% of these isolates were determined to be methicillin resistant, carrying the mecA gene. S. aureus isolates recovered during the study were resistant to all first line therapeutic antibiotics and in total 52% isolates were multidrug resistant. SCCmec typing revealed MRSA SCCmec types IV and V, indicating potential community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) transmission. Virulence profiling revealed high prevalence of key genes associated with adhesion, toxin production, and immune evasion, such as hla, hlb, clfA, clfB and cap5. Furthermore, the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin, that is often associated with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections, was present in 5.7% of isolates. In conclusion, the increased prevalence of MRSA in bovine mastitis is highlighted by this study, which also reveals a variety of virulence factors in S. aureus and emphasizes the significance of appropriate antibiotic therapy in combating this economically burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Armaghan Shahzad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Aitezaz Ahsan
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Irshad
- Animal Health Laboratories, Animal Sciences Institute, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aayesha Riaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Khan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Inayat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Sattar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Javed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Leekitcharoenphon P, Otani S, Szarvas J, Mzee T, Kumburu H, Møller FD, Aarestrup FM. The first complete genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus ST5477. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0100423. [PMID: 38179915 PMCID: PMC10868164 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01004-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the first complete genome of Staphylococcus aureus ST5477, one of the most common sequence types (ST) from bovine in eastern Africa. The genome consists of a 2,723,132-bp circular chromosome and a 3,044-bp plasmid. This strain was collected in 2017 from cow milk in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Judit Szarvas
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tutu Mzee
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Happiness Kumburu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute Institute, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Frederik Duus Møller
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Khasapane NG, Koos M, Nkhebenyane SJ, Khumalo ZTH, Ramatla T, Thekisoe O. Detection of Staphylococcus Isolates and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Virulence Genes from Subclinical Mastitis Cattle Milk Using MALDI-TOF MS, PCR and Sequencing in Free State Province, South Africa. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:154. [PMID: 38200885 PMCID: PMC10778211 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are amongst the bacteria that cause bovine mastitis worldwide, whereby they produce a wide range of protein toxins, virulence factors, and antimicrobial-resistant properties which are enhancing the pathogenicity of these organisms. This study aimed to detect Staphylococcus spp. from the milk of cattle with subclinical mastitis using MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA PCR as well as screening for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes. Our results uncovered that from 166 sampled cows, only 33.13% had subclinical mastitis after initial screening, while the quarter-level prevalence was 54%. Of the 50 cultured bacterial isolates, MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA PCR assay and sequencing identified S. aureus as the dominant bacteria by 76%. Furthermore, an AMR susceptibility test showed that 86% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin, followed by ciprofloxacin (80%) and cefoxitin (52%). Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes showed that 16% of the isolates carried the mecA gene, while 52% of the isolates carried the Lg G-binding region gene, followed by coa (42%), spa (40%), hla (38%), and hlb (38%), whereas sea and bap genes were detected in 10% and 2% of the isolates, respectively. The occurrence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance profiles highlights the need for appropriate strategies to control the spread of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntelekwane G. Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Myburgh Koos
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
| | - Sebolelo J. Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa T. H. Khumalo
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.)
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (T.R.)
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Skelly JD, Chen F, Chang SY, Ujjwal RR, Ghimire A, Ayers DC, Song J. Modulating On-Demand Release of Vancomycin from Implant Coatings via Chemical Modification of a Micrococcal Nuclease-Sensitive Oligonucleotide Linker. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37174-37183. [PMID: 37525332 PMCID: PMC10421633 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Periprosthetic infections are one of the most serious complications in orthopedic surgeries, and those caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are particularly hard to treat due to their tendency to form biofilms on implants and their notorious ability to invade the surrounding bones. The existing prophylactic local antibiotic deliveries involve excessive drug loading doses that could risk the development of drug resistance strains. Utilizing an oligonucleotide linker sensitive to micrococcal nuclease (MN) cleavage, we previously developed an implant coating capable of releasing covalently tethered vancomycin, triggered by S. aureus-secreted MN, to prevent periprosthetic infections in the mouse intramedullary (IM) canal. To further engineer this exciting platform to meet broader clinical needs, here, we chemically modified the oligonucleotide linker by a combination of 2'-O-methylation and phosphorothioate modification to achieve additional modulation of its stability/sensitivity to MN and the kinetics of MN-triggered on-demand release. We found that when all phosphodiester bonds within the oligonucleotide linker 5'-carboxy-mCmGTTmCmG-3-acrydite, except for the one between TT, were replaced by phosphorothioate, the oligonucleotide (6PS) stability significantly increased and enabled the most sustained release of tethered vancomycin from the coating. By contrast, when only the peripheral phosphodiester bonds at the 5'- and 3'-ends were replaced by phosphorothioate, the resulting oligonucleotide (2PS) linker was cleaved by MN more rapidly than that without any PS modifications (0PS). Using a rat femoral canal periprosthetic infection model where 1000 CFU S. aureus was inoculated at the time of IM pin insertion, we showed that the prophylactic implant coating containing either 0PS- or 2PS-modified oligonucleotide linker effectively eradicated the bacteria by enabling the rapid on-demand release of vancomycin. No bacteria were detected from the explanted pins, and no signs of cortical bone changes were detected in these treatment groups throughout the 3 month follow-ups. With an antibiotic tethering dose significantly lower than conventional antibiotic-bearing bone cements, these coatings also exhibited excellent biocompatibility. These chemically modified oligonucleotides could help tailor prophylactic anti-infective coating strategies to meet a range of clinical challenges where the risks for S. aureus prosthetic infections range from transient to long-lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Skelly
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Feiyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Shing-Yun Chang
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Rewati R Ujjwal
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Ananta Ghimire
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - David C Ayers
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
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Mzee T, Kumburu H, Kazimoto T, Leekitcharoenphon P, van Zwetselaar M, Masalu R, Mlaganile T, Sonda T, Wadugu B, Mushi I, Aarestrup FM, Matee M. Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk and Humans in Eastern Tanzania: Genetic Diversity and Inter-Host Transmission. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1505. [PMID: 37375007 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in humans and animals, including bovine mastitis, globally. The objective of this study was to genetically characterize a collection of S. aureus isolates recovered from milk and nasal swabs from humans with and without animal contact (bovine = 43, human = 12). Using whole genome sequencing (NextSeq550), isolates were sequence typed, screened for antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and examined for possible inter-species host transmission. Multi locus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny revealed 14 different sequence types, including the following six novel sequence types: ST7840, 7841, 7845, 7846, 7847, and 7848. The SNP tree confirmed that MLST clustering occurred most commonly within CC97, CC5477, and CC152. ResFinder analysis revealed five common antibiotic resistance genes, namely tet(K), blaZ, dfrG, erm©, and str, encoding for different antibiotics. mecA was discovered in one human isolate only. Multidrug resistance was observed in 25% of the isolates, predominantly in CC152 (7/8) and CC121 (3/4). Known bovine S. aureus (CC97) were collected in humans and known human S. aureus lineages (CC152) were collected in cattle; additionally, when these were compared to bovine-isolated CC97 and human-isolated CC152, respectively, no genetic distinction could be observed. This is suggestive of inter-host transmission and supports the need for surveillance of the human-animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutu Mzee
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35179, Tanzania
| | - Happiness Kumburu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi P.O. Box 2236, Tanzania
| | - Theckla Kazimoto
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rose Masalu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35179, Tanzania
| | - Tarsis Mlaganile
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Bagamoyo P.O. Box 74, Tanzania
| | - Tolbert Sonda
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi P.O. Box 2236, Tanzania
| | - Boaz Wadugu
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi P.O. Box 2236, Tanzania
| | - Ignass Mushi
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi P.O. Box 2236, Tanzania
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mecky Matee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania
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Bouchami O, Machado M, Carriço JA, Melo-Cristino J, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M. Spontaneous Genomic Variation as a Survival Strategy of Nosocomial Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0255222. [PMID: 36877037 PMCID: PMC10100732 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02552-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most important nosocomial human pathogens frequently isolated in bloodstream and medical device-related infections. However, its mechanisms of evolution and adaptation are still poorly explored. To characterize the strategies of genetic and phenotypic diversity in S. haemolyticus, we analyzed an invasive strain for genetic and phenotypic stability after serial passage in vitro in the absence and presence of beta-lactam antibiotics. We performed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the culture and analyzed five colonies at seven time points during stability assays for beta-lactam susceptibility, hemolysis, mannitol fermentation, and biofilm production. We compared their whole genomes and performed phylogenetic analysis based on core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We observed a high instability in the PFGE profiles at the different time points in the absence of antibiotic. Analysis of WGS data for individual colonies showed the occurrence of six large-scale genomic deletions within the oriC environ, smaller deletions in non-oriC environ regions, and nonsynonymous mutations in clinically relevant genes. The regions of deletion and point mutations included genes encoding amino acid and metal transporters, resistance to environmental stress and beta-lactams, virulence, mannitol fermentation, metabolic processes, and insertion sequence (IS) elements. Parallel variation was detected in clinically significant phenotypic traits such as mannitol fermentation, hemolysis, and biofilm formation. In the presence of oxacillin, PFGE profiles were overall stable over time and mainly corresponded to a single genomic variant. Our results suggest that S. haemolyticus populations are composed of subpopulations of genetic and phenotypic variants. The maintenance of subpopulations in different physiological states may be a strategy to adapt rapidly to stress situations imposed by the host, particularly in the hospital environment. IMPORTANCE The introduction of medical devices and antibiotics into clinical practice have substantially improved patient quality of life and contributed to extended life expectancy. One of its most cumbersome consequences was the emergence of medical device-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant and opportunistic bacteria such as Staphylococcus haemolyticus. However, the reason for this bacterium's success is still elusive. We found that in the absence of environmental stresses, S. haemolyticus can spontaneously produce subpopulations of genomic and phenotypic variants with deletions/mutations in clinically relevant genes. However, when exposed to selective pressures, such as the presence of antibiotics, a single genomic variant will be recruited and become dominant. We suggest that the maintenance of these cell subpopulations in different physiological states is an extremely effective strategy to adapt to stresses imposed by the host or the infection environment and might contribute for S. haemolyticus survival and persistence in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Bouchami
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machado
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João André Carriço
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Melo-Cristino
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hermínia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
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Sigudu TT, Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN. Prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. from human specimens submitted to diagnostic laboratories in South Africa, 2012-2017. S Afr J Infect Dis 2023; 38:477. [PMID: 36756240 PMCID: PMC9900383 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v38i1.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although staphylococci are commensals of the skin and mucosa of humans and animals, they are also opportunistic pathogens. Some coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CoNS), such as S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis, are reported to be zoonotic. Objectives The prevalence of coagulase positive (CoPS), CoNS and coagulase-variable Staphylococcus spp. isolated from human clinical cases in South Africa was investigated. Method Retrospective records of 404 217 diagnostic laboratory submissions from 2012 to 2017 were examined and analysed in terms of time, place and person. Results Of the 32 different species identified, CoPS were the most frequently isolated (74.7%), followed by CoNS (18.9%). Just over half (51.2%) of the Staphylococcus isolates were from males, while females contributed 44.8%. Patients aged 0-4 years contributed the most (21.5%) isolates, with the highest number coming from KwaZulu-Natal (32.8%). Urinary specimens accounted for 29.8% of the isolates reported. There was no variation in the number of Staphylococcus isolates reported in the autumn (25.2%), winter (25.2%), spring (25.1%) and summer (24.5%) seasons. Conclusion This study demonstrated the diversity of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from humans and the magnitude of infection, with the most predominant species being S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Contribution Although most isolates were CoPS, the isolation of CoNS seen in this study suggests a need to improve infection control measures in a South African context. More research is needed to investigate the determinants of the observed variations in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themba T. Sigudu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa,Department of Health and Society, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James W. Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel N. Qekwana
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Selim A, Kelis K, AlKahtani MDF, Albohairy FM, Attia KA. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibilities and risk factors of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy bovines. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:293. [PMID: 35906609 PMCID: PMC9336071 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis pathogen in dairy cows, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been found in dairy farms all over the world. The study carried out on bovines from three governorates in Egypt, with the goal of determining the prevalence of MRSA in positive milk samples of subclinical mastitis, performing an antibiotic susceptibility test against MRSA isolates and determining the risk factors associated with MRSA. A total of 350 quarter milk samples (n = 200 mixed breed cow; n = 150 water buffalo) were collected and examined for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT) before being exposed to standard microbiological procedures for S. aureus isolation. The disc diffusion method was used to phenotypically analyse the positive S. aureus isolates for MRSA, which was verified by a PCR assay targeting the mecA gene. According to the findings of the study, 41.4% (145/350) milk samples were positive based on CMT, while 35.7% (125/350) of positive samples identified as MRSA based on PCR assay. However, the obtained results revealed non-significant disparity between cattle and buffalo and all predicted risk factors were strongly associated with prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that cefoxitin was completely resistant, whereas linezolid, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole were sensitive against the MRSA isolates. The relevance of S. aureus to public health, as well as the development of resistance to antibiotics like methicillin, needs ongoing testing of antimicrobial medications against MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Kelis
- Internal Medicine/Adult Endocrinology/Bariatric Medicine, Adiriyah Hospital, MoH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera D F AlKahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima M Albohairy
- Extramural Research Department, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kotb A Attia
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Ghabbour R, Awad A, Younis G. Genetic Characterization and Antimicrobial-Resistant Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Food Sources. Biocontrol Sci 2022; 27:87-97. [PMID: 35753797 DOI: 10.4265/bio.27.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in food of animal origin, investigated its antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and antimicrobial-resistant genes encoding resistance to methicillin (mecA), penicillin (blaZ), and vancomycin (vanA). Two hundred and sixty food samples, including raw retail milk, meat, and meat products, were obtained from local retail shops in Mansoura city, Egypt. The overall prevalence of S. aureus in the total examined food samples was 32.69% (85/260). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was identified in 11.15% (29/260) of the tested food samples. S. aureus indicated a high resistance to nalidixic acid, penicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and azithromycin. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rate was 89.4% of the total S. aureus isolates, and MARindex ranges from 0.05-0.64. Genotypically, mecA and blaZ genes were identified in a percentage of 34.11% and 82.35%, respectively, while no isolates harbored the vanA gene. The presence of MAR S. aureus particularly, MRSA in food samples, is of great concern and represents a possible threat to the community. Therefore, the study's findings highlight the importance of establishing vigilant food safety practices for food handlers to inhibit the transmission of S. aureus through the food chain to reduce public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ghabbour
- Gastro Enterology Surgery Center, Mansoura University
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Mehdicine, Mansoura University
| | - Gamal Younis
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Mehdicine, Mansoura University
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10
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Kalule JB, Nakintu VZ, SSendawula SP. Nasal carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among sympatric free-ranging domestic pigs and wild Chlorocebus pygerythrus in a rural African setting. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:101. [PMID: 35296304 PMCID: PMC8925073 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage in domestic pigs and vervet monkeys is a risk factor for subsequent severe infections in domestic pigs and for dissemination to the human population. This study assessed nasal carriage of MRSA in domestic pigs and sympatric vervet monkeys in a rural African village during an outbreak of a virus hemorrhagic fever suspected to be contracted from wild primates. This study was conducted during the 2012 Ebola outbreak to determine nasal carriage of MRSA in free-ranging domestic pigs and sympatric freely roaming vervet monkeys using conventional methods. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from the anterior nares were tested for susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and conventional PCR was used to confirm methicillin resistance. The MRSA strains were then genotyped using SCCmec typing. RESULTS Overall, there was a high level of resistance to tetracycline [90% (63/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys], trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole [90% (63/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys], and penicillin [83% (58/70) in pigs and 67% (10/15) in vervet monkeys]. Most of the MRSA strains (91.6%, 11/12) were of the SCCmec type I [1B] genotype. CONCLUSION The nasal carriage of drug resistant S. aureus in freely roaming domestic and wild animals presents a risk for widespread environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance thus presenting a risk for treatment failure in domestic animals, wild animals, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bosco Kalule
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity. Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Valeria Zalwango Nakintu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity. Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Simon Peter SSendawula
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity. Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Bhavana RN, Chaitanya RK. Identification of coagulase negative staphylococcal species from bovine mastitis in India. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:358-362. [PMID: 36874184 PMCID: PMC9984147 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.43698.6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Staphylococcal mastitis is a major cause of concern to the dairy industry in India and several countries worldwide. Though Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause, coagulase negative staphylococcal species (CoNS) are being increasingly reported in recent years. Aims To investigate the incidence of coagulase negative staphylococcal species in bovine mastitis. Methods Isolation of staphylococci was carried out from 237 milk samples of cows and She buffaloes with clinical and subclinical mastitis from different regions of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. CoNS isolates were identified by tube coagulase test using fresh rabbit plasma and coagulase gene PCR. We employed the biochemical test scheme published elsewhere previously for identification of the CoNS isolates up to species and subspecies levels. Seven representative isolates were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing to check the accuracy of biochemical test based identification. Results The CoNS constitute the majority of the staphylococcal isolates from mastitis (80/125, 64%) in this region. Using biochemical test scheme, the CoNS isolates from bovine mastitis were identified as S. cohnii sub sp. cohnii, S. simulans, S. capitis sub sp. capitis, S. cohnii sub sp. xylosus, and S. lugdunensis. The CoNS species S. schleiferi, S. haemolyticus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus, S. chromogenes, and Macrococcus epidermidis were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Conclusion The 16S rDNA sequencing is the appropriate method for the identification of CoNS species. This study highlighted coagulase negative staphylococcal species as possible etiological agents of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Bhavana
- MVSc in Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati-517502, India
| | - R K Chaitanya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati-517502, India
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12
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Yip CH, Mahalingam S, Wan KL, Nathan S. Prodigiosin inhibits bacterial growth and virulence factors as a potential physiological response to interspecies competition. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253445. [PMID: 34161391 PMCID: PMC8221495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodigiosin, a red linear tripyrrole pigment, has long been recognised for its antimicrobial property. However, the physiological contribution of prodigiosin to the survival of its producing hosts still remains undefined. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the biological role of prodigiosin from Serratia marcescens, particularly in microbial competition through its antimicrobial activity, towards the growth and secreted virulence factors of four clinical pathogenic bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Prodigiosin was first extracted from S. marcescens and its purity confirmed by absorption spectrum, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS). The extracted prodigiosin was antagonistic towards all the tested bacteria. A disc-diffusion assay showed that prodigiosin is more selective towards Gram-positive bacteria and inhibited the growth of MRSA, S. aureus and E. faecalis and Gram-negative E. coli. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 10 μg/μL of prodigiosin was required to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, E. coli and E. faecalis whereas > 10 μg/μL was required to inhibit MRSA growth. We further assessed the effect of prodigiosin towards bacterial virulence factors such as haemolysin and production of protease as well as on biofilm formation. Prodigiosin did not inhibit haemolysis activity of clinically associated bacteria but was able to reduce protease activity for MRSA, E. coli and E. faecalis as well as decrease E. faecalis, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli biofilm formation. Results of this study show that in addition to its role in inhibiting bacterial growth, prodigiosin also inhibits the bacterial virulence factor protease production and biofilm formation, two strategies employed by bacteria in response to microbial competition. As clinical pathogens were more resistant to prodigiosin, we propose that prodigiosin is physiologically important for S. marcescens to compete against other bacteria in its natural soil and surface water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee-Hoo Yip
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sobina Mahalingam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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The Link between Occurrence of Class I Integron and Acquired Aminoglycoside Resistance in Clinical MRSA Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050488. [PMID: 33922421 PMCID: PMC8147066 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of nosocomial infections because of its high resistance. Here, we study the antibiotic resistance in MRSA clinical isolates and their relation to integron I occurrence. A total of 88 clinical Staphylococcusaureus isolates were collected. MRSA were identified by the disk diffusion method (DDM) and confirmed by PCR, and antibiogram was determined by DDM. Integron I, II and the aacA4 gene were investigated by PCR. Integrase-positive strains were analyzed for the presence of resistance gene cassettes by sequencing. All isolates were identified as MRSA by DDM and confirmed by PCR. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and cefoxitin. Concerning aminoglycosides, the frequency of resistance was reported for streptomycin (60.7%), tobramycin (37.1%) gentamicin (36%), and for amikacin (15.9%). Integron I was detected in 41 isolates (46.6%), while integron II was detected in three isolates (3.4%). Sequencing of the integron I-cassette indicated the exclusive prevalence of addA gene variants mediating aminoglycoside resistance. The aacA4 gene was found in DNA of 31 isolates (35.22%). This study revealed the high existence of MRSA. Furthermore, the AacA4 gene and class I integron harboring aadA gene were predominant in MRSA isolates.
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Giebels F, Geissbühler U, Oevermann A, Grahofer A, Olias P, Kuhnert P, Maiolini A, Stein VM. Vertebral fracture due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae osteomyelitis in a weaner. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:438. [PMID: 33176789 PMCID: PMC7659162 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteomyelitis is relatively frequent in young pigs and a few bacterial species have been postulated to be potential causative agents. Although Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae has been sporadically described to cause osteomyelitis, typically, actinobacillosis is characterized by respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, subclinical infections are a challenging problem in pig herds. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case description that reports clinical, diagnostic imaging, pathological and histopathological findings of vertebral osteomyelitis in a pig and first describes A. pleuropneumoniae as the causative agent identified by advanced molecular methods. CASE PRESENTATION An eight-week-old female weaner was presented with a non-ambulatory tetraparesis. The neurological signs were consistent with a lesion in the C6-T2 spinal cord segments. Imaging studies revealed a collapse of the seventh cervical vertebral body (C7) with a well demarcated extradural space-occupying mass ventrally within the vertebral canal severely compressing the spinal cord. Post-mortem examination identified an abscess and osteomyelitis of C7 and associated meningitis and neuritis with subsequent pathological fracture of C7 and compression of the spinal cord. In the microbiological analysis, A. pleuropneumoniae was identified using PCR and DNA sequence analysis. CONCLUSIONS A. pleuropneumoniae can be responsible for chronic vertebral abscess formation with subsequent pathological fracture and spinal cord compression in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Giebels
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Urs Geissbühler
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Grahofer
- Clinic for Swine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arianna Maiolini
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Maria Stein
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Prevalence and mechanisms of linezolid resistance among staphylococcal clinical isolates from Egypt. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:815-823. [PMID: 33104900 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci necessitated the search for alternative agents as linezolid, introduced to treat infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Linezolid resistance has since emerged, yet its global prevalence remains low. In Egypt, little is known about the situation. We investigated the prevalence and mechanisms of resistance among Egyptian staphylococcal clinical isolates. Linezolid resistance among 232 staphylococcal isolates obtained from Alexandria Main Hospitals between 2011 and 2016 was assessed using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration. Resistant isolates were checked for cfr presence using polymerase chain reaction. The V domain of different alleles of 23S rRNA gene was investigated for mutations. Selection for linezolid-resistant mutants was performed in vitro through serial passages in linezolid sub-inhibitory concentrations. Combinations of linezolid with imipenem or anti-inflammatory agents were investigated using time-kill and modified checkerboard assays. Three Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates (1.3%) from 2015 to 2016 were linezolid-resistant. One isolate carried cfr which was plasmid-borne, and together with another isolate which had a G2603T point mutation in the V domain of 23S rRNA gene. Successive exposure to linezolid sub-inhibitory concentrations was selected for three resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutants out of ten susceptible isolates. These mutants were more resistant towards different antibiotic classes than their susceptible parents. Linezolid combinations with imipenem, ibuprofen, or aspirin were synergistic against the isolates and mutants. Despite unregulated use of linezolid, resistance remains fairly low among the Egyptian isolates. Strict antimicrobial stewardship guidelines are needed in hospitals and the community to guard against further evolution of resistant mutants.
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Test Agreement among Biochemical Methods, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry, and 16S rRNA Sequencing for Identification of Microorganisms Isolated from Bovine Milk. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.01381-18. [PMID: 30567749 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01381-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this prospective study was a blinded comparison of three methods for the identification of bacteria isolated on Columbia blood agar from milk samples of dairy cows. Basic biochemical testing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and 16S rRNA partial genome sequence analysis were compared for bacterial identification to the genus or species level. Milk samples submitted from a commercial dairy farm from recently calved cows or clinical mastitis cases were cultured, and 181 isolates were identified by biochemical testing, MALDI-TOF MS, and 16S rRNA sequence analysis (179 isolates; 2 isolates could not be recovered from storage). For Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, agreement was determined at the species level. For other microbes, agreement was determined at the genus level or at the group level for streptococcus-like organisms. The positive agreement among all 3 diagnostic methods was 94%, with 95% to 98% between each pair of methods. The overall (including negative agreement) agreement among all 3 methods ranged from 97% to 100%. MALDI-TOF MS is becoming more commonplace for the genus- and/or species-level identification of bacteria isolated from milk samples and, in some laboratories, has replaced conventional biochemical methods. The results of the present study suggest that when identifying pathogens at the genus or group level, conventional culture followed up with either secondary biochemical testing or MALDI-TOF MS is of practical value. For purposes of milk quality and udder health monitoring or research, any of the 3 methods is a valuable tool for genus-level identification of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk.
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Indoor Air Quality and Potential Health Risk Impacts of Exposure to Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in an Office Rooms in Southern Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112604. [PMID: 30469413 PMCID: PMC6267043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this article are to characterize: the quantity of culturable bacterial aerosol (QCBA) and the quality of culturable bacterial aerosol (QlCBA) in an office building in Southern Poland during the spring. The average concentration of culturable bacterial aerosol (CCBA) in this building ranged from 424 CFU m-3 to 821 CFU m-3, below Polish proposals for threshold limit values. Size distributions were unimodal, with a peak of particle bacterial aerodynamic diameters less than 3.3 μm, increasing potentially adverse health effects due to their inhalation. The spring office exposure dose (SPED) of bacterial aerosol was estimated. The highest value of SPED was in April (218 CFU kg-1), whereas the lowest was in June (113 CFU kg-1). Analysis was undertaken to determine the antibiotic resistance of isolated strains and their ability to form biofilms, which may facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. In the course of the study, it was found that Staphylococcus xylosus had the greatest ability to form biofilms, while the strains with the highest antibiotic resistance were Micrococcus luteus D and Macrococcus equipercicus. Given that mainly antibiotic-sensitive bacteria from bioaerosol were isolated, which transfers resistance genes to their plasmids, this shows the need for increased monitoring of indoor air quality in workplaces.
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Abdi RD, Gillespie BE, Vaughn J, Merrill C, Headrick SI, Ensermu DB, D'Souza DH, Agga GE, Almeida RA, Oliver SP, Kerro Dego O. Antimicrobial Resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusIsolates from Dairy Cows and Genetic Diversity of Resistant Isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:449-458. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reta Duguma Abdi
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | - Jacqueline Vaughn
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Caitlin Merrill
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Doris Helen D'Souza
- Department of Food Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Getahun Ejeta Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bowling Green, Kentucky
| | | | - Stephen Paul Oliver
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Oudessa Kerro Dego
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Ferreira JC, Gomes MS, Bonsaglia ECR, Canisso IF, Garrett EF, Stewart JL, Zhou Z, Lima FS. Comparative analysis of four commercial on-farm culture methods to identify bacteria associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194211. [PMID: 29543852 PMCID: PMC5854378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several multiple-media culture systems have become commercially available for on-farm identification of mastitis-associated pathogens. However, the accuracy of these systems has not been thoroughly and independently validated against microbiological evaluations performed by referral laboratories. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the performance of commercially available culture plates (Accumast, Minnesota Easy System, SSGN and SSGNC Quad plates) to identify pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Milk samples from the affected quarter with clinical mastitis were aerobically cultured with the on-farm culture systems and by two additional reference laboratories. Agreeing results from both standard laboratories were denoted as the reference standard (RS). Accuracy (Ac), sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) and Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k) of on-farm plates were determined based on the RS culture of 211 milk samples. All four plate-systems correctly identified ≥ 84.9% of milk samples with no bacterial growth. Accumast had greater values for all overall predictive factors (Ac, Se, Sp, PPV and NPV) and a substantial agreement (k = 0.79) with RS. The inter-rater agreements of Minnesota, SSGN, and SSGNC with RS were moderate (0.45 ≤ k ≤ 0.55). The effectiveness to categorize bacterial colonies at the genus and species was numerically different amongst the commercial plates. Our findings suggest that Accumast was the most accurate on-farm culture system for identification of mastitis-associated pathogens of the four systems included in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair C. Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Marilia S. Gomes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Erika C. R. Bonsaglia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Igor F. Canisso
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Edgar F. Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Stewart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Fabio S. Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Carrera M, Böhme K, Gallardo JM, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Calo-Mata P. Characterization of Foodborne Strains of Staphylococcus aureus by Shotgun Proteomics: Functional Networks, Virulence Factors and Species-Specific Peptide Biomarkers. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2458. [PMID: 29312172 PMCID: PMC5732212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we applied a shotgun proteomics approach for the fast and easy characterization of 20 different foodborne strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), one of the most recognized foodborne pathogenic bacteria. A total of 644 non-redundant proteins were identified and analyzed via an easy and rapid protein sample preparation procedure. The results allowed the differentiation of several proteome datasets from the different strains (common, accessory, and unique datasets), which were used to determine relevant functional pathways and differentiate the strains into different Euclidean hierarchical clusters. Moreover, a predicted protein-protein interaction network of the foodborne S. aureus strains was created. The whole confidence network contains 77 nodes and 769 interactions. Most of the identified proteins were surface-associated proteins that were related to pathways and networks of energy, lipid metabolism and virulence. Twenty-seven virulence factors were identified, and most of them corresponded to autolysins, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases, phenol-soluble modulins, extracellular fibrinogen-binding proteins and virulence factor EsxA. Potential species-specific peptide biomarkers were screened. Twenty-one species-specific peptide biomarkers, belonging to eight different proteins (nickel-ABC transporter, N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase, autolysin, clumping factor A, gram-positive signal peptide YSIRK, cysteine protease/staphopain, transcriptional regulator MarR, and transcriptional regulator Sar-A), were proposed to identify S. aureus. These results constitute the first major dataset of peptides and proteins of foodborne S. aureus strains. This repository may be useful for further studies, for the development of new therapeutic treatments for S. aureus food intoxications and for microbial source-tracking in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Marine Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - José M. Gallardo
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council, Marine Research Institute, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Benito Cañas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Boamah VE, Agyare C, Odoi H, Adu F, Gbedema SY, Dalsgaard A. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolated from poultry farms in three regions of Ghana. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:175-183. [PMID: 28652785 PMCID: PMC5476628 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s136349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in animal production has been associated with the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant organisms including commensals. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) species, which were until recently considered non-pathogenic, have been associated with opportunistic infections and high resistance to several antibiotics. This study sought to determine the prevalence, identity, and phenotypic resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. isolated from some selected poultry farms and farm workers in the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, and Greater Accra regions of Ghana. Poultry litter samples and oral swabs of poultry farm workers were collected, from which bacterial species were isolated, identified, and analyzed. Various selective media were used for the presumptive identification of the different species. Confirmation of bacterial identity was done using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Zones of growth inhibition were interpreted based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. Two hundred and fifty-six coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., comprising S. sciuri (42.97%), S. lentus (35.94%), S. gallinarum (6.64%), S. xylosus (4.30%), S. haemolyticus (3.91%), S. saprophyticus (1.95%), and S. cohnii (0.39%) were confirmed by MALDI-TOF. CoNS were isolated from samples from the Brong Ahafo (48.83%), Ashanti (33.59%), and Greater Accra (17.78%) regions. Isolates from poultry litter constituted 55.47%, and farm workers 44.53%. All the isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and amikacin. The isolates exhibited high resistance toward tetracycline (57.03%), doxycycline (43.75%), and oxacillin (43.36%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 19.14% of the isolates. MDR was higher in isolates obtained from poultry farm workers (61.22%) than isolates from poultry litter (38.78%). The above findings call for stricter monitoring of antibiotic usage in both animal production and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Etsiapa Boamah
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Christian Agyare
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Hayford Odoi
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Francis Adu
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Yao Gbedema
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Section of Food Safety and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederisksberg, Denmark
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Species Identification and Strain Typing of Staphylococcus agnetis and Staphylococcus hyicus Isolates from Bovine Milk by Use of a Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:1778-1788. [PMID: 28330895 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02239-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus agnetis are two coagulase-variable staphylococcal species that can be isolated from bovine milk and are difficult to differentiate. The objectives of this study were to characterize isolates of bovine milk origin from a collection that had previously been characterized as coagulase-positive S. hyicus based on phenotypic species identification methods and to develop a PCR-based method for differentiating S. hyicus, S. agnetis, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolates (n = 62) were selected from a previous study in which milk samples were collected from cows on 15 dairy herds. Isolates were coagulase tested and identified to the species level using housekeeping gene sequencing. A multiplex PCR to differentiate S. hyicus, S. agnetis, and S. aureus was developed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was conducted to strain type the isolates. Based on gene sequencing, 44/62 of the isolates were determined to be either S. agnetis (n = 43) or S. hyicus (n = 1). Overall, 88% (37/42) of coagulase-positive S. agnetis isolates were found to be coagulase positive at 4 h. The herd-level prevalence of coagulase-positive S. agnetis ranged from 0 to 2.17%. Strain typing identified 23 different strains. Six strains were identified more than once and from multiple cows within the herd. Three strains were isolated from cows at more than one time point, with 41 to 264 days between samplings. These data suggest that S. agnetis is likely more prevalent on dairy farms than S. hyicus Also, some S. agnetis isolates in this study appeared to be contagious and associated with persistent infections.
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Bouchami O, de Lencastre H, Miragaia M. Impact of Insertion Sequences and Recombination on the Population Structure of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156653. [PMID: 27249649 PMCID: PMC4889114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is one of the most common pathogens associated with medical-device related infections, but its molecular epidemiology is poorly explored. In the current study, we aimed to better understand the genetic mechanisms contributing to S. haemolyticus diversity in the hospital environment and their impact on the population structure and clinical relevant phenotypic traits. The analysis of a representative S. haemolyticus collection by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has identified a single highly prevalent and diverse genetic lineage of nosocomial S. haemolyticus clonal complex (CC) 29 accounting for 91% of the collection of isolates disseminated worldwide. The examination of the sequence changes at MLST loci during clonal diversification showed that recombination had a higher impact than mutation in shaping the S. haemolyticus population. Also, we ascertained that another mechanism contributing significantly to clonal diversification and adaptation was mediated by insertion sequence (IS) elements. We found that all nosocomial S. haemolyticus, belonging to different STs, were rich in IS1272 copies, as determined by Southern hybridization of macrorestriction patterns. In particular, we observed that the chromosome of a S. haemolyticus strain within CC29 was highly unstable during serial growth in vitro which paralleled with IS1272 transposition events and changes in clinically relevant phenotypic traits namely, mannitol fermentation, susceptibility to beta-lactams, biofilm formation and hemolysis. Our results suggest that recombination and IS transposition might be a strategy of adaptation, evolution and pathogenicity of the major S. haemolyticus prevalent lineage in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Bouchami
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Herminia de Lencastre
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Bacterial Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB) António Xavier, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Ganda EK, Bisinotto RS, Decter DH, Bicalho RC. Evaluation of an On-Farm Culture System (Accumast) for Fast Identification of Milk Pathogens Associated with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155314. [PMID: 27176216 PMCID: PMC4866694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed evaluate an on-farm culture system for identification of milk pathogens associated with clinical mastitis in dairy cows using two different gold standard approaches: standard laboratory culture in study 1 and 16S rRNA sequencing in study 2. In study 1, milk from mastitic quarters (i.e. presence of flakes, clots, or serous milk; n = 538) was cultured on-farm using a single plate containing three selective chromogenic media (Accumast—FERA Animal Health LCC, Ithaca, NY) and in a reference laboratory using standard culture methods, which was considered the gold standard. In study 2, mastitic milk was cultured on-farm and analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing (n = 214). In both studies, plates were cultured aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and read by a single technician masked to gold standard results. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated based on standard laboratory culture in study 1, and PPV was calculated based on sequencing results in study 2. Overall accuracy of Accumast was 84.9%. Likewise, accuracy for identification of Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. was 96.4%, 93.8%, and 91.5%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 75.0%, 97.9%, 79.6%, and 97.3% for identification of E. coli, 100.0%, 99.8%, 87.5%, and 100.0% for S. aureus, 70.0%, 95.0%, 45.7%, and 98.1% for other Staphylococcus sp., and 90.0%, 92.9%, 91.8%, and 91.2% for Streptococcus sp. In study 2, Accumast PPV was 96.7% for E. coli, 100.0% for Enterococcus sp., 100.0% for Other Gram-negatives, 88.2% for Staphylococcus sp., and 95.0% for Streptococcus sp., respectively. In conclusion, Accumast is a unique approach for on-farm identification pathogens associated with mastitis, presenting overall sensitivity and specificity of 82.3% and 89.9% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Korzune Ganda
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rafael Sisconeto Bisinotto
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Dean Harrison Decter
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rahimi H, Dastmalchi Saei H, Ahmadi M. Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus : Frequency and Antibiotic Resistance in Healthy Ruminants. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e22413. [PMID: 26568802 PMCID: PMC4640094 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant pathogen that can colonize the nares of different animals, causing a wide range of infections in various hosts. Objectives: We intended to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in the nasal cavity of healthy ruminants and also to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance genes. Materials and Methods: In the present study, healthy cattle (n = 79), sheep (n = 78) and goats (n = 44) were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were further assessed for the presence of blaZ (encoding penicillin resistance), mecA (encoding methicillin resistance), tetK and tetM (encoding tetracycline resistance), and ermA and ermC (encoding macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance) genes. Results: The proportion of S. aureus-positive nasal swabs from cattle, sheep and goats were four (5.06%), 11 (14.1%) and 11 isolates (25%), respectively. The blaZ gene was detected in 20 out of 26 S. aureus isolates (76.9%), including four cattle (100%), nine sheep (81.8%) and seven goats (63.6%). Two of the four cattle isolates possessing the blaZ gene also had the tetK gene. Of the nine sheep isolates harboring the blaZ gene, one possessed the mecA and tetK genes together. Of the seven goat isolates with blaZ gene, one harbored the tetM gene. None of the S. aureus isolates were positive for the ermA and ermC genes. Conclusions: In contrast to cattle, S. aureus is frequently present in the nose of sheep and goats, which may represent the primary reservoir of S. aureus in small ruminant flocks. This study also showed that nasal isolates of S. aureus from healthy ruminants might be a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Rahimi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
| | - Habib Dastmalchi Saei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Habib Dastmalchi Saei, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran. Tel: +98-442972661, E-mail:
| | - Malahat Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, IR Iran
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Sharma L, Verma AK, Kumar A, Rahat A, . N, Nigam R. Incidence and Pattern of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Cattle and Buffaloes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajas.2015.100.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vanderhaeghen W, Piepers S, Leroy F, Van Coillie E, Haesebrouck F, De Vliegher S. Identification, typing, ecology and epidemiology of coagulase negative staphylococci associated with ruminants. Vet J 2014; 203:44-51. [PMID: 25467994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since phenotypic methods to identify coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from the milk of ruminants often yield unreliable results, methods for molecular identification based on gene sequencing or fingerprinting techniques have been developed. In addition to culture-based detection of isolates, culture-independent methods may be of interest. On the basis of molecular studies, the five CNS species commonly causing intramammary infections (IMI) are Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus simulans and Staphylococcus xylosus. Current knowledge suggests that S. chromogenes is a bovine-adapted species, with most cases of IMI due to this bacterium being opportunistic. S. haemolyticus also appears to be an opportunistic pathogen, but this bacterium occupies a variety of habitats, the importance of which as a source of IMI remains to be elucidated. S. xylosus appears to be a versatile species, but little is known of its epidemiology. S. epidermidis is considered to be a human-adapted species and most cases of IMI appear to arise from human sources, but the organism is capable of residing in other habitats. S. simulans typically causes contagious IMI, but opportunistic cases also occur and the ecology of this bacterium requires further study. Further studies of the ecology and epidemiology of CNS as a cause of IMI in cattle are required, along with careful attention to classification of these bacteria and the diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Leroy
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Viora L, Graham EM, Mellor DJ, Reynolds K, Simoes PBA, Geraghty TE. Evaluation of a culture-based pathogen identification kit for bacterial causes of bovine mastitis. Vet Rec 2014; 175:89. [PMID: 25013087 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of mastitis-causing bacteria supports effective management and can be used to implement selective use of antimicrobials for treatment. The objectives of this study were to compare the results from a culture-based mastitis pathogen detection test kit ('VetoRapid', Vétoquinol) with standard laboratory culture and to evaluate the potential suitability of the test kit to inform a selective treatment programme. Overall 231 quarter milk samples from five UK dairy farms were collected. The sensitivity and specificity of the test kit for the identification of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus uberis and Enterococcus spp. ranged from 17 per cent to 84 per cent and 92 per cent to 98 per cent, respectively. In total, 23 of 68 clinical samples were assigned as meeting the requirement for antimicrobial treatment (Gram-positive organism cultured) according to standard culture results, with the test kit results having sensitivity and specificity of 91 per cent and 78 per cent, respectively. Several occurrences of misidentification are reported, including S. aureus being misidentified as coagulase-negative staphylococci and vice versa. The test kit provides rapid preliminary identification of five common causes of bovine mastitis under UK field conditions and is likely to be suitable for informing selective treatment of clinical mastitis caused by Gram-positive organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Viora
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - E M Graham
- Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - D J Mellor
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - K Reynolds
- Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - P B A Simoes
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - T E Geraghty
- Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Moving towards the immunodiagnosis of staphylococcal intramammary infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:2095-104. [PMID: 24947175 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the primary disease of dairy cattle that has a great impact on the dairy industry. It is estimated that worldwide economic losses due to mastitis range between US$82 and US$131 per cow/year. A fast and efficient diagnosis of the disease remains a major bottleneck that directly influences the speed with which treatment decisions and management are undertaken. Microbiological culture remains the gold standard in the identification of bacteria that cause mastitis, but the method has inherent limitations, such as a delay in obtaining results and cost, and requires special care during the collection and processing of the sample. For this reason, multiple groups have devoted efforts to develop alternative methods that, preferably, can be easily accomplished in the field. The specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction has enabled the emergence of major diagnostic methods used in clinical practice, such as immunoassays, which have significant advantages in terms of speed, sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Commercially, immunodiagnostics have been used in the detection of various diseases in cattle. However, in several cases, only a presumptive diagnosis can be made, which requires confirmation using culture-based methods. This review discusses the immunological-based assays developed since the 1990s for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus, which is considered the primary pathogen of contagious bovine mastitis. Although no ideal antigens ensure the accurate performance of tests and the costs need to be reduced to allow for good market competitiveness, immunoassays, particularly lateral flow immunoassay and immunoagglutination, have emerged as promising tests to be used in the field.
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Noninvasive imaging of Staphylococcus aureus infections with a nuclease-activated probe. Nat Med 2014; 20:301-6. [PMID: 24487433 PMCID: PMC3949172 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Technologies that enable the rapid detection and localization of bacterial infections in living animals could address an unmet need for infectious disease diagnostics. We describe a molecular imaging approach for the specific, non-invasive detection of S. aureus based on the activity of its secreted nuclease, micrococcal nuclease (MN). Several short, synthetic oligonucleotides, rendered resistant to mammalian serum nucleases by various chemical modifications, flanked with a fluorophore and quencher, were activated upon degradation by recombinant MN and in S. aureus culture supernatants. A probe consisting of a pair of deoxythymidines flanked by several 2′-O-methyl-modified nucleotides was activated in culture supernatants of S. aureus but not in culture supernatants of several other pathogenic bacteria. Systemic administration of this probe to mice bearing bioluminescent S. aureus muscle infections resulted in probe activation at the infection sites in an MN-dependent manner. This novel bacterial imaging approach has potential clinical applicability for S. aureus and several other medically significant pathogens.
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Bovine Staphylococcus aureus: diagnostic properties of specific media. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:38-44. [PMID: 23548479 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As accurate discrimination between Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and NSA (non-S. aureus staphylococci) involved in bovine mastitis is essential in terms of clinical prognosis and outcome, the aim of this study was to reevaluate the classical bacteriological procedures to identify these agents. Various media and the coagulase tube test were investigated using 116 strains of S. aureus and 115 of NSA, all isolated from cows with spontaneous intramammary infections (IMI). Furthermore, 25 NSA reference strains were analyzed. The study demonstrated that a few media were appropriate for differentiating S. aureus from NSA, provided that the staphylococci were isolated from bovine IMI. Evaluation of hemolysis further revealed that double or incomplete hemolysis are specific for S. aureus and are, therefore, a decisive diagnostic criterion. For strains showing complete hemolysis, maximal discrimination between S. aureus and NSA was observed by subculturing them on CHROMagar Staph. aureus.
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Duplex real-time PCR assay for rapid identification ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates from dairy cow milk. J DAIRY RES 2013; 80:223-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029913000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureusisolates from dairy cow mastitis are not always consistent with the characteristic morphology described, and molecular investigation is often needed. The aim of the study was to develop a duplex real-time PCR assay for rapid identification ofStaph. aureusisolates, targeting bothnucandSa442. Overall, 140 isolates collected from dairy cow mastitis in 90 different herds, were tested. All strains had been identified using morphological and biochemical characteristics. DNA from each strain was amplified in real-time PCR assay, to detectnucorSa442. Thereafter, a duplex real-time PCR assay was performed, and specificity of the amplified products was assessed by high resolution melting curve analysis. Out of 124Staph. aureusisolates, 33 did not show the typical morphology or enzymic activity; in 118 strains, the two melt-curve peaks consistent withnucandSa442were revealed, while 2 isolates showed only the peak consistent withSa442. Four isolates bacteriologically identified asStaph. aureus, were PCR-negative and were further identified asStaph. pseudintermediusby sequencing.Staph. pseudintermediusand coagulase-negative staphylococci did not carrynucorSa442. The results showed the correct identification of all isolates, comprehending also coagulase—or nuc-negativeStaph. aureus, while other coagulase-positive Staphylococci were correctly identified as non-Staph. aureus. Both sensitivity and specificity were 100%. High resolution melting analysis allowed easy detection of unspecific products. Finally, the duplex real-time PCR was applied directly to 40 milk samples, to detect infected mammary quarters. The assay confirmed the results of bacteriological analysis, onStaph. aureus-positive or—negative samples. Therefore, the proposed duplex real-time PCR could be used in laboratory routine as a cost-effective and powerful tool for high-throughput identification of atypicalStaph. aureusisolates causing dairy cow mastitis. Also, it could be applied directly to milk samples, to detectStaph. aureusmammary infections avoiding bacteriological analysis.
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Bautista-Trujillo GU, Solorio-Rivera JL, Rentería-Solórzano I, Carranza-Germán SI, Bustos-Martínez JA, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Baizabal-Aguirre VM, Cajero-Juárez M, Bravo-Patiño A, Valdez-Alarcón JJ. Performance of culture media for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:369-376. [PMID: 23139397 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.046284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid isolation and identification of pathogens is a major goal of diagnostic microbiology. In order to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus, a number of authors have used a variety of selective and/or differential culture media. However, to date, there are no reports comparing the efficacy of selective and differential culture media for S. aureus isolation from bovine mastitis cases using the 16S rRNA (rrs) gene sequence as a gold standard test. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of four selective and/or differential culture media for the isolation of S. aureus from milk samples collected from cows suffering from bovine mastitis. Four hundred and forty isolates were obtained using salt-mannitol agar (SMA, Bioxon), Staphylococcus-110 agar (S110, Bioxon), CHROMAgar Staph aureus (CSA, BD-BBL) and sheep's blood agar (SBA, BD-BBL). All bacterial isolates were identified by their typical colony morphology in the respective media, by secondary tests (for coagulase and β-haemolysis) and by partial 16S rRNA (rrs) gene sequencing as a gold standard test. Sensitivity, positive predictive and negative predictive values were higher for SMA (86.96, 52.63 and 95.95%, respectively) compared with S110 (70.00, 23.73 and 90.91%, respectively), CSA (69.23, 28.13 and 95.74%, respectively) and SBA (68.75, 37.93 and 89.58%, respectively) while specificity values were similar for all media. Data indicated that the use of culture media for S. aureus isolation combined with determination of coagulase activity and haemolysis as secondary tests improved accuracy of the identification and was in accordance with rrs gene sequence-analysis compared with the use of the culture media alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Bautista-Trujillo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - J L Solorio-Rivera
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo al Diagnóstico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - I Rentería-Solórzano
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo al Diagnóstico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - S I Carranza-Germán
- Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo al Diagnóstico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - J A Bustos-Martínez
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Coyoacán, México
| | - R I Arteaga-Garibay
- Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - V M Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - M Cajero-Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, La Palma, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México.,Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - A Bravo-Patiño
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
| | - J J Valdez-Alarcón
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, México
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Bhutto A, Murray R, Woldehiwet Z. California mastitis test scores as indicators of subclinical intra-mammary infections at the end of lactation in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:13-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hernandez FJ, Stockdale KR, Huang L, Horswill AR, Behlke MA, McNamara JO. Degradation of nuclease-stabilized RNA oligonucleotides in Mycoplasma-contaminated cell culture media. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012; 22:58-68. [PMID: 22229275 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial RNA reagents such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and aptamers often must be chemically modified for optimal effectiveness in environments that include ribonucleases. Mycoplasmas are common bacterial contaminants of mammalian cell cultures that are known to produce ribonucleases. Here we describe the rapid degradation of nuclease-stabilized RNA oligonucleotides in a human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK) cell culture contaminated with Mycoplasma fermentans, a common species of mycoplasma. RNA with 2'-fluoro- or 2'-O-methyl- modified pyrimidines was readily degraded in conditioned media from this culture, but was stable in conditioned media from uncontaminated HEK cells. RNA completely modified with 2'-O-methyls was not degraded in the mycoplasma-contaminated media. RNA zymogram analysis of conditioned culture media and material centrifuged from the media revealed several distinct protein bands (ranging from 30 to 68 kDa) capable of degrading RNA with 2'-fluoro- or 2'-O-methyl-modified pyrimidines. Finally, the mycoplasma-associated nuclease was detected in material centrifuged from the contaminated culture supernatants in as little as 15 minutes with an RNA oligo-containing 2'-O-methyl-modified pyrimidines and labeled with a 5'-fluorescein amidite (FAM) and 3'-quencher. These results suggest that mycoplasma contamination may be a critical confounding variable for cell culture experiments involving RNA-based reagents, with particular relevance for applications involving naked RNA (e.g., aptamer-siRNA chimeras).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Kumar R, Yadav BR, Singh RS. Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity factors in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic Sahiwal cattle. J Biosci 2011; 36:175-88. [PMID: 21451258 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious problem in dairy animals suffering from mastitis. In the present study, the distribution of mastitic MRSA and antibiotic resistance was studied in 107 strains of S. aureus isolated from milk samples from 195 infected udders. The characterizations pathogenic factors (adhesin and toxin genes) and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates were carried out using gene amplification and disc diffusion assays, respectively. A high prevalence of MRSA was observed in the tested isolates (13.1%). The isolates were also highly resistant to antibiotics, i.e. 36.4% were resistant to streptomycin, 33.6% to oxytetracycline, 29.9% to gentamicin and 26.2% each to chloramphenicol, pristinomycin and ciprofloxacin. A significant variation in the expression of pathogenic factors (Ig, coa and clf) was observed in these isolates. The overall distribution of adhesin genes ebp, fib, bbp, fnbB, cap5, cap8, map and cna in the isolates was found to be 69.1, 67.2, 6.5, 20.5, 60.7, 26.1, 81.3 and 8.4%, respectively. The presence of fib, fnbB, bbp and map genes was considerably greater in MRSA than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The proportions of toxin genes, namely, hlb, seb, sec, sed, seg and sei, in the isolates were found to be 94.3, 0.9, 8.4, 0.9, 10.2 and 49.5%, respectively. The proportions of agr genes I, II, III and IV were found to be 39.2, 27.1, 21.5 and 12.1%, respectively. A few isolates showed similar antibiotic-resistance patterns, which could be due to identical strains or the dissemination of the same strains among animals. These findings can be utilized in mastitis treatment programmes and antimicrobials strategies in organized herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Livestock Genome Analysis Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132 001, India
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Kumar R, Yadav B, Anand S, Singh R. Molecular surveillance of putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from intra-mammary infections of river buffaloes. Microb Pathog 2011; 51:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Bacteriological analysis of milk samples from quarters of a dairy cow suffering from subclinical mastitis yielded two isolates of Staphylococcus aureus which gave a negative reaction in the standard coagulase test. Both isolates were also clumping factor and thermonuclease negative, and gave a negative reaction in the Staphaurex® test. The isolates were identified by using commercial biochemical systems, and by PCR analysis of different staphylococcal cell surface protein and exoprotein genes. Further molecular identification of the isolates, which included sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and RT-PCR of coagulase (coa), clumping-factor (clfA) and thermonuclease (nuc) genes, was consistent with the diagnosis phenotypically 'coagulase-negative variant of Staph. aureus'. The fact that coagulase-negative Staph. aureus variants can occur in the context of intramammary infections in cattle may result in the incorrect diagnosis 'coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)' in routine mastitis diagnostic, at least in rare cases. To fully ensure correct species diagnosis, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and amplification of specific genes such as coa is necessary in these cases.
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Management practices associated with the bulk-milk prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Canadian dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bhutto AL, Murray RD, Woldehiwet Z. The effect of dry cow therapy and internal teat-sealant on intra-mammary infections during subsequent lactation. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:316-20. [PMID: 20598329 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dry cow therapy (DCT), an infusion of antibiotics into the mammary gland at the end of lactation, is widely used for the control of intra-mammary infections (IMI) in the dairy cow. However, increased public health concerns about the use of antibiotics, has led to the search for alternatives to the routine use of antibiotics during drying off. In the present study the effects of three dry cow treatments, two types of DCT and a teat-sealant, on the development of new IMI and clinical mastitis were investigated in 240 cows belonging to two herds (Herd A and Herd B). In Herd A, 60 cows were given one type of DCT (Cloxacillin) and the other 60 cows were given another type of DCT (Framycetin). In Herd B, 60 cows were given teat-sealant and the other herd were not given any treatment. There were significantly more new IMI at calving in control cattle compared to those given teat-sealants (p<0.001) and there were more cases of clinical cases of mastitis in the control group. The number of clinical cases detected in cows given teat-sealant in Herd B were not significantly different from those detected in cows in Herd A given Cloxacillin or Framycetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bhutto
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and streptococci from bovine subclinical mastitis cases. J Microbiol 2010; 48:267-74. [PMID: 20571942 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-010-9373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Staphylococci and Streptococci were assessed from subclinical mastitis cases. One hundred Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and 34 Streptococci were identified. The most frequently isolated species were Staphylococcus haemolyticus (27%) and Staphylococcus simulans (24%). Susceptible CNS species revealed the highest resistance to penicillin G (58%), ampicillin (48%), neomycin (20%), and oleandomycin (14%). CNS methicillin resistance rates within 82 isolates were 21.95% and 1.22% by disk diffusion and PCR methods, respectively. These results suggested the disk diffusion method was more prone to yield false positives. Partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA region from the mecA carrying isolate (S. haemolyticus) was homologous with S. haemolyticus sequences/accessions obtained from GenBank. However, the mecA gene sequence from this isolate was more closely allied with the S. aureus mecA gene of human origins. Identical sequence data was acquired from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, suggesting horizontal gene transfer between the two species. CNS beta-lactamase activity within 81 isolates was 29.63%. The most frequently isolated Streptococcus species were S. uberis (52%) and S. agalactiae (15%). Oleandomycin was the least effective antimicrobial agent on these isolates with 59% susceptibility. Results indicated that CNS and Streptococci exhibited various antimicrobial resistance responses. Consequently, isolation and identification of udder pathogens in herds suffering from subclinical agents is essential to select the most effective antimicrobial agent. Moreover, multiple resistance features of methicillin resistant (MR) isolates should be considered during antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
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Kumar R, Yadav BR, Anand SK, Singh RS. Prevalence of adhesin and toxin genes among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from mastitic cattle. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bhutto AL, Murray RD, Woldehiwet Z. Udder shape and teat-end lesions as potential risk factors for high somatic cell counts and intra-mammary infections in dairy cows. Vet J 2010; 183:63-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk of mastitic crossbred cattle. Curr Microbiol 2009; 60:379-86. [PMID: 19957184 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of mastitis in dairy animals and its resistance against multiple antimicrobials always remains crucial concern. Present investigation was carried out to detect the distribution of antibiotic-resistant genes of S. aureus isolates. Isolates (128) of S. aureus from mastitic milk were collected, tested for antibiotics with disc-diffusion method, and resistant genes mecA, linA, msrA msrB, vatA, vatB, vatC ermA, ermC tetK, tetM and aacA-D were detected by PCR. The phenotypic antibiotics resistance percent in S. aureus isolates was classified as tetracycline (36.7), gentamycin (30.5), streptomycin (26.6), kanamycin (25.8) and penicillin G (22.7). All the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin. Among isolates, 10.2% were observed as methicillin-resistant. The distribution of antibiotic-resistant genes was linA (51.6) followed by msrB (46.1), tetK + M (34.4), msrA and aacA-D (26.6%). Different antibiotic-resistant genes combinations (mecA/linA-2; mecA/aacA-D/tetK/linA/msrB-3; mecA/linA/msrA/msrB-3; aacA-D/linA/msrA/msrB-4; aacA-D/linA/msrB-7; linA/msrA/msrB-10; tetK/linA/msrA/msrB-11; aacA/tetK/linA/msrB-12 isolates) were observed. All the isolates lacked amplification of vatA, vatB, ermA and ermC genes. Molecular typing resulted genetic variation in protein A (6-12 repeats) and coagulase genes (A-E patterns) were observed. Coagulase A and D genotypes were more prevalent in antibiotic-resistant isolates, while E, B and C in susceptible ones. The significant observation was the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Findings revealed the status of resistant isolates in herd that might be helpful in treatment, controlling of resistant strains and culling of cows for mastitis reduction.
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McCarron J, Keefe G, McKenna S, Dohoo I, Poole D. Evaluation of the University of Minnesota Tri-plate and 3M Petrifilm for the isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species from clinically mastitic milk samples. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5326-33. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Phylogenetically distinct Staphylococcus aureus lineage prevalent among indigenous communities in northern Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:2295-300. [PMID: 19420161 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00122-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine the evolutionary position of the Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 75 (CC75) that is prevalent in tropical northern Australia. Sequencing of gap, rpoB, sodA, tuf, and hsp60 and the multilocus sequence typing loci revealed a clear separation between conventional S. aureus and CC75 and significant diversity within CC75.
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Gerceker D, Karasartova D, Elyürek E, Barkar S, KIyan M, Özsan TM, Calgin MK, Sahin F. A new, simple, rapid test for detection of DNase activity of microorganisms: DNase Tube test. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2009; 55:291-4. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.55.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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INOMATA A, CHIBA T, HOSAKA M. Comparison of DNA Sequencing Analysis with Phenotypic Test for Identification of Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Drinking Water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2965/jswe.31.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Tsegmed U, Normanno G, Pringle M, Krovacek K. Occurrence of enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk from yaks and cattle in Mongolia. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1726-9. [PMID: 17685350 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.7.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is considered one of the leading foodborne illnesses in humans worldwide and is associated with contaminated foods of animal origin, such as milk and dairy products. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of staphylococci and the enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from yaks (Bos mutus) and cattle in Mongolia. Staphylococci were isolated from 72 (74%) of the 97 raw milk samples. Of the samples containing staphylococci, 69% (50 of 72) were from yaks and 30.5% (22 of 72) were from cattle. S. aureus was detected in 10% of yak (7 of 72) and 21% of cattle (15 of 72) milk samples. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C was detected in 23% (5 of 22) of the S. aureus strains investigated, based on the reverse passive latex agglutination technique. Three of the five enterotoxigenic strains were from yaks and two were from cattle. None of the S. aureus strains tested produced staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, or D. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of staphylococci and enterotoxigenic S. aureus in milk from yaks and cattle in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uranchimeg Tsegmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Olde Riekerink RGM, Barkema HW, Veenstra S, Poole DE, Dingwell RT, Keefe GP. Prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2006; 47:567-72. [PMID: 16808229 PMCID: PMC1461414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to 1) estimate the herd prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in bulk milk from Prince Edward Island (PEI) dairy farms, 2) determine the association between bulk milk culture results and mean bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC), and 3) investigate the agreement of repeated bulk milk cultures. Three consecutive bulk milk samples were obtained at weekly intervals from all 258 PEI dairy herds and were cultured using routine laboratory methods. Cumulative prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma spp. (M. bovis and M. alkalescens) was 74%, 1.6%, and 1.9%, respectively. Bulk milk somatic cell count of Staph. aureus-positive herds was higher than that of negative herds. Agreement for Staph. aureus isolation between 3 consecutive tests was moderate (kappa = 0.46). Mycoplasma bovis and M. alkalescens in bulk milk are being reported for the 1st time in PEI ever and in Canada since 1972.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G M Olde Riekerink
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3.
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