1
|
Houshmandzad M, Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi A, Shokri H. Potential antifungal impact of citral and linalool administered individually or combined with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida krusei. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Candida krusei is recognized as a major fungal pathogen in patients with immunodeficiency disorders. The present study aimed at investigating the anticandidal activities of citral and linalool combined with fluconazole (FLZ) against FLZ-resistant C. krusei strains. Methods: Antifungal activities were evaluated by the broth microdilution (MD) method to determine the minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (namely, MICs and MFCs) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 document. The interactions were further evaluated using fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) for combinations of citral+FLZ and linalool+FLZ, calculated from checkerboard MD assays. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) MIC values of citral, linalool, and FLZ against the C. krusei isolates were 70.23 ± 17, 150 ± 38.73, and 74.66 ± 36.95 μg/mL, respectively. Some fungicidal activities were also observed for citral (2.5) and linalool (1.53) against the C. krusei isolates. The FICI values of citral+FLZ and linalool+FLZ for the C. krusei isolates ranged from 0.4 to 1.00 and 0.19 to 0.63, respectively. The additive and synergistic interactions of linalool + FLZ were further observed in 12 (57.1%) and 9 (42.9%) C. krusei isolates. However, there was an additive interaction for citral + FLZ in 17 (80.9%) isolates. They also showed a synergistic interaction in only four (19.1%) isolates. Moreover, linalool and citral plus FLZ did not have any antagonistic effect on any isolates. Conclusion: The study findings support the possible capabilities of citral and linalool, as anticandidal agents, and FLZ might be supplemented with citral and/or linalool for treating FLZ-resistant C. krusei infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Houshmandzad
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharifzadeh A, Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Shirzadi H. Potential effect of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) alone and in combination with fluconazole against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:294-299. [PMID: 29661606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Limitations of antifungals used in the treatment of candidiasis, as the development of resistant strains, are known by the scientific community. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the activity of 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (thymol) in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) against clinical Candida strains. The antifungal activity of thymol along with FLZ was evaluated by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A2 broth microdilution method. In addition, synergism was observed for clinical strains of Candida spp. with combination of thymol-FLZ evaluated by the chequerboard microdilution method. The mean of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of thymol and FLZ were 49.37 and 0.475μg/ml for C. albicans, 51.25 and 18.80μg/ml for C. glabrata and 70 and 179.20μg/ml for C. krusei strains, respectively. Thymol in combination with FLZ exhibited the synergistic effects against all species of Candida tested. FICI values for thymol plus FLZ ranged from 0.366 to 0.607 for C. albicans strains, 0.367 to 0.482 for C. glabrata strains, and 0.375 to 0.563 for C. krusei strains. No antagonistic activity was seen in the strains tested. Thymol was found to have a fungicidal effect on Candida species and a synergistic effect when combined with FLZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran.
| | - A R Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - H Shirzadi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi street, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fluconazole Resistance Patterns in Candida Species that Colonize Women with HIV Infection. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 76:84-9. [PMID: 25352939 PMCID: PMC4209509 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Women’s Interagency HIV Study was established in 1993 to study the natural history of HIV disease among women in the United States. It currently has enrolled 2,895 women testing positive for HIV infection and 972 women without HIV infection recruited from 6 national metropolitan locations. The clinical database information collected for each HIV-positive individual included CD4 cell counts, viral load, and antiviral treatment to evaluate HIV prognosis and related conditions in women. Objective To provide a baseline for fluconazole treatment prospects in women who test positive for HIV infection. As part of the ongoing Women’s Interagency HIV Study project, we investigated the fluconazole susceptibility of Candida spp. isolated from women with HIV in comparison to volunteer women without HIV. The implication of antifungal treatment on fluconazole susceptibility was evaluated by reviewing antifungal medication use for the past 2 years in each participant. In addition, genotyping of Candida spp. at oral and vaginal sites was monitored for 4 months in 9 patients. Methods In a cohort of 59 women with HIV and 24 women without HIV, colonization by Candida albicans and non-albicans species of the oral and vaginal sites was first determined. Fluconazole susceptibility was surveyed in vitro according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Antifungal drug treatment history was investigated for each patient to correspond with fluconazole susceptibility. Finally, series of isolates from several patients were followed for resistance and susceptibility. Their lineage was verified by genotyping multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results A total of 280 Candida strains were recovered from oral and vaginal swabs of women with and without HIV infection. We found that patients with HIV were colonized with Candida spp. more frequently than women without HIV. The percent of isolates that were susceptibility dose dependent or resistant to fluconazole was higher in Candida glabrata compared with C. albicans isolates, but higher for C. albicans than other published data. Resistance was noted to be more common in vaginal sites. Fluconazole resistance in either species was not associated with relative CD4 cell counts or viral load. However an association with systemic application of fluconazole and resistance was noted. Conclusions Systemic antifungal therapy, including a vaginal topical regimen in women with HIV infection correlated with reduced fluconazole susceptibility of oral and vaginal isolates. Genotype profiling has disclosed that a majority of isolates from the same individual are clustered together, suggesting the likelihood of an original strain with some microevolution. We observed a change from a susceptibility dose dependent to a resistant phenotype of isolates in 2 women with HIV infection, even though no treatments were received during the 4-month study and the prior 2 years.
Collapse
|
4
|
LI S, YANG Y, CHEN K, CHENG H, CHIOU C, WANG T, LAUDERDALE T, HUNG C, LO H. Molecular epidemiology of long-term colonization of Candida albicans strains from HIV-infected patients. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:265-9. [PMID: 16490129 PMCID: PMC2870383 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805004905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one Candida albicans isolates from three HIV-infected patients were collected over a period of 3 years and characterized for fluconazole susceptibility, infectivity and genetic relatedness. Fluconazole resistance was found in five isolates, four exhibited dose-dependent susceptibility and the remainder were fully susceptible to this agent. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SfiI restriction digests of the genomic DNA from the isolates revealed that isolates from the same swab specimen were identical despite differences in susceptibility to fluconazole and isolates recovered over time from the three patients retained clonally related DNA fingerprints within each patient. This small-scale study confirms the persistence of oral colonization of C. albicans strains in HIV-infected patients. Clinical data also suggests that the primary infecting strain may become a persistent colonist in the oral cavity once the immune function of the patient has been restored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. LI
- Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Y. L. YANG
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K. W. CHEN
- Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H. H. CHENG
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - C. S. CHIOU
- Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - T. H. WANG
- Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - T. L. LAUDERDALE
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - C. C. HUNG
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and Department of Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - H. J. LO
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Author for correspondence: Dr H. J. Lo, Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, ROC. ()
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Vos MM, Cuenca-Estrella M, Boekhout T, Theelen B, Matthijs N, Bauters T, Nailis H, Dhont MA, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Nelis HJ. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in a Flemish patient population. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 11:1005-11. [PMID: 16307555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased resistance to fluconazole has been reported in oral, oesophageal and urinary Candida isolates, but this has not been observed commonly in genital tract isolates. The rate of isolation of Candida spp. and their susceptibility to amphotericin B, flucytosine and azoles were determined in a number of clinical practices in the city of Ghent, Belgium. Patients with symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were treated with fluconazole, and the mycological and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Isolates were identified as Candida albicans (78.6%), Candida guilliermondii (17.3%), Candida glabrata (2.6%) and Candida dubliniensis (1.3%). The rates of mycological and clinical cures were 79.5% and 100%, respectively. Women with recurrent VVC were infected more frequently by non-albicans Candida spp., but no association was found between the use of antifungal agents and the presence of non-albicans spp. In-vitro resistance to fluconazole was not detected, even among subsequent Candida isolates from nine patients for whom mycological cure was not achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M De Vos
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen KW, Lo HJ, Lin YH, Li SY. Comparison of four molecular typing methods to assess genetic relatedness of Candida albicans clinical isolates in Taiwan. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:249-258. [PMID: 15713608 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the investigation of the genetic profiles of 53 Candida albicans isolates collected from 18 hospitals in Taiwan using three PFGE-based typing methods (PFGE karyotyping, and PFGE of SfiI and BssHII restriction fragments) and one repetitive-sequence-PCR (rep-PCR) method. All four methods were able to identify clonal related isolates from the same patients. PFGE-BssHII exhibited the highest discriminatory power by discriminating 40 genotypes, followed by PFGE-SfiI (35 genotypes) and then by rep-PCR (31 genotypes), while PFGE karyotyping exhibited the lowest discriminatory power (19 genotypes). High discriminatory power can also be achieved by combining typing methods with different typing mechanisms, such as rep-PCR and PFGE-based typing methods. The results also showed that the genotype of each isolate was patient-specific and not associated with the source of the isolation, geographic origin or antifungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Wei Chen
- Laboratory for Mycopathogens, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, 161 Kun-Yang Street, Nan-Kang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Lo
- Laboratory for Mycopathogens, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, 161 Kun-Yang Street, Nan-Kang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Laboratory for Mycopathogens, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, 161 Kun-Yang Street, Nan-Kang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Laboratory for Mycopathogens, Chlamydia and Mycoplasma, Division of Laboratory Research and Development, Center for Disease Control, 161 Kun-Yang Street, Nan-Kang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan 2Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
There has been an increase in systemic fungal infections over the past several decades, partially because of an increasing number of critically ill patients, surgical procedures, and immunosuppressive therapies, as well as the use of more invasive diagnostic and therapeutic medical procedures. Concomitant with this increase in infections has been the increase in azole-resistant Candida species and opportunistic molds with intrinsic resistance to many of the currently available antifungal agents. This review focuses on antifungal resistance, with emphasis on emerging resistance patterns and emerging fungi that are intrinsically resistant to antifungal agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Baddley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1900 University Boulevard, 229 Tinsley Harrison Tower, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lattif AA, Banerjee U, Prasad R, Biswas A, Wig N, Sharma N, Haque A, Gupta N, Baquer NZ, Mukhopadhyay G. Susceptibility pattern and molecular type of species-specific Candida in oropharyngeal lesions of Indian human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1260-2. [PMID: 15004088 PMCID: PMC356856 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1260-1262.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients was conducted over a period of 15 months. This study revealed that 75% of the HIV/AIDS patients had OPC. MIC testing revealed that 5% of the Candida isolates were fluconazole resistant. A correlation between CD4(+)-T-cell counts and development of OPC in HIV/AIDS patients was also observed. Molecular typing of C. albicans isolates showed that all were genetically unrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdul Lattif
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|