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Asgharzadeh M, Ozma MA, Rashedi J, Poor BM, Agharzadeh V, Vegari A, Shokouhi B, Ganbarov K, Ghalehlou NN, Leylabadlo HE, Kafil HS. False-Positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection: Ways to Prevent Cross-Contamination. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 83:211-217. [PMID: 32578410 PMCID: PMC7362751 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2019.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold standard method for diagnosis of tuberculosis is the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through culture, but there is a probability of cross-contamination in simultaneous cultures of samples causing false-positives. This can result in delayed treatment of the underlying disease and drug side effects. In this paper, we reviewed studies on falsepositive cultures of M. tuberculosis. Rate of occurrence, effective factors, and extent of false-positives were analyzed. Ways to identify and reduce the false-positives and management of them are critical for all laboratories. In most cases, falsepositive is occurring in cases with only one positive culture but negative direct smear. The three most crucial factors in this regard are inappropriate technician function, contamination of reagents, and aerosol production. Thus, to reduce false-positives, good laboratory practice, as well as use of whole-genome sequencing or genotyping of all positive culture samples with a robust, extra pure method and rapid response, are essential for minimizing the rate of false-positives. Indeed, molecular approaches and epidemiological surveillance can provide a valuable tool besides culture to identify possible false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Asghari Ozma
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalil Rashedi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behroz Mahdavi Poor
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Agharzadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Vegari
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behrooz Shokouhi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Barac A, Karimzadeh-Esfahani H, Pourostadi M, Rahimi MT, Ahmadpour E, Rashedi J, Mahdavipoor B, Kafil HS, Spotin A, Abate KH, Mathioudakis AG, Asgharzadeh M. Laboratory Cross-Contamination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Lung 2019; 197:651-661. [PMID: 31203380 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiological cultures are the mainstay of the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). False-positive TB results lead to significant unnecessary therapeutic and economic burden and are frequently caused by laboratory cross-contamination. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the prevalence of laboratory cross-contamination. METHODS Through a systematic review of five electronic databases, we identified studies reporting rates of laboratory cross-contamination, confirmed by molecular techniques in TB cultures. We evaluated the quality of the identified studies using the National Institute of Health (NIH) Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies, and conducted a meta-analysis using standard methodology recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. RESULTS Based on 31 eligible studies evaluating 29,839 TB cultures, we found that 2% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1-2%) of all positive TB cultures represent false-positive results secondary to laboratory cross-contamination. More importantly, we evaluated the rate of laboratory cross-contamination in cases where a single-positive TB culture was available in addition to at least one negative TB culture, and we found a rate of 15% (95% CI 6-33%). Moreover, 9.2% (91/990) of all patients with a preliminary diagnosis of TB had false-positive results and received unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a remarkably high prevalence of false-positive TB results as a result of laboratory cross-contamination, especially in single-positive TB cultures, leading to the administration of unnecessary, harmful treatments. The need for the adoption of strict technical standards for mycobacterial cultures cannot be overstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Mahya Pourostadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalil Rashedi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behroz Mahdavipoor
- Department of Laboratory Science, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Microbiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Alexander G Mathioudakis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Mohammad Asgharzadeh
- Faculty of Paramedicine, Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Bothamley GH, Kruijshaar ME, Kunst H, Woltmann G, Cotton M, Saralaya D, Woodhead MA, Watson JP, Chapman ALN. Tuberculosis in UK cities: workload and effectiveness of tuberculosis control programmes. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:896. [PMID: 22122757 PMCID: PMC3235177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) has increased within the UK and, in response, targets for TB control have been set and interventions recommended. The question was whether these had been implemented and, if so, had they been effective in reducing TB cases. Methods Epidemiological data were obtained from enhanced surveillance and clinics. Primary care trusts or TB clinics with an average of > 100 TB cases per year were identified and provided reflections on the reasons for any change in their local incidence, which was compared to an audit against the national TB plan. Results Access to data for planning varied (0-22 months). Sputum smear status was usually well recorded within the clinics. All cities had TB networks, a key worker for each case, free treatment and arrangements to treat HIV co-infection. Achievement of targets in the national plan correlated well with change in workload figures for the commissioning organizations (Spearman's rank correlation R = 0.8, P < 0.01) but not with clinic numbers. Four cities had not achieved the target of one nurse per 40 notifications (Birmingham, Bradford, Manchester and Sheffield). Compared to other cities, their loss to follow-up during treatment was usually > 6% (χ2 = 4.2, P < 0.05), there was less TB detected by screening and less outreach. Manchester was most poorly resourced and showed the highest rate of increase of TB. Direct referral from radiology, sputum from primary care and outreach workers were cited as important in TB control. Conclusion TB control programmes depend on adequate numbers of specialist TB nurses for early detection and case-holding. Please see related article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/9/127
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Hollm-Delgado MG. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis transmission: Contextualizing the evidence through social network theory. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69:747-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gopaul KK, Brown TJ, Gibson AL, Yates MD, Drobniewski FA. Progression toward an improved DNA amplification-based typing technique in the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2492-8. [PMID: 16825370 PMCID: PMC1489471 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01428-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While high-copy-number IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (HCN-RFLP) is the gold standard for typing most Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, the time taken for culturing and low throughput make it impractical for large-scale prospective typing of large numbers of isolates. The development of a new method, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU), a variation of the original variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) technique, may provide a viable alternative. Panels based on the original 12-loci MIRU (12MIRU), a combination of 12MIRU and remaining ETR loci (15MIRU-VNTR), and an extended panel with an additional 10 novel regions (25VNTR) were used to study three populations with varying degrees of epidemiological data. MIRU discrimination increased with panel size and the addition of spoligotyping. Combining these two techniques enabled a reduction in the panel size from 25 to 14 loci without a significant loss in discrimination. However, 25VNTR alone or in combination with spoligotyping still possessed weaker discrimination than RFLP for high-copy-number isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Gopaul
- Health Protection Agency Mycobacterium Reference Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Barts and the London Medical School, Queen Mary College, University of London, 2 Newark St., London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Gori A, Bandera A, Marchetti G, Degli Esposti A, Catozzi L, Nardi GP, Gazzola L, Ferrario G, van Embden JDA, van Soolingen D, Moroni M, Franzetti F. Spoligotyping and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005. [PMID: 16102314 PMCID: PMC3320497 DOI: 10.3201/1108.040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Speed of spoligotyping could be a benefit in the clinical setting. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of spoligotyping, a polymerase chain reaction–based method for simultaneous detection and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, with acid-fast bacilli–positive slides from clinical specimens or mycobacterial cultures. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 95% for the detection of M. tuberculosis and 98% and 96% when used with clinical specimens. Laboratory turnaround time of spoligotyping was less than that for culture identification by a median of 20 days. In comparison with IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism typing, spoligotyping overestimated the number of isolates with identical DNA fingerprints by ≈50%, but showed a 100% negative predictive value. Spoligotyping resulted in the modification of ongoing antimycobacterial treatment in 40 cases and appropriate therapy in the absence of cultures in 11 cases. The rapidity of this method in detection and typing could make it useful in the management of tuberculosis in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gori
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Gori A, Bandera A, Marchetti G, Degli Esposti A, Catozzi L, Nardi GP, Gazzola L, Ferrario G, van Embden JDA, van Soolingen D, Moroni M, Franzetti F. Spoligotyping andMycobacterium tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11:1242-8. [PMID: 16102314 PMCID: PMC3320497 DOI: 10.3201/eid1108.040982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical usefulness of spoligotyping, a polymerase chain reaction-based method for simultaneous detection and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, with acid-fast bacilli-positive slides from clinical specimens or mycobacterial cultures. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 95% for the detection of M. tuberculosis and 98% and 96% when used with clinical specimens. Laboratory turnaround time of spoligotyping was less than that for culture identification by a median of 20 days. In comparison with IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism typing, spoligotyping overestimated the number of isolates with identical DNA fingerprints by approximately 50%, but showed a 100% negative predictive value. Spoligotyping resulted in the modification of ongoing antimycobacterial treatment in 40 cases and appropriate therapy in the absence of cultures in 11 cases. The rapidity of this method in detection and typing could make it useful in the management of tuberculosis in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gori
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Rajakumar K, Shafi J, Smith RJ, Stabler RA, Andrew PW, Modha D, Bryant G, Monk P, Hinds J, Butcher PD, Barer MR. Use of genome level-informed PCR as a new investigational approach for analysis of outbreak-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1890-6. [PMID: 15131145 PMCID: PMC404642 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.1890-1896.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain CH, the index isolate linked to a major tuberculosis outbreak associated with high levels of transmissibility and virulence, was characterized by microarray analysis by use of a PCR product array representative of the genome of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv. Seven potential genomic deletions were identified in CH, five of which were confirmed by PCR analysis across the predicted deletion points. The panel of five PCRs required to individually interrogate these loci was collectively referred to as the genome level-informed PCR (GLIP) assay. GLIP analysis was performed with CH, 12 other epidemiologically linked isolates, and 43 recent, non-outbreak-associated isolates derived from patients within the local area. All 13 outbreak-linked isolates showed a profile corresponding to the presence of all five deletions. These 13 isolates were also found to share common variable-number tandem repeat and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit profiles. None of the 43 non-outbreak-associated isolates exhibited the five-deletion profile. Although three individual deletions were present in upwards of 44% of the non-outbreak-associated isolates, no single-deletion isolates were detected. Interestingly, none of these deletions had been previously recognized, and sequence analysis of the immediate flanking regions in CH failed to identify a likely mechanism of deletion for four of the five loci. The GLIP assay also proved valuable in ongoing surveillance of the outbreak, rapidly identifying a further two outbreak-associated cases months after the initial cluster and, importantly, dismissing a further 12 epidemiologically suspect cases, which allowed the optimum deployment of public health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Rajakumar
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, and Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
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