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CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from genital Chlamydia trachomatis-infected patients. Immunobiology 2018; 224:34-41. [PMID: 30477893 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in the female genital compartment represents one of the major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and infertility in females. Here, we examined the pro-inflammatory cytokine response following stimulation with three different types of C. trachomatis antigens, viz. chlamydial protease-like factor (CPAF), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) and major outer membrane protein (MOMP). METHODS A total of 19 patients with genital C. trachomatis infection and 10 age-matched healthy controls were recruited for the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from genital C. trachomatis-infected females were cultured in the presence of CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens, and cytokines were measured by ELISA assay. RESULTS We reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were robustly secreted following antigenic exposure. Notably, CPAP and MOMP were more potent in triggering IL-1β, as compared to HSP60. Elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines were also noted in the samples infected with plasmid-bearing C. trachomatis as compared to those infected with plasmid-free strains. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights distinct ability of chlamydial antigens in triggering pro-inflammatory response in the host immune cells.
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Andersson P, Harris SR, Smith HMBS, Hadfield J, O'Neill C, Cutcliffe LT, Douglas FP, Asche LV, Mathews JD, Hutton SI, Sarovich DS, Tong SYC, Clarke IN, Thomson NR, Giffard PM. Chlamydia trachomatis from Australian Aboriginal people with trachoma are polyphyletic composed of multiple distinctive lineages. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10688. [PMID: 26912299 PMCID: PMC4773424 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes sexually transmitted infections and the blinding disease trachoma. Current data on C. trachomatis phylogeny show that there is only a single trachoma-causing clade, which is distinct from the lineages causing urogenital tract (UGT) and lymphogranuloma venerum diseases. Here we report the whole-genome sequences of ocular C. trachomatis isolates obtained from young children with clinical signs of trachoma in a trachoma endemic region of northern Australia. The isolates form two lineages that fall outside the classical trachoma lineage, instead being placed within UGT clades of the C. trachomatis phylogenetic tree. The Australian trachoma isolates appear to be recombinants with UGT C. trachomatis genome backbones, in which loci that encode immunodominant surface proteins (ompA and pmpEFGH) have been replaced by those characteristic of classical ocular isolates. This suggests that ocular tropism and association with trachoma are functionally associated with some sequence variants of ompA and pmpEFGH. Chlamydia trachomatis isolates causing a blinding disease (trachoma) form a single lineage that is different from the lineages causing urogenital infections. Here, Andersson et al. show however that trachoma isolates from Australia are more closely related to urogenital strains than to other trachoma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patiyan Andersson
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Simon R Harris
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helena M B Seth Smith
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Functional Genomics Centre Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland.,Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - James Hadfield
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Colette O'Neill
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lesley T Cutcliffe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Fiona P Douglas
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - L Valerie Asche
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - John D Mathews
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Susan I Hutton
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Derek S Sarovich
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
| | - Ian N Clarke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Molecular Microbiology Group, University Medical School, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Pathogen Variation Programme, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Philip M Giffard
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia.,School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Northern Territory 0811, Australia
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Giffard PM, Brenner NC, Tabrizi SN, Garland SM, Holt DC, Andersson P, Lilliebridge RA, Tong SYC, Karimi M, Boylan P, Ryder N, Johns T, Singh G. Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in a cross-sectional study of urogenital samples from remote Northern and Central Australia. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009624. [PMID: 26739733 PMCID: PMC4716167 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine the frequency of trachoma genotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis-positive urogenital tract (UGT) specimens from remote areas of the Australian Northern Territory (NT). SETTING The setting was analysis of remnants of C. trachomatis positive primarily UGT specimens obtained in the course of clinical practice. The specimens were obtained from two pathology service providers. PARTICIPANTS From 3356 C. trachomatis specimens collected during May 2012-April 2013, 439 were selected for genotyping, with a focus on specimens from postpubescent patients, in remote Aboriginal communities where ocular trachoma is potentially present. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was the proportion of successfully genotyped UGT specimens that were trachoma genotypes. The secondary outcome measures were the distribution of genotypes, and the frequencies of different classes of specimens able to be genotyped. RESULTS Zero of 217 successfully genotyped UGT specimens yielded trachoma genotypes (95% CI for frequency=0-0.017). For UGT specimens, the genotypes were E (41%), F (22%), D (21%) and K (7%), with J, H and G and mixed genotypes each at 1-4%. Four of the five genotyped eye swabs yielded trachoma genotype Ba, and the other genotype J. Two hundred twenty-two specimens (50.6%) were successfully genotyped. Urine specimens were less likely to be typable than vaginal swabs (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Unlike in some other studies, in the remote NT, trachoma genotypes of C. trachomatis were not found circulating in UGT specimens from 2012 to 2013. Therefore, C. trachomatis genotypes in UGT specimens from young children can be informative as to whether the organism has been acquired through sexual contact. We suggest inclusion of C. trachomatis genotyping in guidelines examining the source of sexually transmitted infections in young children in areas where trachoma genotypes may continue to circulate, and continued surveillance of UGT C. trachomatis genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Giffard
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- School of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Nicole C Brenner
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Forensic Science Branch-Biology, Northern Territory Fire and Emergency Services, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sepehr N Tabrizi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases,The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah C Holt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Patiyan Andersson
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Rachael A Lilliebridge
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Mahdad Karimi
- Department of Microbiology, Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prudence Boylan
- Sexual Assault Referral Centre (Darwin), Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Nathan Ryder
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Disease Control, Darwin, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Tracy Johns
- Sexual Assault Referral Centre (Darwin), Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Clinical Forensic Medical Services, Australian Capital Territory Government, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Sexual Assault Referral Centre (Darwin), Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Northern Territory Medical Program, Flinders University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Nunes A, Gomes JP. Evolution, phylogeny, and molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:49-64. [PMID: 24509351 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Chlamydiaceae are a family of obligate intracellular bacteria characterized by a unique biphasic developmental cycle. It encompasses the single genus Chlamydia, which involves nine species that affect a wide range of vertebral hosts, causing infections with serious impact on human health (mainly due to Chlamydia trachomatis infections) and on farming and veterinary industries. It is believed that Chlamydiales originated ∼700mya, whereas C. trachomatis likely split from the other Chlamydiaceae during the last 6mya. This corresponds to the emergence of modern human lineages, with the first descriptions of chlamydial infections as ancient as four millennia. Chlamydiaceae have undergone a massive genome reduction, on behalf of the deletional bias "use it or lose it", stabilizing at 1-1.2Mb and keeping a striking genome synteny. Their phylogeny reveals species segregation according to biological properties, with huge differences in terms of host range, tissue tropism, and disease outcomes. Genome differences rely on the occurrence of mutations in the >700 orthologous genes, as well as on events of recombination, gene loss, inversion, and paralogous expansion, affecting both a hypervariable region named the plasticity zone, and genes essentially encoding polymorphic and transmembrane head membrane proteins, type III secretion effectors and some metabolic pathways. Procedures for molecular typing are still not consensual but have allowed the knowledge of molecular epidemiology patterns for some species as well as the identification of outbreaks and emergence of successful clones for C. trachomatis. This manuscript intends to provide a comprehensive review on the evolution, phylogeny, and molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nunes
- Reference Laboratory of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Gomes
- Reference Laboratory of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
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5
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Complete Genome Sequence of Chlamydia trachomatis Ocular Serovar C Strain TW-3. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e01204-13. [PMID: 24459269 PMCID: PMC3900901 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01204-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the etiological agent of trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. We report here the first complete and annotated genome of a C. trachomatis trachoma-causing serovar C strain (strain TW-3). The chromosome and plasmid are 1,043,554 bp and 7,501 bp in length, respectively.
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Hocking JS, Guy R, Walker J, Tabrizi SN. Advances in sampling and screening for chlamydia. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:367-86. [PMID: 23464373 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world, with diagnosis rates continuing to increase each year. As chlamydia is largely asymptomatic, screening and treatment is the main way to detect cases and reduce transmission. Recent advances in self-collected specimens and laboratory tests has made chlamydia screening easier to implement as well as possible in nonclinical settings. This review will discuss new approaches to specimen collection and how these have expanded opportunities for reaching target populations for chlamydia screening. Furthermore, it will discuss how advanced molecular microbiological methods can be used with self-collected specimens to further our knowledge of the epidemiology of chlamydia and the dynamics of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Hocking
- Centre for Women's Health, Gender & Society, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K, McIver R, Tabrizi SN. A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:379. [PMID: 23957327 PMCID: PMC3751832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and diagnosis rates have increased dramatically over the last decade. Repeat infections of chlamydia are very common and may represent re-infection from an untreated partner or treatment failure. The aim of this cohort study is to estimate the proportion of women infected with chlamydia who experience treatment failure after treatment with 1 gram azithromycin. METHODS/DESIGN This cohort study will follow women diagnosed with chlamydia for up to 56 days post treatment. Women will provide weekly genital specimens for further assay. The primary outcome is the proportion of women who are classified as having treatment failure 28, 42 or 56 days after recruitment. Comprehensive sexual behavior data collection and the detection of Y chromosome DNA and high discriminatory chlamydial genotyping will be used to differentiate between chlamydia re-infection and treatment failure. Azithromycin levels in high-vaginal specimens will be measured using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to assess whether poor azithromycin absorption could be a cause of treatment failure. Chlamydia culture and minimal inhibitory concentrations will be performed to further characterize the chlamydia infections. DISCUSSION Distinguishing between treatment failure and re-infection is important in order to refine treatment recommendations and focus infection control mechanisms. If a large proportion of repeat chlamydia infections are due to antibiotic treatment failure, then international recommendations on chlamydia treatment may need to be re-evaluated. If most are re-infections, then strategies to expedite partner treatment are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Hocking
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lenka A Vodstrcil
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Austrlaia
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4057, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane 4057, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcus Y Chen
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Level 3, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Worthington
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, 580 Swanston Street, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruthy McIver
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Macquarie Street, Sydney 2001, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sepehr N Tabrizi
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Austrlaia
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victorian, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Carlton 3053, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Walker J, Tabrizi SN, Fairley CK, Chen MY, Bradshaw CS, Twin J, Taylor N, Donovan B, Kaldor JM, McNamee K, Urban E, Walker S, Currie M, Birden H, Bowden F, Gunn J, Pirotta M, Gurrin L, Harindra V, Garland SM, Hocking JS. Chlamydia trachomatis incidence and re-infection among young women--behavioural and microbiological characteristics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37778. [PMID: 22662220 PMCID: PMC3360595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to estimate rates of chlamydia incidence and re-infection and to investigate the dynamics of chlamydia organism load in prevalent, incident and re-infections among young Australian women. METHODS 1,116 women aged 16 to 25 years were recruited from primary care clinics in Australia. Vaginal swabs were collected at 3 to 6 month intervals for chlamydia testing. Chlamydia organism load was measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS There were 47 incident cases of chlamydia diagnosed and 1,056.34 person years of follow up with a rate of 4.4 per 100 person years (95% CI: 3.3, 5.9). Incident infection was associated with being aged 16 to 20 years [RR = 3.7 (95%CI: 1.9, 7.1)], being employed [RR = 2.4 (95%CI: 1.1, 4.9)] and having two or more new sex partners [RR = 5.5 (95%CI: 2.6, 11.7)]. Recent antibiotic use was associated with a reduced incidence [RR:0.1 (95%CI: 0.0, 0.5)]. There were 14 re-infections with a rate of 22.3 per 100 person years (95%CI: 13.2, 37.6). The median time to re-infection was 4.6 months. Organism load was higher for prevalent than incident infections (p<0.01) and for prevalent than re-infections (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Chlamydia is common among young women and a high proportion of women are re-infected within a short period of time, highlighting the need for effective partner treatment and repeat testing. The difference in organism load between prevalent and incident infections suggests prevalent infection may be more important for ongoing transmission of chlamydia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walker
- CERSH Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Walker J, Fairley CK, Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Chen MY, Twin J, Taylor N, Donovan B, Kaldor JK, McNamee K, Urban E, Walker S, Currie M, Birden H, Bowden F, Gunn J, Pirotta M, Gurrin L, Harindra V, Garland S, Hocking JS. 'The difference in determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium in a sample of young Australian women'. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:35. [PMID: 21284887 PMCID: PMC3038161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in the determinants of Chlamydia trachomatis ('chlamydia') and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) genital infection in women are not well understood. METHODS A cohort study of 16 to 25 year old Australian women recruited from primary health care clinics, aimed to determine chlamydia and MG prevalence and incidence. Vaginal swabs collected at recruitment were used to measure chlamydia and MG prevalence, organism-load and chlamydia-serovar a cross-sectional analysis undertaken on the baseline results is presented here. RESULTS Of 1116 participants, chlamydia prevalence was 4.9% (95% CI: 2.9, 7.0) (n = 55) and MG prevalence was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.5, 3.3) (n = 27). Differences in the determinants were found - chlamydia not MG, was associated with younger age [AOR:0.9 (95% CI: 0.8, 1.0)] and recent antibiotic use [AOR:0.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 1.0)], and MG not chlamydia was associated with symptoms [AOR:2.1 (95% CI: 1.1, 4.0)]. Having two or more partners in last 12 months was more strongly associated with chlamydia [AOR:6.4 (95% CI: 3.6, 11.3)] than MG [AOR:2.2 (95% CI: 1.0, 4.6)] but unprotected sex with three or more partners was less strongly associated with chlamydia [AOR:3.1 (95%CI: 1.0, 9.5)] than MG [AOR:16.6 (95%CI: 2.0, 138.0)]. Median organism load for MG was 100 times lower (5.7 × 104/swab) than chlamydia (5.6 × 106/swab) (p < 0.01) and not associated with age or symptoms for chlamydia or MG. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate significant chlamydia and MG prevalence in Australian women, and suggest that the differences in strengths of association between numbers of sexual partners and unprotected sex and chlamydia and MG might be due to differences in the transmission dynamics between these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walker
- Centre for Women's Health, Gender and Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Sexual Health Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Sexual Health Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona S Bradshaw
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marcus Y Chen
- Sexual Health Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jimmy Twin
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Taylor
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Basil Donovan
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - John K Kaldor
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathleen McNamee
- Family Planning Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Medical Centre. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eve Urban
- Sexual Health Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra Walker
- Sexual Health Unit, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Hudson Birden
- North Coast Medical Education Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jane Gunn
- Primary Care Research Unit, Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marie Pirotta
- Primary Care Research Unit, Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lyle Gurrin
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Suzanne Garland
- The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jane S Hocking
- Centre for Women's Health, Gender and Society, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Phylogenetic analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis Tarp and correlation with clinical phenotype. Infect Immun 2010; 78:3678-88. [PMID: 20605986 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00515-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide and is the most commonly reported pathogen causing sexually transmitted infections. Tarp (translocated actin recruiting phosphoprotein), a type III secreted effector that mediates actin nucleation, is central to C. trachomatis infection. The phylogenetic analysis of tarP from reference strains as well as ocular, genital, and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) clinical isolates demonstrated an evolutionary relationship with disease phenotype, with LGV and ocular isolates branched into clades that were separate from the urogenital isolates. The sequence analysis of Tarp indicated a high degree of variability and identified trends within clinical groupings. Tarps from LGV strains contained the highest number of tyrosine-rich repeat regions (up to nine) and the fewest (two) predicted actin binding domains. The converse was noted for Tarp proteins from ocular isolates that contained up to four actin binding domains and as few as one tyrosine-rich repeat region. The results suggest that Tarp is among the few known genes to play a role in C. trachomatis adaptations to specific niches within the host.
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11
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Quint KD, Bom RJM, Bruisten SM, van Doorn LJ, Nassir Hajipour N, Melchers WJG, de Vries HJC, Morre SA, Quint WGV. Comparison of three genotyping methods to identify Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes in positive men and women. Mol Cell Probes 2010; 24:266-70. [PMID: 20457248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) comprises 3 serogroups and 19 serovars. Different genotyping methods are available to differentiate between the serovars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and discriminatory power of three genotyping methods, respectively Omp1 sequencing, the Ct Detection and genoTyping (DT) assay and the pmpH real-time PCR discriminating an LGV infection from a non-LGV infection. In total, 50 Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) Ct positive samples were selected and tested with the 3 genotyping methods. The Ct-DT assay detected 3 double Ct infections that caused a non interpretable result by Omp1 sequencing, while Omp1 sequencing has a higher discriminatory power that gave additional information about Ct genovariants. All three methods detected the 6 LGV samples. Although the pmpH real-time PCR detected all LGV infections, a substantial amount (24%) of non-LGV infections were missed. The sensitivity compared to AC2 Ct detection was 80% (95% CI 67-89%) for the Ct-DT assay, 72% (95% CI 58-83%) for Omp1 sequencing and 64% (95% CI 50-76%) for the pmpH real-time PCR. In conclusion, the Ct-DT assay is appropriate for serovar distribution studies, epidemiological studies and differentiation between an LGV and non-LGV Ct infection, while Omp1 sequencing is more appropriate for phylogenetic studies. The pmpH real-time PCR is suitable as second assay to differentiate between an LGV and non-LGV infection, but not as primary detection assay, due to its low sensitivity for non-LGV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Voorburg, The Netherlands.
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Development and evaluation of an ompA quantitative real-time PCR assay for Chlamydia trachomatis serovar determination. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2060-5. [PMID: 20392903 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02308-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of circulating Chlamydia trachomatis serovars can be beneficial for sexual network surveillance, monitoring treatment success, and associating specific clinical manifestations. Typically, C. trachomatis serovars are predicted by nucleotide sequencing of four variable domains within the ompA gene. However, sequencing procedures can be labor-intensive, are not readily available, and can lack the capacity to identify multiple serovars. This study describes the development and evaluation of a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) test algorithm for the rapid prediction of C. trachomatis serovars, including ocular (A to C) and anogenital (D to L3) strains. This test comprises a primary qPCR to confirm C. trachomatis positivity and the phylogenetic group(s) present and a secondary set of qPCRs to determine specific serovars. Cell culture isolates from 15 prototypic C. trachomatis serovars were correctly identified using this assay, with no cross-reactivity observed among serovars or with other common pathogenic microorganisms. Five hundred clinical specimens (previously diagnosed as being C. trachomatis positive) were evaluated by qPCR, with their results compared to results obtained by conventional sequencing. The qPCR identified 88.9% (423/476) complete matches (95% confidence interval [CI], 86 to 92%) of serovars compared to the results obtained using the sequence-based approach. Among the anogenital specimens, 2.4% (12/494) (95% CI, 1.3 to 4.2%) contained multiple serovars, categorized as single-serovar infections by conventional sequencing. Overall, this test exhibited high discriminatory success for predicting C. trachomatis serovars, particularly among anogenital infections. This is the first report of a qPCR typing assay offering differentiation of C. trachomatis serovars associated with both anogenital and ocular diseases.
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Gerard HC, Stanich JA, Whittum-Hudson JA, Schumacher HR, Carter JD, Hudson AP. Patients with Chlamydia-associated arthritis have ocular (trachoma), not genital, serovars of C. trachomatis in synovial tissue. Microb Pathog 2009; 48:62-8. [PMID: 19931374 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Some individuals with a genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection develop inflammatory arthritis, but it is unknown whether particular chlamydial serovar(s) engender the disease more often than others. We defined serovar in synovial tissues from arthritis patients infected with this organism. DNA from synovial biopsies of 36 patients with PCR-confirmed synovial C. trachomatis was analyzed. Diagnoses included reactive arthritis, undifferentiated oligoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. The chlamydial omp1 and trpA genes were amplified, cloned, and 10 or more clones from each sample were sequenced. The cytotoxin locus also was analyzed. omp1 sequences showed 2 patients having only C. trachomatis A serovar, 1 with only B, and 33 having only C, all ocular serovars. Analyses of trpA and the cytotoxin locus uniformly displayed standard ocular serovar characteristics for each patient. Identification of ocular chlamydial serovars in the synovia of arthritis patients is unexpected. These observations suggest that urogenital chlamydial infections, while consisting primarily of organisms of genital serovars, include some of ocular serovar(s). They further suggest that during such infections unknown selection pressures favor establishment of the latter in the synovium to the exclusion of genital serovar chlamydiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé C Gerard
- Dept. Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Gordon H. Scott Hall, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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14
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Chlamydia trachomatis serovars among strains isolated from members of rural indigenous communities and urban populations in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:355-6. [PMID: 18032619 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01493-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We genotyped Chlamydia trachomatis strains from 45 women or men living in either a rural indigenous community or in urban heterosexual communities. We found six different C. trachomatis serovars: E (n = 22; 48.9%), F (n = 10; 22.2%), J/Ja (n = 5; 11.1%), D/Da (n = 4; 8.9%), G (n = 3; 6.7%), and K (n = 1; 2.2%). The distribution of C. trachomatis serovars among members of the indigenous rural and the urban Australian communities appears similar to that in other Western countries.
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Evaluation of a novel PCR-based assay for detection and identification of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in cervical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3986-91. [PMID: 17959760 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01155-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare a novel PCR-based Chlamydia trachomatis detection and genotyping (Ct-DT) assay with the FDA-approved, commercially available C. trachomatis detection Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay and to investigate the C. trachomatis serovar distribution among young women in a rural Costa Rican study population. A total of 5,828 sexually active women participating in a community-based trial in Costa Rica were tested for C. trachomatis by HC2. A sample of 1,229 specimens consisting of 100% HC2 C. trachomatis-positive specimens (n = 827) and a random sample of 8% HC2 C. trachomatis-negative specimens (n = 402) were tested with the Ct-DT assay. Agreement between the two assays was determined by the unweighted kappa statistic. Discrepant specimens were tested with a second commercially available test (COBAS TaqMan). The Ct-DT-positive specimens were further analyzed with the Ct-DT genotyping step to investigate the distribution of 14 different C. trachomatis serovars (A, B/Ba, C, D/Da, E, F, G/Ga, H, I/Ia, J, K, L1, L2/L2a, and L3). After accounting for the sampling fraction selected for Ct-DT testing, crude agreement with the HC2 assay was 98% and the kappa was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.97). The 33 discordant samples that were further analyzed with the COBAS TaqMan test showed better agreement with the Ct-DT assay (31/33, P < 0.001). Among the 806 Ct-DT-positive samples, serovar E was the most common serovar (31%), followed by serovars F and D (both 21%) and serovar I (15%). In conclusion, the novel Ct-DT assay permits reliable detection and identification of C. trachomatis serovars.
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Mak DB. Better late than never: a national approach to trachoma control. Med J Aust 2006; 184:487-8. [PMID: 16719744 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Singer MS, Dana R. Recent advances in the global effort to eradicate trachoma. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2006; 46:79-90. [PMID: 16770156 DOI: 10.1097/00004397-200604620-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Singer
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Lister NA, Fairley CK, Tabrizi SN, Garland S, Smith A. Chlamydia trachomatis serovars causing urogenital infections in women in Melbourne, Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:2546-7. [PMID: 15872309 PMCID: PMC1153792 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.5.2546-2547.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Lee LYL, Liang X, Höök M, Brown EL. Identification and characterization of the C3 binding domain of the Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50710-6. [PMID: 15337748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m408570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) is a virulence factor that binds to both the complement component C3b and fibrinogen. Our laboratory previously reported that by binding to C3b, Efb inhibited complement activation and blocked opsonophagocytosis. We have now located the Efb binding domain in C3b to the C3d fragment and determined a disassociation constant (Kd) of 0.24 microM for the Efb-C3d binding using intrinsic fluorescence quenching assays. Using truncated, recombinant forms of Efb, we also demonstrate that the C3b binding region of Efb is located within the C terminus, in contrast to the fibrinogen binding domains that are located at the N-terminal end of the protein. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-type binding assays demonstrated that recombinant Efb could bind to both C3b and fibrinogen simultaneously, forming a trimolecular complex and that the C-terminal region of Efb could inhibit complement activity in vitro. In addition, secondary structure analysis using circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the C-terminal, C3b binding region of Efb is composed primarily of alpha-helices, suggesting that this domain of Efb represents a novel type of C3b-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Y L Lee
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Albert B. Alkek Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, Texas 77030-7552, USA
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