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Alvarez GV, Rupert DD, Sinclair S, Miyara SJ, Guevara S, Shih P, Hoey C. Cardiac arrest associated with non-toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheria strain: A case report. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1003193. [PMID: 36698824 PMCID: PMC9868274 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1003193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we document a rare, acute, infection caused by non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the resulting unique and severe clinical sequelae. Our patient was a young man with no known pre-existing conditions that presented in cardiopulmonary arrest. We contrast this case with prior instances of non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strain infection in the United States and summarize the literature that suggests systemic infection can result in cardiogenic toxicity. We speculate on a possible missed, pre-existing condition that could have increased this patient's susceptibility to poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- George V. Alvarez
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Cove, NY, United States,*Correspondence: George V. Alvarez,
| | - Deborah D. Rupert
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Samantha Sinclair
- Department of Infection Control, Huntington Hospital, Northwell Health, Huntington, NY, United States
| | - Santiago J. Miyara
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sara Guevara
- Department of Family Medicine, Glen Cove Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Cove, NY, United States
| | - Peter Shih
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Northwell Health, Huntington, NY, United States
| | - Cynthia Hoey
- Department of Infectious Disease, Huntington Hospital, Northwell Health, Huntington, NY, United States
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2
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Polymorphisms of dtxR Gene of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Isolated from Diphtheria Outbreak in Indonesia. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-121534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the dtxR gene plays a role in regulating diphtheria toxin synthesis. The dtxR gene is often used as a marker for identifying C. diphtheriae by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method because it is present in all strains of this bacterium. Mutations in the dtxR gene can cause the over-synthesis of diphtheria toxin and reduce PCR assays' sensitivity. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the polymorphisms in the dtxR gene of C. diphtheriae isolated from a diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia. Methods: Forty-eight isolates of C. diphtheriae were obtained from clinical samples (throat/nasopharyngeal swabs) of diphtheria cases and close contacts. The isolates were revived on a Blood Agar Plate (BAP), bacterial colonies were harvested, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted. The DNA sequencing was carried out using a Whole-genome Sequencing (WGS) approach. The data were converted and analyzed with U-gene software. The dtxR gene analysis was performed with C. diphtheriae PW8 as references. Results: There were 59-point mutation locations in 48 isolates examined. None of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) coded for amino acid changes. Based on the mutation pattern, seven clades/groups of the dtxR gene of 48 C. diphtheriae isolates were examined. Conclusions: At least seven types of DNA sequences and more than 50 SNPs of the dtxR gene were identified in 48 C. diphtheriae isolates from a diphtheria outbreak in Indonesia. Although all of them are silent mutations, they must be considered in the design of PCR examination in diphtheria laboratories.
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Rosana Y, Prilandari LI, Ajisman R, Hartono TS, Yasmon A. Detection of toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae from throat swabs of diphtheria patients using duplex real-time PCR. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:508-515. [PMID: 33613904 PMCID: PMC7884264 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i6.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Diphtheria is a potentially fatal disease caused by toxigenic bacterial infection, particularly from Corynebacterium diphtheriae (C. diphtheriae). Isolation of C. diphtheriae is technically lacking in sensitivity, and Elek's test to detect toxin production has several difficulties associated with its application. Duplex real-time PCR to throat swab of suspected diphtheria patients can detect both bacteria and toxin-encoding genes simultaneously, faster, with higher sensitivity and specificity. Materials and Methods A total of 89 consecutive throat swabs from suspected diphtheria patients were collected from Sulianti Saroso Infectious Disease Hospital, Jakarta, during 2018 to 2019. Two pairs of primers and probes, targeting the rpoB gene of C. diphtheriae and the A-subunit of the diphtheria toxin gene, were used in this study. Parameters including annealing temperature, concentration of primers and probes, inhibitors, cross-reaction and detection limit were all optimized. Elek's toxigenicity test and clinical data were analyzed for comparison. Results The optimum annealing temperature was 55°C. The concentrations of Cd primer, Tox primer, Cd probe and Tox probe were 0.4, 0.6, 0.5 and 0.625 µM, respectively. DNA elution and template volumes were 50 µL and 5 µL. The detection limit was 2 CFU/mL. No cross-reaction with other microorganisms was observed. Of the 89 samples, duplex real-time PCR gave better results than the standard test, with 19 (21.3%) and 10 (11.2%) patients diagnosed with diphtheria, respectively. Conclusion Duplex real-time PCR increases the rate of laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria, compared to the standard method to detect potentially toxigenic C. diphtheriae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeva Rosana
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Luh Inta Prilandari
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Microbiologist Program, School of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ruhsyahadati Ajisman
- Department of Microbiology, Clinical Microbiologist Program, School of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Teguh Sarry Hartono
- Department of Microbiology, Sulianti Saroso Infectious Diseases Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andi Yasmon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Farias APFD, Rocha Filho JTR, Marchioro SB, Moreira LS, Marques AS, Sá MDCAD, Oliveira AADS, Alcântara ME, Mariutti RB, Arni RK, Trindade SC, Meyer R. rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay. AMB Express 2020; 10:186. [PMID: 33074348 PMCID: PMC7570411 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages, which include acceptable cost-effectiveness, applicability, sensitivity and specificity. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development due to its extracellular or on the cell surface location, which allows a better recognition by the immune system. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that ELISA-rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that ELISA-rSodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs. Trial registration AEC No 4958051018. 12/18/2018, retrospectively registered
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Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, Mutreja A, Das B, Ramamurthy T. Diphtheria. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:81. [PMID: 31804499 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria is a potentially fatal infection mostly caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains and occasionally by toxigenic C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Diphtheria is generally an acute respiratory infection, characterized by the formation of a pseudomembrane in the throat, but cutaneous infections are possible. Systemic effects, such as myocarditis and neuropathy, which are associated with increased fatality risk, are due to diphtheria toxin, an exotoxin produced by the pathogen that inhibits protein synthesis and causes cell death. Clinical diagnosis is confirmed by the isolation and identification of the causative Corynebacterium spp., usually by bacterial culture followed by enzymatic and toxin detection tests. Diphtheria can be treated with the timely administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antimicrobial therapy. Although effective vaccines are available, this disease has the potential to re-emerge in countries where the recommended vaccination programmes are not sustained, and increasing proportions of adults are becoming susceptible to diphtheria. Thousands of diphtheria cases are still reported annually from several countries in Asia and Africa, along with many outbreaks. Changes in the epidemiology of diphtheria have been reported worldwide. The prevalence of toxigenic Corynebacterium spp. highlights the need for proper clinical and epidemiological investigations to quickly identify and treat affected individuals, along with public health measures to prevent and contain the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Chand Sharma
- Laboratory Department, Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Androulla Efstratiou
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections, Reference Microbiology Division, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Igor Mokrousov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Global Health-Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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Mansfield MJ, Sugiman-Marangos SN, Melnyk RA, Doxey AC. Identification of a diphtheria toxin-like gene family beyond the Corynebacterium genus. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2693-2705. [PMID: 30058084 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxin (DT), produced by Corynebacterium diphtheria, is the causative agent of diphtheria and one of the most potent protein toxins known; however, it has an unclear evolutionary history. Here, we report the discovery of a DT-like gene family in several bacterial lineages outside of Corynebacterium, including Austwickia and Streptomyces. These DT-like genes form sister lineages in the DT phylogeny and conserve key DT features including catalytic and translocation motifs, but possess divergent receptor-binding domains. DT-like genes are not associated with corynephage, but have undergone lateral transfer through a separate mechanism. The discovery of the first non-Corynebacterium homologs of DT sheds light on its evolutionary origin and highlights novelties that may have resulted in the emergence of DT targeting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiji N Sugiman-Marangos
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roman A Melnyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.,Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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du Plessis M, Wolter N, Allam M, de Gouveia L, Moosa F, Ntshoe G, Blumberg L, Cohen C, Smith M, Mutevedzi P, Thomas J, Horne V, Moodley P, Archary M, Mahabeer Y, Mahomed S, Kuhn W, Mlisana K, McCarthy K, von Gottberg A. Molecular Characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Outbreak Isolates, South Africa, March-June 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1308-1315. [PMID: 28726616 PMCID: PMC5547784 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.162039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, a cluster of respiratory diphtheria cases was reported from KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. By using whole-genome analysis, we characterized 21 Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates collected from 20 patients and contacts during the outbreak (1 patient was infected with 2 variants of C. diphtheriae). In addition, we included 1 cutaneous isolate, 2 endocarditis isolates, and 2 archived clinical isolates (ca. 1980) for comparison. Two novel lineages were identified, namely, toxigenic sequence type (ST) ST-378 (n = 17) and nontoxigenic ST-395 (n = 3). One archived isolate and the cutaneous isolate were ST-395, suggesting ongoing circulation of this lineage for >30 years. The absence of preexisting molecular sequence data limits drawing conclusions pertaining to the origin of these strains; however, these findings provide baseline genotypic data for future cases and outbreaks. Neither ST has been reported in any other country; this ST appears to be endemic only in South Africa.
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Oliveira A, Oliveira LC, Aburjaile F, Benevides L, Tiwari S, Jamal SB, Silva A, Figueiredo HCP, Ghosh P, Portela RW, De Carvalho Azevedo VA, Wattam AR. Insight of Genus Corynebacterium: Ascertaining the Role of Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Species. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1937. [PMID: 29075239 PMCID: PMC5643470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review gathers recent information about genomic and transcriptomic studies in the Corynebacterium genus, exploring, for example, prediction of pathogenicity islands and stress response in different pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. In addition, is described several phylogeny studies to Corynebacterium, exploring since the identification of species until biological speciation in one species belonging to the genus Corynebacterium. Important concepts associated with virulence highlighting the role of Pld protein and Tox gene. The adhesion, characteristic of virulence factor, was described using the sortase mechanism that is associated to anchorage to the cell wall. In addition, survival inside the host cell and some diseases, were too addressed for pathogenic corynebacteria, while important biochemical pathways and biotechnological applications retain the focus of this review for non-pathogenic corynebacteria. Concluding, this review broadly explores characteristics in genus Corynebacterium showing to have strong relevance inside the medical, veterinary, and biotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Oliveira
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leticia C Oliveira
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flavia Aburjaile
- Center of Genomics and System Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leandro Benevides
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Syed B Jamal
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Arthur Silva
- Center of Genomics and System Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Henrique C P Figueiredo
- Aquacen, National Reference Laboratory for Aquatic Animal Diseases, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Preetam Ghosh
- Department of Computational Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ricardo W Portela
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Bióloga, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahiaa, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Vasco A De Carvalho Azevedo
- Molecular and Cellular Laboratory, General Biology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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9
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Sangal V, Hoskisson PA. Evolution, epidemiology and diversity of Corynebacterium diphtheriae: New perspectives on an old foe. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:364-70. [PMID: 27291708 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diphtheria is a debilitating disease caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains and has been effectively controlled by the toxoid vaccine, yet several recent outbreaks have been reported across the globe. Moreover, non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae strains are emerging as a major global health concern by causing severe pharyngitis and tonsillitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Molecular epidemiological investigations suggest the existence of outbreak-associated clones with multiple genotypes circulating around the world. Evolution and pathogenesis appears to be driven by recombination as major virulence factors, including the tox gene and pilus gene clusters, are found within genomic islands that appear to be mobile between strains. The number of pilus gene clusters and variation introduced by gain or loss of gene function correlate with the variable adhesive and invasive properties of C. diphtheriae strains. Genomic variation does not support the separation of C. diphtheriae strains into biovars which correlates well with findings of studies based on multilocus sequence typing. Genomic analyses of a relatively small number of strains also revealed a recombination driven diversification of strains within a sequence type and indicate a wider diversity among C. diphtheriae strains than previously appreciated. This suggests that there is a need for increased effort from the scientific community to study C. diphtheriae to help understand the genomic diversity and pathogenicity within the population of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
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10
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Hall WA, Li YM, Vallera DA. Diphtheria toxin-based targeted toxins that target glioblastoma multiforme. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.897731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Heydari H, Siow CC, Tan MF, Jakubovics NS, Wee WY, Mutha NVR, Wong GJ, Ang MY, Yazdi AH, Choo SW. CoryneBase: Corynebacterium genomic resources and analysis tools at your fingertips. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86318. [PMID: 24466021 PMCID: PMC3895029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacteria are used for a wide variety of industrial purposes but some species are associated with human diseases. With increasing number of corynebacterial genomes having been sequenced, comparative analysis of these strains may provide better understanding of their biology, phylogeny, virulence and taxonomy that may lead to the discoveries of beneficial industrial strains or contribute to better management of diseases. To facilitate the ongoing research of corynebacteria, a specialized central repository and analysis platform for the corynebacterial research community is needed to host the fast-growing amount of genomic data and facilitate the analysis of these data. Here we present CoryneBase, a genomic database for Corynebacterium with diverse functionality for the analysis of genomes aimed to provide: (1) annotated genome sequences of Corynebacterium where 165,918 coding sequences and 4,180 RNAs can be found in 27 species; (2) access to comprehensive Corynebacterium data through the use of advanced web technologies for interactive web interfaces; and (3) advanced bioinformatic analysis tools consisting of standard BLAST for homology search, VFDB BLAST for sequence homology search against the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB), Pairwise Genome Comparison (PGC) tool for comparative genomic analysis, and a newly designed Pathogenomics Profiling Tool (PathoProT) for comparative pathogenomic analysis. CoryneBase offers the access of a range of Corynebacterium genomic resources as well as analysis tools for comparative genomics and pathogenomics. It is publicly available at http://corynebacterium.um.edu.my/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Heydari
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheuk Chuen Siow
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mui Fern Tan
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nick S. Jakubovics
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Yee Wee
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naresh V. R. Mutha
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Guat Jah Wong
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mia Yang Ang
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amir Hessam Yazdi
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- Genome Informatics Research Laboratory, HIR Building, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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12
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Li YM, Vallera DA, Hall WA. Diphtheria toxin-based targeted toxin therapy for brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2013; 114:155-64. [PMID: 23695514 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted toxins (TT) are molecules that bind cell surface antigens or receptors such as the transferrin or interleukin-13 receptor that are overexpressed in cancer. After internalization, the toxin component kills the cell. These recombinant proteins consist of an antibody or carrier ligand coupled to a modified plant or bacterial toxin such as diphtheria toxin (DT). These fusion proteins are very effective against brain cancer cells that are resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy. TT have shown an acceptable profile for toxicity and safety in animal studies and early clinical trials have demonstrated a therapeutic response. This review summarizes the characteristics of DT-based TT, the animal studies in malignant brain tumors and early clinical trial results. Obstacles to the successful treatment of brain tumors include poor penetration into tumor, the immune response to DT and cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Michael Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Farfour E, Badell E, Dinu S, Guillot S, Guiso N. Microbiological changes and diversity in autochthonous non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in France. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:980-7. [PMID: 23320433 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autochtonous toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae have disappeared in mainland France, but non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae are still circulating. Using phenotypic and molecular tools, we retrospectively characterized 103 non-toxigenic C. diphtheriae collected in mainland France and highlight several changes. The proportion of C. diphtheriae belfanti increased between 1977 and 2011 and it is the most frequent biotype recovered in recent years. Resistance to ciprofloxacin has increased and most isolates with decreased sensitivity belong to the belfanti biotype. Using multilocus sequence typing, we demonstrate that French isolates are distributed in a large number of sequence types and identify three distinct lineages. C. diphtheriae mitis and gravis form lineage I while C. diphtheriae belfanti forms lineages II and III. Almost all isolates of lineage II are part of a unique clonal complex or are very close to it. Most French isolates have a dtxR sequence homologous to that of toxigenic isolates, suggesting that if lyzogenised by a corynephage, they can express diphtheria toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Farfour
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Prévention et Thérapies Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, Centre National de Référence des Corynébactéries du Complexe Diphtheriae, Paris, France; CNRS-URA 3012, Paris, France
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14
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Edwards B, Hunt AC, Hoskisson PA. Recent cases of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Scotland: justification for continued surveillance. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:561-562. [PMID: 21212144 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.025643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Becky Edwards
- Medical Microbiology & Virology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Alison C Hunt
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Persistence of nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae biotype gravis strains in Pondicherry, Southern India. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:763-4. [PMID: 21159931 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01543-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Potala S, Sahoo SK, Verma RS. Targeted therapy of cancer using diphtheria toxin-derived immunotoxins. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:807-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A PCR for dtxR gene: application to diagnosis of non-toxigenic and toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Mol Cell Probes 2008; 22:189-92. [PMID: 18378421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant rise in the percentage of adults susceptible to diphtheria and the emergence of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains as the causative agent of endocarditis and other systemic infections emphasize the need for alternative laboratory diagnostic procedures. In this study, for the first time, the value of a species-specific PCR assay that targets the dtxR gene is documented as a procedure for differentiating C. diphtheriae from Corynebacterium-like colonies. The results of the PCR-dtxR were all positive for 91 C. diphtheriae (54 non-toxigenic and 37 toxigenic) strains. PCR-dtxR completely correlated with the standard biochemical and commercial identification for all C. diphtheriae strains tested. Conversely, the PCR-dtxR results were negative in 100% of the 111 non-diphtherial Gram-positive rod strains obtained during identification procedures in a hospital laboratory. Thus, the PCR-dtxR assay emerged as viable, cost-effective screening method for C. diphtheriae laboratory identification.
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Kolodkina VL, Titov LP, Sharapa TN, Drozhzhina ON. Point mutations sites in tox promoter/operator and diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) gene associated with the level of toxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated in Belarus. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416807010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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De Zoysa A, Hawkey PM, Engler K, George R, Mann G, Reilly W, Taylor D, Efstratiou A. Characterization of toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans strains isolated from humans and domestic cats in the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4377-81. [PMID: 16145080 PMCID: PMC1234052 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4377-4381.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Revised: 03/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United Kingdom there has been a marked increase in the number of human infections caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans. During 2002 and 2003 the organism was also isolated from several domestic cats with bilateral nasal discharge. As C. ulcerans has never previously been isolated from cats, the 16S rRNA gene from three cat isolates was sequenced to confirm their species identities. Fifty clinical isolates from the United Kingdom isolated from 1986 to 2003 and seven cat isolates were characterized by ribotyping to determine whether the ribotypes of the cat isolates were genotypically related to those found for human clinical isolates. For comparison, the genotypes of 11 overseas isolates and 13 isolates from H. R. Carne's collection isolated between 1933 and 1979 were also determined. Strains isolated from domestic cats were found to exhibit the predominant ribotypes observed among human clinical isolates, suggesting that C. ulcerans isolated from cats could be a potential reservoir for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni De Zoysa
- Health Protection Agency, Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Specialist and Reference Microbiology Division, London, UK.
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