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Tachibana H, Pandey K, Yoshida N, Kakino A, Imai T, Feng M, Makiuchi T, Kobayashi S, Chalise M, Pandey BD. Survey of Entamoeba infections in schoolchildren and macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal, and analysis of genetic polymorphisms of Entamoeba nuttalli and Entamoeba dispar isolates. Acta Trop 2024:107340. [PMID: 39089609 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Entamoeba species infect humans and non-human primates, raising concerns associated with potential zoonotic transmission. Therefore, the prevalence of human Entamoeba infections is crucial for its management in areas, where macaques exhibit high infection rates. Previously, we demonstrated prevalent E. nuttalli infections in rhesus macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal. In this study, we surveyed Entamoeba infection among 185 schoolchildren from two schools visited by wild rhesus macaques to assess the risk of transmission. PCR-based screening for Entamoeba species identified E. coli in 13% and E. dispar in 0.5% of the human stool samples. However, E. nuttalli and E. chattoni infections, prevalent in macaques, were not detected in human samples. This suggests that Entamoeba spp. are not transmitted through macaques in the school environment. We surveyed the rhesus macaques living in the temple near schools as well as the rhesus and Assam macaques inhabiting Shivapri Nagarjun National Park, Kathmandu. Among the 49 macaque stool samples, E. chattoni, E. coli, E. nuttalli, and E. dispar were detected in 92%, 86%, 41%, and 18% of the samples, respectively. Notably, E. dispar infections in macaques were mostly prevalent in the temple. A sample isolated from Nagarujun showed an identical genotype at two tRNA-linked short tandem repeat loci to that of E. dispar isolated from humans, suggesting potential transmission from humans to macaques. Genotypic analysis of cultured E. nuttalli strains obtained from the macaques colonizing three locations demonstrated that the geographical distance rather than differences in macaque species played a crucial role in the genetic diversity of the parasites. The phylogenetic tree of E. nuttalli strains, including the previously isolated strains, reflected the geographical distribution of the isolation sites. This study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of Entamoeba transmission and genetic diversity in macaques and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azumi Kakino
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Imai
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Basu Dev Pandey
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Yu M, Yao Y, Li X, Su A, Xie M, Xiong Y, Yang S, Ni Q, Xiao H, Xu H. Epidemiological investigation of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China: A novel ribosomal lineage and genetic differentiation of Entamoeba nuttalli. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:441-451. [PMID: 38604548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Wild rhesus macaques are a potential source of zoonotic parasites for humans, and Entamoeba spp. are common intestinal parasites. To investigate the prevalence of Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques in China and explore the genetic differentiation of the potentially pathogenic species Entamoeba nuttalli, a total of 276 fecal samples from five populations at high altitudes (HAG, 2,800-4,100 m above sea level) and four populations at low altitudes (LAG, 5-1,000 m above sea level) were collected. PCR methods based on the ssrRNA gene were used to detect Entamoeba infection. Genotyping of E. nuttalli was performed based on six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci for further genetic analyses. The results revealed that Entamoeba infection (69.2%) was common in wild rhesus macaques in China, especially in LAG which had a significantly higher prevalence rate than that in HAG (P < 0.001). Three zoonotic species were identified: Entamoeba chattoni (60.9%) was the most prevalent species and distributed in all the populations, followed by Entamoeba coli (33.3%) and Entamoeba nuttalli (17.4%). In addition, a novel Entamoeba ribosomal lineage named RL13 (22.8%) was identified, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between RL13 and Entamoeba. hartmanni. Genotyping of E. nuttalli obtained 24 genotypes from five populations and further analysis showed E. nuttalli had a high degree of genetic differentiation (FST > 0.25, Nm < 1) between the host populations. The result of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that observed genetic differences mainly originate from differences among populations (FST = 0.91). Meanwhile, the phylogenetic tree showed that these genotypes of E. nuttalli were clustered according to geographical populations, indicating a significant phylogeographic distribution pattern. Considering the potential pathogenicity of E. nuttalli, attention should be paid to its risk of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Aoxing Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Qingyong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongtao Xiao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
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Upadhyay S, Das K, Ghosal A, Manna S, Saito-Nakano Y, Dutta S, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Multi-locus sequence analysis reveals phylogenetically segregated Entamoeba histolytica population. Parasitol Int 2024; 100:102861. [PMID: 38244854 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by the enteric parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, is one of the major food- and water-borne parasitic diseases in developing countries with improper sanitation and poor hygiene. Infection with E. histolytica has diverse disease outcomes, which are determined by the genetic diversity of the infecting strains. Comparative genetic analysis of infecting E. histolytica strains associated with differential disease outcomes from different geographical regions of the world is important to identify the specific genetic patterns of the pathogen that trigger certain disease outcomes of Amoebiasis. The strategy is able to elucidate the genealogical relation and population structure of infecting E. histolytica strains from different geographical regions. In the present study, we have performed a comparative genetic analysis of circulating E. histolytica strains identified from different parts of the world, including our study region, based on five tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci (i.e., D-A, NK2, R-R, STGA-D and A-L) and evaluated their potential associations with differential disease outcomes of Amoebiasis. A number of regional-specific, emerging haplotypes of E. histolytica, significantly associated with specific disease outcomes have been identified. Haplotypes, which have a significant positive association with asymptomatic and amoebic liver abscess outcomes, showed a significant negative association with diarrheal outcome, or vice versa. Comparative multi-locus analysis revealed that E. histolytica isolates from our study region are phylogenetically segregated from the isolates of other geographical regions. This study provides a crucial overview of the population structure and emerging pattern of the enteric parasite, E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Upadhyay
- Department of Allied Health Science, School of Health Science and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India.
| | - Ajanta Ghosal
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Department of HSE & Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, India.
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Upadhyay S, Das K, Ghosal A, Saito-Nakano Y, Dutta S, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Short tandem repeat (STR) based sequence typing of Entamoeba histolytica identifies S TGA-D locus as a genetic marker, associated with disease outcomes. Parasitol Int 2024; 99:102846. [PMID: 38110172 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis, caused by the enteric parasite Entamoeba histolytica has differential disease outcomes. The association of parasite genotypes with outcomes of amoebic infection is still a paradox and requires to be explored. The genetic information of infecting strains from endemic settings of different geographical regions is essential to evaluate the relation. Comparative genetics of E. histolytica clinical isolates from different disease outcomes have been explored based on two tRNA-linked STR loci (STGA-D and A-L). All of the repeat patterns in the A-L locus were newly identified and unique to Indian isolates. The majority of newly identified repeat patterns in STGA-D locus have outcome-specific distributions, predicting the emergence of disease-specific mutations in this target locus. Statistical analysis further reinforces this observation, as identified repeat patterns only from STGA-D but not A-L locus were significantly associated with disease outcomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates independent segregation and divergence of tRNA-linked STR arrays for each STR locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Upadhyay
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Science and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India.
| | - Ajanta Ghosal
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata 700010, India.
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Sardar SK, Ghosal A, Haldar T, Das K, Saito-Nakano Y, Kobayashi S, Dutta S, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Investigating genetic polymorphism in E. histolytica isolates with distinct clinical phenotypes. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2525-2537. [PMID: 37642770 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Amoebiasis is an infection caused by enteric protozoa, most commonly Entamoeba histolytica, and is globally considered a potentially severe and life-threatening condition. To understand the impact of the parasite genome on disease outcomes, it is important to study the genomes of infecting strains in areas with high disease prevalence. These studies aim to establish correlations between parasite genotypes and the clinical presentation of amoebiasis. We employ a strain typing approach that utilizes multiple loci, including SREHP and three polymorphic non-coding loci (tRNA-linked array N-K2 and loci 1-2 and 5-6), for high-resolution analysis. Distinct clinical phenotype isolates underwent amplification and sequencing of studied loci. The nucleotide sequences were analysed using Tandem Repeats Finder to detect short tandem repeats (STRs). These patterns were combined to assign a genotype, and the correlation between clinical phenotypes and repetitive patterns was statistically evaluated. This study found significant polymorphism in the size and number of PCR fragments at SREHP and 5-6 locus, while the 1-2 locus and NK2 locus showed variations in PCR product sizes. Out of 41 genotypes, two (I6 and I41) were significantly associated with their respective disease outcomes and were found in multiple isolates. We observed that I6 was linked with a symptomatic outcome, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.0183. Additionally, we found that I41 was associated with ALA disease outcome, with a p-value of 0.0089. Our study revealed new repeat units not previously reported, unveiling the genetic composition of E. histolytica strains in India, associated with distinct disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib K Sardar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Ajanta Ghosal
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tapas Haldar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
- Faculty of Science, Assam Downtown University, Guwahati, Assam, 781026, India
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India.
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Gene expression of axenically-isolated clinical Entamoeba histolytica strains and its impact on disease severity of amebiasis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010880. [PMID: 36178974 PMCID: PMC9555656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of Entamoeba histolytica infection is determined by host immunology, pathogen virulence, and the intestinal environment. Conventional research for assessing pathogen virulence has been mainly performed using laboratory strains, such as a virulent HM-1: IMSS (HM-1) and an avirulent Rahman, under various artificial environmental conditions because of the difficulties of axenic isolation of the clinical strains. However, it is still unclear whether scientific knowledge based on laboratory strains are universally applicable to the true pathogenesis. Hereby, we performed transcriptomic analysis of clinical strains from patients with different degrees of disease severity, as well as HM-1 under different conditions. Even after several months of axenization, Clinical strains show the distinct profile in gene expression during in vitro passage, moreover, difference between any 2 of these strains was much greater than the changes on the liver challenge. Interestingly, 26 DEGs, which were closely related to the biological functions, were oppositely up- or down regulated between virulent Ax 19 (liver abscess) and avirulent Ax 11 (asymptomatic carrier). Additionally, RNAseq using laboratory strain (HM1) showed more than half of genes were differently expressed between continuously in vitro passaged HM1 (in vitro HM1) and periodically liver passaged HM1 (virulent HM1), which was much greater than the changes on the liver passage of virulent HM1. Also, transcriptomic analysis of a laboratory strain revealed that continuous environmental stress enhances its virulence via a shift in its gene expression profile. Changes in gene expression patterns on liver abscess formation were not consistent between clinical and laboratory strains. Various genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica are prevalent in the field. Some papers suggest the association between genotypes and disease severity. However, most studies for assessing pathogen virulence were performed using laboratory strains, such as virulent HM1: IMSS (HM1) and avirulent Rahman, because axenic isolation from clinical specimen is technically complex and time consuming. This transcriptomic analysis using clinical strains from the patients with different clinical severity, as well as the laboratory strain HM1 under different conditions showed unique gene expression patterns. Following things were confirmed; 1. Virulent clinical strain maintains its virulence with unique gene expression pattern after axenic isolation, 2. Continuous environmental stress enhances its virulence via the accumulation of altered gene expressions, and 3. Changes in gene expression on the liver abscess formation are not always the same amongst strains. For an accurate understanding the pathogenesis, comprehensive analyses of various clinical strains under different environmental conditions should be promoted.
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Huaman JL, Pacioni C, Kenchington-Evans L, Doyle M, Helbig KJ, Carvalho TG. First Evidence of Entamoeba Parasites in Australian Wild Deer and Assessment of Transmission to Cattle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883031. [PMID: 35755840 PMCID: PMC9226911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Australian wild deer populations have significantly expanded in size and distribution in recent decades. Due to their role in pathogen transmission, these deer populations pose a biosecurity risk to the livestock industry. However, little is known about the infection status of wild deer in Australia. The intestinal parasite Entamoeba bovis has been previously detected in farm and wild ruminants worldwide, but its epidemiology and distribution in wild ruminants remain largely unexplored. To investigate this knowledge gap, faecal samples of wild deer and domestic cattle from south-eastern Australia were collected and analysed for the presence of Entamoeba spp. using PCR and phylogenetic analysis of the conserved 18S rRNA gene. E. bovis parasites were detected at high prevalence in cattle and wild deer hosts, and two distinct Entamoeba ribosomal lineages (RLs), RL1 and RL8, were identified in wild deer. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed the existance of a novel Entamoeba species in sambar deer and a novel Entamoeba RL in fallow deer. While we anticipated cross-species transmission of E. bovis between wild deer and cattle, the data generated in this study demonstrated transmission is yet to occur in Australia. Overall, this study has identified novel variants of Entamoeba and constitutes the first report of Entamoeba in fallow deer and sambar deer, expanding the host range of this parasite. Epidemiological investigations and continued surveillance of Entamoeba parasites in farm ruminants and wild animals will be required to evaluate pathogen emergence and transmission to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Huaman
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlo Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lily Kenchington-Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark Doyle
- Far South Coast, South East Local Land Services, Bega, NSW, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teresa G Carvalho
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ouafdi A, Collarino R, Normand AC, Huguenin A, Touafek F, Lazure T, Boullenois H, Thellier M, Jauréguiberry S. A sexually-transmitted case of ameboma without recent travel: Contribution of Entamoeba histolytica genotyping. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 45:102240. [PMID: 34906732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ouafdi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rocco Collarino
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Normand
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Huguenin
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France; EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51092, Reims, CEDEX, France
| | - Fériel Touafek
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Lazure
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'anatomopathologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hortense Boullenois
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service de chirurgie digestive, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- Sorbonne Université, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jauréguiberry
- Université Paris-Saclay, Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Société Française de Médecine des Voyages, France.
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Mon HM, Feng M, Pattanawong U, Kosuwin R, Yanagi T, Kobayashi S, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Cheng X, Tachibana H. Genotyping of Entamoeba nuttalli strains from the wild rhesus macaques of Myanmar and comparison with those from the wild rhesus macaques of Nepal and China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104830. [PMID: 33798757 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli found in macaques is phylogenetically the closest species to Entamoeba histolytica and is potentially pathogenic. In this study, the prevalence of Entamoeba infections was examined in wild rhesus macaques by examining 73 and 90 fecal samples collected from two sites, Popa Taung Kalat (PTK) and Pho Win Taung (PWT), in Myanmar. The positive rates of E. nuttalli detected using PCR were 49% and 31% in PTK and PWT, respectively, but no infections of E. histolytica and E. moshkovskii were found. Entamoeba dispar was detected in 6% of samples only from PWT. Positive rates of E. chattoni and E. coli were both 70% in PWT and 67% and 79% in PTK, respectively. Six E. nuttalli strains from PTK and eight from PWT were obtained in the culture with xenic medium and then, one and two strains, respectively, were axenized and finally cloned. The genotypic analysis of serine-rich protein genes revealed two genotypes each in both sites. The genotypes found in five of six strains from PTK were similar to those from the strains found in Nepal, whereas the remaining one from PTK and two from PWT were similar to those obtained from macaques in China. The sequence of the 18S rDNA of strains with these four genotypes was identical to that of the strains from China. Six loci of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats were analyzed for further genotyping of the strains. Although there were two types in locus A-L in PTK isolates, one of each type for PTK and PWT was found in the other loci, including locus A-L in PWT strains. These results demonstrated that the E. nuttalli strains from Myanmar are closer to the strains from macaques in China rather than those from macaques in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hla Myat Mon
- Yangon Technological University, Pharmaceutical Research Department, Myanma Scientific and Technological Research Department, Ministry of Science and Technology, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Urassaya Pattanawong
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Rattiporn Kosuwin
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Division of Health Promotion, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Srinakharinwirot University, Ongkharak, Nakhon Nayok 26120, Thailand
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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10
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Pattanawong U, Putaporntip C, Kakino A, Yoshida N, Kobayashi S, Yanmanee S, Jongwutiwes S, Tachibana H. Analysis of D-A locus of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats reveals transmission of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar among students in the Thai-Myanmar border region of northwest Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009188. [PMID: 33600446 PMCID: PMC7924757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections, including those caused by Entamoeba species, are a persistent problem in rural areas of Thailand. The aims of this study were to identify pathogenic Entamoeba species and to analyze their genotypic diversity. Stool samples were collected from 1,233 students of three schools located in the Thai-Myanmar border region of Tak Province, Thailand. The prevalence of Entamoeba infection was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers. Thirty-one (2.5%) positive cases were detected for E. histolytica, 55 (4.5%) for E. dispar, and 271 (22.0%) for E. coli. Positive samples for E. histolytica and E. dispar were exclusively obtained from a few school classes, whereas E. coli was detected in all grades. No infections caused by E. moshkovskii, E. nuttalli, E. chattoni, and E. polecki were detected in the students studied. The D-A locus of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats was analyzed in samples of E. histolytica (n = 13) and E. dispar (n = 47) to investigate their diversity and potential modes of transmission. Five genotypes of E. histolytica and 13 genotypes of E. dispar were identified. Sequences of the D-A were divergent, but several unique genotypes were significantly prevalent in limited classes, indicating that intra-classroom transmission has occurred. As it was unlikely that infection would have been limited within school classes if the mode of transmission of E. histolytica and E. dispar had been through the intake of contaminated drinking water or food, these results suggest a direct or indirect person-to-person transmission mode within school classes. Positive rates for three Entamoeba species were 2-fold higher in students who had siblings in the schools than in those without siblings, suggesting that transmission occurred even at home due to heavy contacts among siblings. Transmissions in endemic areas of the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica and other non-pathogenic Entamoeba species such as E. dispar and E. coli are caused by ingestion of drinking water and foods contaminated with cysts of the parasites. Cases of Entamoeba infections among school-aged children have been reported in several countries. However, it has not been demonstrated that transmission of protozoa of the Entamoeba genus occurs within school facilities. In addition, genetic information on E. histolytica and other morphologically indistinguishable species, including E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, in Thailand remains scarce. In the present study, we demonstrated that E. histolytica and/or E. dispar are prevalent among school-aged children, but limited to few classes in three rural schools in the Thai-Myanmar border region of northwest Thailand. Although various genotypes of these Entamoeba species were identified, identical genotypes were significantly more prevalent in certain school classes and also among siblings, suggesting that transmission occurred within the classrooms and at home. The possibility of person-to-person transmission among these students via direct or indirect contact during daily activities in classrooms and home is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urassaya Pattanawong
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Azumi Kakino
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Surasuk Yanmanee
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (SJ); (HT)
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
- * E-mail: (SJ); (HT)
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11
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Singh A, Banerjee T, Shukla SK. Factors Associated with High Rates of Recurrence of Amebic Liver Abscess (ALA) in North India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1383-1387. [PMID: 33432901 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of amebic liver abscess (ALA), once considered unusual, is increasingly being reported, despite proper management. Realizing the endemicity of ALA in the study setup, this 2-year follow-up study was conducted to investigate the recurrent cases and study the associated factors. A total of 101 confirmed cases of ALA were followed up for a period of 2 years. Recurrent cases were studied for associated bacterial flora, presence of resistance genes (nim), level of matrix metalloproteinase 3 and MMP-9, and genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica and statistically compared with the nonrecurrent cases as controls. Recurrence rates of 8.9% (nine patients) were detected. The presence of Prevotella along with an increased level of MMP-9 in abscess fluid and large size of abscesses (11 × 10.8 cm) was found to be significantly associated with recurrence in ALA. Among the nine cases, the presence of nimE gene was detected in two (22.2%) patients. The genotyping of E. histolytica strains showed that in seven (77.7%) cases, the genotype of E. histolytica was the same in the primary and recurrent samples. This study reports a high rate of recurrence in the cases of ALA, hinting toward the gradual development of clinical resistance toward the commonly used drug. The presence of nim gene and Prevotella in abscess fluid along with increased MMP-9 levels and large abscess size could be important predictors of recurrent ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sunit Kumar Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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12
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A Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Four Common Entamoeba Species That Infect Humans. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 59:JCM.01986-20. [PMID: 33115843 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01986-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 40 species within the genus Entamoeba, eight of which infect humans. Of these, four species (Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. moshkovskii, and E. bangladeshi) are morphologically indistinguishable from each other, and yet differentiation is important for appropriate treatment decisions. Here, we developed a hydrolysis probe-based tetraplex real-time PCR assay that can simultaneously detect and differentiate these four species in clinical samples. In this assay, multicopy small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences were used as targets. We determined that the tetraplex real-time PCR can detect amebic DNA corresponding to as little as a 0.1 trophozoite equivalent of any of these species. We also determined that this assay can detect E. histolytica DNA in the presence of 10-fold more DNA from another Entamoeba species in mixed-infection scenarios. With a panel of more than 100 well-characterized clinical samples diagnosed and confirmed using a previously published duplex real-time PCR (capable of detecting E. histolytica and E. dispar), our tetraplex real-time PCR assay demonstrated levels of sensitivity and specificity comparable with those demonstrated by the duplex real-time PCR assay. The advantage of our assay over the duplex assay is that it can specifically detect two additional Entamoeba species and can be used in conventional PCR format. This newly developed assay will allow further characterization of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of the four morphologically identical Entamoeba species, especially in low-resource settings.
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13
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Al-Dalabeeh EA, Irshaid FI, Roy S, Ali IKM, Al-Shudifat AM. Identification of Entamoeba histolytica in Patients with Suspected Amebiasis in Jordan Using PCR-based Assays. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:166-172. [PMID: 31944076 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.166.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Identification of Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) by microscopy alone can be problematic because E. dispar and E. moshkovskii are morphologically similar to E. histolytica. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the performance of microscopy in the detection of E. histolytica in stool specimens with the help of PCR-based assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between September, 2017 and September, 2018, 200 stool specimens were obtained from Jordanian patients with suspected amebiasis. All specimens were subjected to microscopic analysis. DNA was extracted from the microscopy-positive stool samples. A conventional PCR and a duplex real-time PCR were performed to detect E. histolytica and E. dispar. RESULTS By microscopy, 35% (70/200) of specimens were tested positive for Entamoeba complex. All 70 microscopic-positive Entamoeba complex samples were negative for the presence of E. histolytica by the NOVITEC® E. histolytica ELISA assay. All 70 samples positive by microscopy were negative for the presence of E. histolytica and E. dispar by PCR-based assays. CONCLUSION We suspect some of these microscopy-positive stool specimens might contain a potentially novel species of Entamoeba that could not be detected by ELISA or PCR-based assays specific for E. histolytica and E. dispar. Diagnosis of amebiasis remains challenging here in Jordan and hence highlighting the need for improved diagnostic method.
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14
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Yanagawa Y, Nagata N, Yagita K, Watanabe K, Okubo H, Kikuchi Y, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Watanabe K. Clinical features and gut microbiome of asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infection. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e3163-e3171. [PMID: 32564059 PMCID: PMC8563208 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica infection is a sexually transmitted disease in some developed countries. Asymptomatic infection often occurs and can be a source of transmission; however, limited data are available regarding the pathogenesis of E. histolytica. Methods This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. Specimens were prospectively collected from patients with clinically suspected cases. Entamoeba histolytica infection was defined as a case in which the identification of E. histolytica was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a clinical specimen. Data from asymptomatic cases were compared with those from symptomatic invasive cases. Results Sixty-four E. histolytica–infected cases, including 13 asymptomatic cases, were identified during the study period. Microbiological diagnosis was made by endoscopic sampling in 26.6% of these cases (17/64). Endoscopy identified macroscopically visible lesions in all cases; however, the sensitivity of histopathology on biopsy samples was low (45.5%) compared with PCR (94.7%). In asymptomatic cases, infection sites were limited around the proximal colon; moreover, trophozoites were frequently identified at infection sites whereas cystic forms were commonly detected in stools. Gut microbiome analyses showed more uniform composition in asymptomatic cases than in symptomatic invasive cases, which were represented by a relatively high abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Clostridiaceae, and a low abundance of Streptococcaceae. Conclusions These results indicate that the encystation and attenuation of E. histolytica are highly affected by the intestinal contents, including the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Yanagawa
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Endoscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Yagita
- Department of Parasitology, National Institutes of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okubo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kikuchi
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center of Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Stuart P, Yalcindag E, Ali IKM, Pecková R, Nurcahyo W, Morrogh-Bernard H, Foitová I. Entamoeba histolytica infections in wild and semi-wild orangutans in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23124. [PMID: 32175620 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Key to the success of orangutan conservation management practices is the prevention of the introduction of infectious diseases to the remaining populations. Previous reports of Entamoeba spp. positive orangutans are of concern as Entamoeba spp. infection has been linked to morbidity and mortality in primates. It remains to be determined if the Entamoeba species infecting orangutans is the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. Orangutan fecal samples have been collected from orangutans from sites in Sumatra (Bukit Lawang, Ketambe, and Suaq, 241 samples from 64 individuals), and two sites in Kalimantan (Sebangau and Tuanan, 129 samples from 39 individuals). All samples were from wild orangutans except for a proportion from Sumatra which were from semi-wild (108 samples, 10 individuals). E. histolytica-specific nested PCR assays were carried out on the fecal samples. A total of 36 samples from 17 individuals tested positive for E. histolytica. When compared with published sequences using NCBI BLAST the E. histolytica positive samples showed a 98-99% concordance. The majority (76%, n = 36) of the positive isolates came from semi-wild orangutans in Bukit Lawang. This study supports the growing body of evidence that contact with humans is an important risk factor for infection of wild primates with E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erhan Yalcindag
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ibne Karim M Ali
- Waterborne Disease Prevention Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Radka Pecková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Helen Morrogh-Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation (BNF), Palankaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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16
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Singh A, Banerjee T, Kumar R, Shukla SK. Prevalence of cases of amebic liver abscess in a tertiary care centre in India: A study on risk factors, associated microflora and strain variation of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214880. [PMID: 30943253 PMCID: PMC6447230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Mortality due to amebiasis is mostly by extra intestinal infections, amebic liver abscess being the most common one. This study was conducted to determine the current epidemiological status, risk factors, associated microflora and strain variation of E. histolytica causing liver abscesses. METHODS/FINDINGS A total of 115 liver abscess cases comprising of 107 (93%) males and 8 (6.9%) females were included in the study. Microscopic examination of pus samples from the abscesses and species discrimination using nested multiplex PCR showed the presence of E. histolytica in 101 (87.5%) cases. Data collected by face to face interviews using a pre tested questionnaire suggested intake of untreated drinking water (ORs: 6.4, p = 0.002), habit of alcohol consumption (ORs: 4.0, p = 0.019) and lack of urban services (ORs: 0.08, p = 0.017) to be major risk factors associated with E. histolytica infections. The study of associated bacterial flora through aerobic culture of liver aspirates and conventional PCR for detection of anaerobes revealed the presence of Fusobacterium (19, 25.5%), Peptococcus (19, 25.5%), Prevotella (18, 24.3%), Bacteroides (8, 10.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (3, 4%), Escherichia coli (2, 2.7%), Peptostreptococcus (2, 2.7%), Clostridium (2, 2.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (1, 1.3%). Further to study the clonality, genotyping of E. histolytica targeting six tRNA-linked polymorphic STR loci (A-L, D-A, N-K, R-R, STGA -D and S-Q) was carried out which showed the presence of 89 different genotypes in the liver aspirate samples. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the high prevalence of genetically diverse E. histolytica from the liver abscess cases in this geographical region. Low socio-economic status and habit of alcohol consumption were important predictors of amebic liver abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Tuhina Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
- * E-mail:
| | - Raju Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Sunit Kumar Shukla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
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17
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Espinosa A, Paz-Y-Miño-C G. Discrimination Experiments in Entamoeba and Evidence from Other Protists Suggest Pathogenic Amebas Cooperate with Kin to Colonize Hosts and Deter Rivals. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:354-368. [PMID: 30055104 PMCID: PMC6349510 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the least understood protists in terms of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition ability. However, the capacity to tell apart same or self (clone/kin) from different or nonself (nonclone/nonkin) has long been demonstrated in pathogenic eukaryotes like Trypanosoma and Plasmodium, free-living social amebas (Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium), budding yeast (Saccharomyces), and in numerous bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes). Kin discrimination/recognition is explained under inclusive fitness theory; that is, the reproductive advantage that genetically closely related organisms (kin) can gain by cooperating preferably with one another (rather than with distantly related or unrelated individuals), minimizing antagonism and competition with kin, and excluding genetic strangers (or cheaters = noncooperators that benefit from others' investments in altruistic cooperation). In this review, we rely on the outcomes of in vitro pairwise discrimination/recognition encounters between seven Entamoeba lineages to discuss the biological significance of taxa, clone, and kin discrimination/recognition in a range of generalist and specialist species (close or distantly related phylogenetically). We then focus our discussion on the importance of these laboratory observations for E. histolytica's life cycle, host infestation, and implications of these features of the amebas' natural history for human health (including mitigation of amebiasis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelina Espinosa
- Department of Biology, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
| | - Guillermo Paz-Y-Miño-C
- New England Center for the Public Understanding of Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, Rhode Island
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18
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Feng M, Yanagi T, Putaporntip C, Pattanawong U, Cheng X, Jongwutiwes S, Tachibana H. Correlation between genotypes and geographic distribution of Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from wild long-tailed macaques in Central Thailand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:114-122. [PMID: 30822548 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli found in non-human primates is the phylogenetically closest species to Entamoeba histolytica and is potentially pathogenic. However, infection of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with E. nuttalli has not been found. In this study, the prevalence of Entamoeba infections in wild long-tailed macaques was examined in seven locations in six provinces of Thailand. The positive rate for E. nuttalli in 214 fecal samples was 43.9% using PCR, but no infection with E. histolytica or Entamoeba dispar was found, demonstrating that long-tailed macaque is one of the natural hosts for E. nuttalli. Twenty-four E. nuttalli isolates were successfully cultured and four of them were axenized. The sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA genes of E. nuttalli from long-tailed macaques differed from those of E. nuttalli isolates from other species of wild macaques. Eleven types of sequences in serine-rich protein genes were identified in the 24 isolates and these were specific for each location in Thailand. By analysis of six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat loci, these isolates were divided into 14 types, and each type was also location-specific. Phylogenetic analysis revealed correlation between genotypes of the parasite and the geographic distribution of the host macaques. Genetic distance and geographic distance correlated significantly in a Mantel test, with r values of 0.888 based on the tRNA-linked short tandem repeat loci and 0.815 based on the serine-rich protein genes. These results suggest that genetic divergence and co-evolution of the parasite occurred during dispersion and colonization of the host macaque, and that genotypic analysis of the parasite may enable identification of the geographic localization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Urassaya Pattanawong
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Parasitology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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19
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Wei M, Feng M, Guan Y, Guo C, Zhou H, Fu Y, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Correlation of genetic diversity between hosts and parasites in Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from Tibetan and rhesus macaques in China. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:375-381. [PMID: 30101826 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli infection is prevalent in captive and wild macaques. Recent studies have suggested that genotypes of E. nuttalli isolates are correlated with the geographical distribution of host macaques. Correlation of amoebic genotypes with genetic diversity of host macaques was analyzed in present study. Sixty fresh stool samples were obtained from wild Tibetan macaques living in Mount Huang (HS) of the An-hui Province in China. PCR analysis revealed that the most prevalent Entamoeba species was E. chattoni (E. polecki ST2) (86.7%) followed by E. nuttalli (58.3%) and E. coli (25%). Six E. nuttalli HS isolates were successfully cultured. The tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci and serine-rich protein gene of E. nuttalli isolates from four different regions of China (Mount Long-hu, Gui-yang, Mount E-mei, and HS, the former three isolates were obtained in previous studies) were studied and high numbers of polymorphisms were detected. When genetic diversity of different populations of E. nuttalli isolates was compared with geographical distance, an r2 value of 0.919 was assigned by a Mantel test based on the tRNA-STR loci. In host macaques, the mtDNA HVS-I gene was also highly polymorphic in each of the genomes. Multiple regression analysis using E. nuttalli tRNA-STR loci genetic, macaque mtDNA HVS-I gene, and geographic distances showed an r2 value of 0.943, indicating that a higher relevance was demonstrated when geographic and host gene factors were considered. Analysis of genetic factor of host would benefit for better understanding of the evolution of E. nuttalli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Ce Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine
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20
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Feng M, Pandey K, Yanagi T, Wang T, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Cheng X, Sherchand JB, Pandey BD, Tachibana H. Prevalence and genotypic diversity of Entamoeba species in inhabitants in Kathmandu, Nepal. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2467-2472. [PMID: 29808233 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, gastrointestinal infections due to parasites including Entamoeba species are common. The main aim of this study was to identify species of Entamoeba using genotypic analysis. The prevalence of Entamoeba infections was examined by PCR in fecal samples from 143 inhabitants living close to wild rhesus macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal. The numbers of positive cases were one (0.7%) for E. histolytica, eight (5.6%) for E. dispar, seven (4.9%) for E. coli, and two (1.4%) for E. chattoni (E. polecki ST2). No infections with E. nuttalli, E. moshkovskii, and E. polecki ST1 were found. In E. dispar, at least seven different genotypes were detected from the eight samples by sequence analysis of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats. Different genotypes were found even in a couple from the same family. This is the first report demonstrating that E. dispar with high genotypic diversity is prevalent, rather than E. histolytica, in Kathmandu, and that zoonotic transmission of E. chattoni from rhesus macaques might occur in the inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ting Wang
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Center, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Sekizuka T, Sato-Ebine E, Escueta-de Cadiz A, Ji DD, Tomii K, Kuroda M, Nozaki T. AIG1 affects in vitro and in vivo virulence in clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006882. [PMID: 29554130 PMCID: PMC5884625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease state of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, varies from asymptomatic to severe manifestations that include dysentery and extraintestinal abscesses. The virulence factors of the pathogen, and host defense mechanisms, contribute to the outcomes of infection; however, the underlying genetic factors, which affect clinical outcomes, remain to be fully elucidated. To identify these genetic factors in E. histolytica, we used Illumina next-generation sequencing to conduct a comparative genomic analysis of two clinical isolates obtained from diarrheal and asymptomatic patients (strains KU50 and KU27, respectively). By mapping KU50 and KU27 reads to the genome of a reference HM-1:IMSS strain, we identified two genes (EHI_089440 and EHI_176590) that were absent in strain KU27. In KU27, a single AIG1 (avrRpt2-induced gene 1) family gene (EHI_176590) was found to be deleted, from a tandem array of three AIG1 genes, by homologous recombination between the two flanking genes. Overexpression of the EHI_176590 gene, in strain HM-1:IMSS cl6, resulted in increased formation of cell-surface protrusions and enhanced adhesion to human erythrocytes. The EHI_176590 gene was detected by PCR in 56% of stool samples from symptomatic patients infected with E. histolytica, but only in 15% of stool samples from asymptomatic individuals. This suggests that the presence of the EHI_176590 gene is correlated with the outcomes of infection. Taken together, these data strongly indicate that the AIG1 family protein plays a pivotal role in E. histolytica virulence via regulation of host cell adhesion. Our in-vivo experiments, using a hamster liver abscess model, showed that overexpression or gene silencing of EHI_176590 reduced and increased liver abscess formation, respectively. This suggests that the AIG1 genes may have contrasting roles in virulence depending on the genetic background of the parasite and host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sato-Ebine
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Dar-der Ji
- Center for Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kentaro Tomii
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC) and Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Genetic diversity of Entamoeba: Novel ribosomal lineages from cockroaches. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185233. [PMID: 28934335 PMCID: PMC5608334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current taxonomic perspective on Entamoeba is largely based on small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNA) from Entamoeba species identified in vertebrate hosts with minor exceptions such as E. moshkovskii from sewage water and E. marina from marine sediment. Other Entamoeba species have also been morphologically identified and described from non-vertebrate species such as insects; however, their genetic diversity remains unknown. In order to further disclose the diversity of the genus, we investigated Entamoeba spp. in the intestines of three cockroach species: Periplaneta americana, Blaptica dubia, and Gromphadorhina oblongonota. We obtained 134 Entamoeba SSU rDNA sequences from 186 cockroaches by direct nested PCR using the DNA extracts of intestines from cockroaches, followed by scrutinized BLASTn screening and phylogenetic analyses. All the sequences identified in this study were distinct from those reported from known Entamoeba species, and considered as novel Entamoeba ribosomal lineages. Furthermore, they were positioned at the base of the clade of known Entamoeba species and displayed remarkable degree of genetic diversity comprising nine major groups in the three cockroach species. This is the first report of the diversity of SSU rDNA sequences from Entamoeba in non-vertebrate host species, and should help to understand the genetic diversity of the genus Entamoeba.
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23
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SINE polymorphism reveals distinct strains of Entamoeba histolytica from North India. Exp Parasitol 2017; 175:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Underestimated Amoebic Appendicitis among HIV-1-Infected Individuals in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:313-320. [PMID: 27847377 PMCID: PMC5228245 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01757-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is not a common causative agent of acute appendicitis. However, amoebic appendicitis can sometimes be severe and life threatening, mainly due to a lack of awareness. Also, its frequency, clinical features, and pathogenesis remain unclear. The study subjects were HIV-1-infected individuals who presented with acute appendicitis and later underwent appendectomy at our hospital between 1996 and 2014. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded preserved appendix specimens were reexamined by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and PCR to identify undiagnosed amoebic appendicitis. Appendectomies were performed in 57 patients with acute appendicitis. The seroprevalence of E. histolytica was 33% (14/43) from the available stored sera. Based on the medical records, only 3 cases were clinically diagnosed as amoebic appendicitis, including 2 diagnosed at the time of appendectomy and 1 case diagnosed by rereview of the appendix after the development of postoperative complications. Retrospective analyses using PAS staining and PCR identified 3 and 3 more cases, respectively. Thus, E. histolytica infection was confirmed in 9 cases (15.8%) in the present study. Apart from a significantly higher leukocyte count in E. histolytica-positive patients than in negative patients (median, 13,760 versus 10,385 cells/μl, respectively, P = 0.02), there were no other differences in the clinical features of the PCR-positive and -negative groups. In conclusion, E. histolytica infection was confirmed in 9 (15.8%) of the appendicitis cases. However, only 3, including one diagnosed after intestinal perforation, were diagnosed before the present analyses. These results strongly suggest there is frequently a failure to detect trophozoites in routine examination, resulting in an underestimation of the incidence of amoebic appendicitis.
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25
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Creemers-Schild D, van Genderen PJJ, Visser LG, van Hellemond JJ, Wismans PJ. Recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a 16-year period: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:472. [PMID: 27756400 PMCID: PMC5069943 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amebic liver abscess is a rare disease in high-income countries. Recurrence of amebic liver abscess is even rarer with only a few previous reports. Here we present a patient who developed three subsequent amebic liver abscesses over a sixteen-year period. Case presentation A Caucasian male developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses, when aged 23, 27 and 39 years. Only on the first occasion did this coincide with a recent visit to the tropics. The patient received adequate treatment during each episode. Possible explanations are persistent asymptomatic carrier state, cysts passage in his family, re-infection or chance. Conclusion We describe the unusual case of a healthy male who developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a long period despite adequate treatment. Possible pathophysiological explanations are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Creemers-Schild
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P J J van Genderen
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J J van Hellemond
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center and Institute for Tropical Diseases, Rotterdam Harbour Hospital, MC, Room Na-901K (Secr. Office), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P J Wismans
- Institute for Tropical Diseases, Harbour Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Rojas L, Morán P, Valadez A, Gómez A, González E, Hernández E, Partida O, Nieves M, Gudiño M, Magaña U, Torres J, Ximénez C. Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in Mexican school children: genotyping and phylogenetic relationship. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:485. [PMID: 27618874 PMCID: PMC5020506 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the frequency of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in school children in the community of Tlaltizapan, in order to understand the dynamics of infection within the school and family spheres of this population. Amoebiasis is an unsolved public health problem and an endemic disease in Mexico. The incidence rate varies depending on the state; the most affected states show the highest numbers of new cases of amoebiasis per year. Previously, we reported the molecular frequency of infection with E. histolytica and/or E. dispar in other rural communities of the state of Morelos. METHODS Children from 3 schools were studied to estimate the frequency of intestinal parasites through microscopic examination of fresh stool samples. The number of studied individuals were 309 school children. The molecular characterization of E. histolytica or E. dispar was carried out by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers to amplify short tandem repeats (STR) in non-coding sequences associated with the tRNA gene; the amplified fragments were sequenced and analyzed. RESULTS Eight different genotypes were obtained from E. dispar isolates with the molecular marker NKD3-D5. None of the cases in which the species E. histolytica was detected developed symptoms attributable to an invasive process of disease. Moreover, the parasitized condition appeared to have no significant impact on the development or nutritional status of affected children. Genotype 1, which corresponds to the reference strain E. dispar SAW760, considered a non-pathogenic amoeba, was the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the genotypes of Entamoeba species did not show a correlation between children and their relatives. In this community, the species Entamoeba dispar genotype 1 was the most widespread. Based on the indicators of growth, development and nutrition status, the studied community seems to be reasonably adapted to constant exposure to intestinal parasites, since there were no evidences of a serious impact of the parasitized condition on the children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Rojas
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Morán
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Valadez
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Gómez
- Research Unit of infectious Diseases, Pediatric Hospital, XXI Century Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique González
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eric Hernández
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Partida
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Nieves
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Gudiño
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ulises Magaña
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Research Unit of infectious Diseases, Pediatric Hospital, XXI Century Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ximénez
- Research Unit of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Dr Balmis No148 Col. Doctores, CP 06726 Mexico City, Mexico
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27
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Comparative analysis of genotypic diversity in Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from Tibetan macaques and rhesus macaques in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:126-131. [PMID: 26723919 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated the potentially virulent species Entamoeba nuttalli as one of the highly prevalent parasites in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Mount Long-hu and Gui-yang in China. Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) is a unique species living in China. To evaluate the prevalence of Entamoeba species in wild Tibetan macaques, we obtained 89 stool samples in Mount E-mei of Si-chuan Province in China. PCR analysis detected E. nuttalli, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba polecki ST2 in 17%, 42%, and 66% of the samples, respectively, whereas Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar were undetected. This study is the first to report on the detection of E. nuttalli from Tibetan macaques. Six E. nuttalli isolates were obtained, 18S rRNA gene and six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci of the isolates were sequenced. The Mantel test results gave an r value of 0.97 of relationships between geographical distance and genetic diversity of Chinese E. nuttalli populations, indicating a significant isolation-by-distance effect in Chinese E. nuttalli according to the tRNA-STR loci sequences. Structural analysis of E. nuttalli isolates based on tRNA-linked STR loci demonstrated three Chinese E. nuttalli populations with their respective features, but the Gui-yang population was located in the middle. In the distance-based NJ tree, E. nuttalli isolates were divided into five different branches, and E-mei isolates were attributed to an independent branch to distinguish them from Gui-yang and Long-hu isolates. Genetic analysis in this study provided clues of the genetic differences between E. nuttalli isolates from Tibetan macaques and rhesus macaques in China.
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28
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Reyna-Fabián ME, Zermeño V, Ximénez C, Flores J, Romero MF, Diaz D, Argueta J, Moran P, Valadez A, Cerritos R. Analysis of the Bacterial Diversity in Liver Abscess: Differences Between Pyogenic and Amebic Abscesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:147-55. [PMID: 26572872 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have demonstrated that virulence in Entamoeba histolytica is triggered in the presence of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria species using in vitro and in vivo experimental animal models. In this study, we examined samples aspirated from abscess material obtained from patients who were clinically diagnosed with amebic liver abscess (ALA) or pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). To determine the diversity of bacterial species in the abscesses, we performed partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, the E. histolytica and Entamoeba dispar species were genotyped using tRNA-linked short tandem repeats as specific molecular markers. The association between clinical data and bacterial and parasite genotypes were examined through a correspondence analysis. The results showed the presence of numerous bacterial groups. These taxonomic groups constitute common members of the gut microbiota, although all of the detected bacterial species have a close phylogenetic relationship with bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, some patients clinically diagnosed with PLA and ALA were coinfected with E. dispar or E. histolytica, which suggests that the virulence of these parasites increased in the presence of bacteria. However, no specific bacterial groups were associated with this effect. Together, our results suggest a nonspecific mechanism of virulence modulation by bacteria in Entamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Reyna-Fabián
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Valeria Zermeño
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Cecilia Ximénez
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Janin Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Miguel F Romero
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Jesús Argueta
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Patricia Moran
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Alicia Valadez
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - René Cerritos
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
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29
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Gilchrist CA, Turner SD, Riley MF, Petri WA, Hewlett EL. Whole-genome sequencing in outbreak analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:541-63. [PMID: 25876885 PMCID: PMC4399107 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the ever-present concern of medical professionals about epidemics of infectious diseases, the relative ease of access and low cost of obtaining, producing, and disseminating pathogenic organisms or biological toxins mean that bioterrorism activity should also be considered when facing a disease outbreak. Utilization of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in outbreak analysis facilitates the rapid and accurate identification of virulence factors of the pathogen and can be used to identify the path of disease transmission within a population and provide information on the probable source. Molecular tools such as WGS are being refined and advanced at a rapid pace to provide robust and higher-resolution methods for identifying, comparing, and classifying pathogenic organisms. If these methods of pathogen characterization are properly applied, they will enable an improved public health response whether a disease outbreak was initiated by natural events or by accidental or deliberate human activity. The current application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to microbial WGS and microbial forensics is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Margaret F Riley
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erik L Hewlett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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30
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Oliveira FMS, Neumann E, Gomes MA, Caliari MV. Entamoeba dispar: Could it be pathogenic. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5:9-14. [PMID: 25709947 PMCID: PMC4327003 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.149887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. This ameba can colonize the human intestine and persist as a commensal parasite, similar to Entamoeba dispar, an ameba considered to be non-pathogenic. The similarities between E. histolytica and E. dispar make the latter an attractive model for studies aimed at clarifying the pathogenesis of amebiasis. However, in addition to being an interesting experimental model, this relative of E. histolytica remains poorly understood. In the 1990, it was believed that E. dispar was unable to produce significant experimental lesions. This scenario began to change in 1996, when E. dispar strains were isolated from symptomatic patients in Brazil. These strains were able to produce liver and intestinal lesions that were occasionally indistinguishable from those produced by E. histolytica. These and other findings, such as the detection of E. dispar DNA sequences in samples from patients with amebic liver abscess, have revived the possibility that this species can produce lesions in humans. The present paper presents a series of studies on E. dispar that begin to reveal a new facet of this protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Neumann
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Das K, Ganguly S. Evolutionary genomics and population structure of Entamoeba histolytica. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 12:26-33. [PMID: 25505504 PMCID: PMC4262060 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis caused by the gastrointestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica has diverse disease outcomes. Study of genome and evolution of this fascinating parasite will help us to understand the basis of its virulence and explain why, when and how it causes diseases. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge regarding evolutionary genomics of E. histolytica and discussed their association with parasite phenotypes and its differential pathogenic behavior. How genetic diversity reveals parasite population structure has also been discussed. Queries concerning their evolution and population structure which were required to be addressed have also been highlighted. This significantly large amount of genomic data will improve our knowledge about this pathogenic species of Entamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Regan CS, Yon L, Hossain M, Elsheikha HM. Prevalence of Entamoeba species in captive primates in zoological gardens in the UK. PeerJ 2014; 2:e492. [PMID: 25097822 PMCID: PMC4121542 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of amoebic infection in non-human primates (NHPs) from six Zoological gardens in the United Kingdom. Initially, 126 faecal samples were collected from 37 individually identified NHPs at Twycross Zoo, UK, and were subjected to microscopic examination. A subsequent, nationwide experiment included 350 faecal samples from 89 individually identified NHPs and 73 unidentified NHPs from a number of UK captive wildlife facilities: Twycross Zoo (n = 60), Colchester Zoo (n = 3), Edinburgh Zoo (n = 6), Port Lympne Wild Animal Park (n = 58), Howletts Wild Animal Park (n = 31), and Cotswold Wildlife Park (n = 4). Samples were examined by PCR and sequencing using four specific primer sets designed to differentiate between the pathogenic E. histolytica, the non-pathogenic E. dispar, and non-pathogenic uninucleate cyst-producing Entamoeba species. In the first experiment, Entamoeba was detected in 30 primates (81.1%). Six (16.2%) primates were infected with E. histolytica species complex. The highest carriage of Entamoeba species was found in Old World Colobinae primates. In the nationwide experiment, molecular analysis of faecal samples revealed notable rates of Entamoeba infection (101 samples, 28.9%), including one sample infected with E. histolytica, 14 samples with E. dispar, and 86 samples with uninucleated-cyst producing Entamoeba species. Sequences of positive uninucleated-cyst producing Entamoeba samples from Twycross Zoo clustered with the E. polecki reference sequences ST4 reported in Homo sapiens, and are widely separated from other Entamoeba species. These findings suggest a low prevalence of the pathogenic Entamoeba infection, but notable prevalence of non-pathogenic E. polecki infection in NHPs in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Regan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Lisa Yon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Maqsud Hossain
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Loughborough, Leicestershire , UK
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Jaiswal V, Ghoshal U, Mittal B, Dhole TN, Ghoshal UC. Association between allelic variation due to short tandem repeats in tRNA gene of Entamoeba histolytica and clinical phenotypes of amoebiasis. Acta Trop 2014; 133:1-7. [PMID: 24495629 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genotypes of Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) may contribute clinical phenotypes of amoebiasis such as amoebic liver abscess (ALA), dysentery and asymptomatic cyst passers state. Hence, we evaluated allelic variation due to short tandem repeats (STRs) in tRNA gene of E. histolytica and clinical phenotypes of amoebiasis. Asymptomatic cyst passers (n=24), patients with dysentery (n=56) and ALA (n=107) were included. Extracted DNA from stool (dysentery, asymptomatic cyst passers) and liver aspirate was amplified using 6 E. histolytica specific tRNA-linked STRs (D-A, A-L, N-K2, R-R, S-Q, and S(TGA)-D) primers. PCR products were subjected to sequencing. Association between allelic variation and clinical phenotypes was analyzed. A total of 9 allelic variations were found in D-A, 8 in A-L, 4 in N-K2, 5 in R-R, 10 in S(TAG)-D and 7 in S-Q loci. A significant association was found between allelic variants and clinical phenotypes of amoebiasis. This study reveals that allelic variation due to short tandem repeats (STRs) in tRNA gene of E. histolytica is associated different clinical outcome of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
| | - Balraj Mittal
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Tapan N Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Das K, Mukherjee AK, Chowdhury P, Sehgal R, Bhattacharya MK, Hashimoto T, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Multilocus sequence typing system (MLST) reveals a significant association of Entamoeba histolytica genetic patterns with disease outcome. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:308-14. [PMID: 24321887 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between parasite genotypes and outcome of amoebic infection is still a paradox and needed to be explored. Proper identification and genetic characterization of Entamoeba histolytica clinical isolates is an effective tool for exploring this relation. Along with conventional polymorphic marker (Chitinase), tRNA linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci has been employed as multilocus genotyping tool due to its better resolution and evolutionary significance. Some common as well as exclusive repeat patterns showing significant relation with disease outcome have been identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that repeat patterns exclusively found in asymptomatic and amoebic liver abscess derived isolates are placed in a common lineage and has similar association pattern with the disease outcome. Assumption can be made that isolates of E. histolytica remaining asymptomatic is genetically closer siblings of those causing liver abscess rather than the diarrheal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
| | - Avik K Mukherjee
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
| | - Punam Chowdhury
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Mihir K Bhattacharya
- Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
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Correlation between genotypes of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats in Entamoeba nuttalli isolates and the geographical distribution of host rhesus macaques. Parasitol Res 2013; 113:367-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kumari V, Iyer LR, Roy R, Bhargava V, Panda S, Paul J, Verweij JJ, Clark CG, Bhattacharya A, Bhattacharya S. Genomic distribution of SINEs in Entamoeba histolytica strains: implication for genotyping. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:432. [PMID: 23815468 PMCID: PMC3716655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica infection include amebic colitis and liver abscess. However the majority of infections remain asymptomatic. Earlier reports have shown that some E. histolytica isolates are more virulent than others, suggesting that virulence may be linked to genotype. Here we have looked at the genomic distribution of the retrotransposable short interspersed nuclear elements EhSINE1 and EhSINE2. Due to their mobile nature, some EhSINE copies may occupy different genomic locations among isolates of E. histolytica possibly affecting adjacent gene expression; this variability in location can be exploited to differentiate strains. RESULTS We have looked for EhSINE1- and EhSINE2-occupied loci in the genome sequence of Entamoeba histolytica HM-1:IMSS and searched for homologous loci in other strains to determine the insertion status of these elements. A total of 393 EhSINE1 and 119 EhSINE2 loci were analyzed in the available sequenced strains (Rahman, DS4-868, HM1:CA, KU48, KU50, KU27 and MS96-3382. Seventeen loci (13 EhSINE1 and 4 EhSINE2) were identified where a EhSINE1/EhSINE2 sequence was missing from the corresponding locus of other strains. Most of these loci were unoccupied in more than one strain. Some of the loci were analyzed experimentally for SINE occupancy using DNA from strain Rahman. These data helped to correctly assemble the nucleotide sequence at three loci in Rahman. SINE occupancy was also checked at these three loci in 7 other axenically cultivated E. histolytica strains and 16 clinical isolates. Each locus gave a single, specific amplicon with the primer sets used, making this a suitable method for strain typing. Based on presence/absence of SINE and amplification with locus-specific primers, the 23 strains could be divided into eleven genotypes. The results obtained by our method correlated with the data from other typing methods. We also report a bioinformatic analysis of EhSINE2 copies. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal several loci with extensive polymorphism of SINE occupancy among different strains of E. histolytica and prove the principle that the genomic distribution of SINEs is a valid method for typing of E. histolytica strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kumari
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Lakshmi Rani Iyer
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Riti Roy
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Bhargava
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suchita Panda
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Jaco J Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Clinical Pathology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - C Graham Clark
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Zermeño V, Ximénez C, Morán P, Valadez A, Valenzuela O, Rascón E, Diaz D, Cerritos R. Worldwide genealogy of Entamoeba histolytica: an overview to understand haplotype distribution and infection outcome. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 17:243-52. [PMID: 23624203 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although Entamoeba histolytica is one of the most prevalent intestinal parasites, how the different strains of this species are distributed all over the world and how different genotypes are associated with the infection outcome are yet to be fully understood. Recently, the use of a number of molecular markers has made the characterization of several genotypes in those regions with high incidence of amoebiasis possible. This work proposes the first genealogy of E. histolytica, with an haplotype network based on two tRNA gene-linked array of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) reported until today, and 47 sequences from 39 new isolates of Mexican Amoebic Liver Abscesses (ALA) samples. One hundred and three sequences were obtained from D-A locus, their information about the geographic region of isolation as well as clinical diagnosis were also collected. One hundred and five sequences from N-K2 locus were also obtained as well as the region of isolation, but the information about clinical diagnosis was not available in all cases. The most abundant and widely distributed haplotype in the world is the one of E. histolytica HM1:IMSS strain. This was found in Mexico, Bangladesh, Japan, China and USA and is associated to symptomatic patients as well as asymptomatic cyst passers. Many other haplotypes were found only in a single country. Both genealogies suggest that there are no lineages within the networks that may be related to a particular geographic region or infection outcome. A concatenated analysis of the two molecular markers revealed 12 different combinations, which suggests the possibility of genetic recombination events. The present study is the first to propose a global genealogy of this species and suggests that there are still many genotypes to be discovered. The genotyping of new isolates will help to understand the great diversity and genetic structure of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Zermeño
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico
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Royer TL, Gilchrist C, Kabir M, Arju T, Ralston KS, Haque R, Clark CG, Petri WA. Entamoeba bangladeshi nov. sp., Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1543-5. [PMID: 22932710 PMCID: PMC3437720 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Morán P, Rojas L, Cerritos R, Zermeño V, Valadez A, de Oca GM, Reyes MÁ, González E, Partida O, Hernández E, Nieves M, Portillo T, Gudiño M, Ramiro M, Ximénez C. Case report: Cutaneous amebiasis: the importance of molecular diagnosis of an emerging parasitic disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012. [PMID: 23208883 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous amebiasis is the least common clinical form of human amebiasis in Mexico, sexual amebiasis was only occasionally observed before the late 1980s. However, in the last few decades, most of the documented cases of cutaneous amebiasis from around the world are sexually transmitted. We present two cases of sexually transmitted genital amebiasis. The molecular characterization of the Entamoeba species in the affected tissues underlines the importance of an etiological diagnosis using specific and sensitive techniques that avoid the rapid destruction of tissues and the irreversible sequelae to the anatomy and function of the affected organs. In addition, for those interested in the study of the human-amoebic disease relationship and its epidemiology, the detection of a new, mixed infection in an invasive case of amebiasis reveals new perspectives in the study of the extraordinarily complex host-parasite relationship in amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morán
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Faust DM, Guillen N. Virulence and virulence factors in Entamoeba histolytica, the agent of human amoebiasis. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1428-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gilchrist CA, Ali IKM, Kabir M, Alam F, Scherbakova S, Ferlanti E, Weedall GD, Hall N, Haque R, Petri WA, Caler E. A Multilocus Sequence Typing System (MLST) reveals a high level of diversity and a genetic component to Entamoeba histolytica virulence. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:151. [PMID: 22839995 PMCID: PMC3438053 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outcome of an Entamoeba histolytica infection is variable and can result in either asymptomatic carriage, immediate or latent disease (diarrhea/dysentery/amebic liver abscess). An E. histolytica multilocus genotyping system based on tRNA gene-linked arrays has shown that genetic differences exist among parasites isolated from patients with different symptoms however, the tRNA gene-linked arrays cannot be located in the current assembly of the E. histolytica Reference genome (strain HM-1:IMSS) and are highly variable. Results To probe the population structure of E. histolytica and identify genetic markers associated with clinical outcome we identified in E. histolytica positive samples selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by multiplexed massive parallel sequencing. Profile SNPs were selected which, compared to the reference strain HM-1:IMSS sequence, changed an encoded amino acid at the SNP position, and were present in independent E. histolytica isolates from different geographical origins. The samples used in this study contained DNA isolated from either xenic strains of E. histolytica trophozoites established in culture or E. histolytica positive clinical specimens (stool and amebic liver abscess aspirates). A record of the SNPs present at 16 loci out of the original 21 candidate targets was obtained for 63 of the initial 84 samples (63% of asymptomatically colonized stool samples, 80% of diarrheal stool, 73% of xenic cultures and 84% of amebic liver aspirates). The sequences in all the 63 samples both passed sequence quality control metrics and also had the required greater than 8X sequence coverage for all 16 SNPs in order to confidently identify variants. Conclusions Our work is in agreement with previous findings of extensive diversity among E. histolytica isolates from the same geographic origin. In phylogenetic trees, only four of the 63 samples were able to group in two sets of two with greater than 50% confidence. Two SNPs in the cylicin-2 gene (EHI_080100/XM_001914351) were associated with disease (asymptomatic/diarrhea p = 0.0162 or dysentery/amebic liver abscess p = 0.0003). This study demonstrated that there are genetic differences between virulent and avirulent E. histolytica strains and that this approach has the potential to define genetic changes that influence infection outcomes.
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Shimokawa C, Kabir M, Taniuchi M, Mondal D, Kobayashi S, Ali IKM, Sobuz SU, Senba M, Houpt E, Haque R, Petri WA, Hamano S. Entamoeba moshkovskii is associated with diarrhea in infants and causes diarrhea and colitis in mice. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:744-51. [PMID: 22723640 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entamoeba moshkovskii is prevalent in developing countries and morphologically indistinguishable from pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica and nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar. It is not known if E. moshkovskii is pathogenic. METHODS Mice were intracecally challenged with the trophozoites of each Entamoeba spp. to test the ability to cause diarrhea, and infants in Bangladesh were prospectively observed to see if newly acquired E. moshkovskii infection was associated with diarrhea. RESULTS E. moshkovskii and E. histolytica caused diarrhea and weight loss in susceptible mice. E. dispar infected none of the mouse strains tested. In Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E. moshkovskii, E. histolytica, and E. dispar were identified in 42 (2.95%), 66 (4.63%), and 5 (0.35%), respectively, of 1426 diarrheal episodes in 385 children followed prospectively from birth to one year of age. Diarrhea occurred temporally with acquisition of a new E. moshkovskii infection: in the 2 months preceding E. moshkvskii-associated diarrhea, 86% (36 of 42) of monthly surveillance stool samples were negative for E. moshkovskii. CONCLUSIONS E. moshkovskii was found to be pathogenic in mice. In children, the acquisition of E. moshkovskii infection was associated with diarrhea. These data are consistent with E. moshkovskii causing disease, indicating that it is important to reexamine its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Feng M, Cai J, Yang B, Fu Y, Min X, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Unique short tandem repeat nucleotide sequences in Entamoeba histolytica isolates from China. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1137-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ali IKM, Haque R, Alam F, Kabir M, Siddique A, Petri WA. Evidence for a link between locus R-R sequence type and outcome of infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:E235-7. [PMID: 22448930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The results of Entamoeba histolytica infections range from asymptomatic colonization to variable disease outcomes. However, markers that may predict infection outcomes are not known. Here, we investigated sequence types of a non-coding tRNA-linked locus R-R to identify surrogate markers that may show association with infection outcomes. Among 112 clinical samples--21 asymptomatic, 20 diarrhoea/dysentery and 71 liver abscesses--we identified 11 sequence types. Sequence type 5RR was mostly associated with asymptomatic samples, and sequence type 10RR was predominantly associated with the symptomatic (diarrhoea/dysentery and liver abscess) samples. This is the first report that identifies markers that may predict disease outcomes in E. histolytica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K M Ali
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Azimirad M, Nochi Z, Romani S, Tajbakhsh M, Rostami-Nejad M, Haghighi A, Zali MR. Sequence Diversity in tRNA Gene Locus A-L among Iranian Isolates of Entamoeba dispar. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 7:97-103. [PMID: 23133479 PMCID: PMC3488828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of methods for detecting diversity in Entamoeba have been described over the years. In the present study the genetic polymorphism of noncoding locus A-L was analyzed using PCR and sequencing in order to clarify the genotypic differences among E. dispar isolates. METHODS A total of 28 E. dispar from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were determined and the genomic DNA was extracted directly from stool. For genotype analysis; Locus A-L was amplified by PCR and PCR products were sequenced. The sequences obtained were edited manually and aligned using Gene Runner software. RESULTS With sequencing of PCR products a reliable genetic diversity in size, number and position of the repeat units were observed among the Iranian E. dispar isolates in locus A-L gene. Sequences showed variation in length from 448bp to 507bp and seven distinct types were identified. CONCLUSION The genetic diversity of loci like A-L shows them to be suitable for epidemiological studies such as the characterization of the routes of transmission of these parasites in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author:Fax: + 98 21 22432517, E-mail:
| | - M Azimirad
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Nochi
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Romani
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Tajbakhsh
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rostami-Nejad
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - MR Zali
- Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mojarad EN, Azimirad M, Bayat M, Hellaly A, Aghdaei HA, Shalmani HM. Polymorphism in two short tandem repeat loci (R-R and S-Q) linked to tRNA genes in Entamoeba dispar isolates. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2012; 5:202-8. [PMID: 24834227 PMCID: PMC4017464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, genetic polymorphism of two tRNA-liked short tandem repeat (STR)-containing loci, R-R and S-Q, was analyzed in order to clarify further the genotypic differences among E. dispar isolates. BACKGROUND Entamoeba dispar is closely related to the human pathogen E. histolytica, the agent of amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscesses. E. dispar is, to some extent, capable of producing variable focal intestinal lesions in animals and of destroying epithelial cell monolayers in vitro, and some have reported it to be capable of producing amoebic liver abscess in hamsters. However no evidence exists at present to link E. dispar with human disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 28 E. dispar samples from gastrointestinal disorder patients were characterized using PCR and sequencing. The sequences obtained were edited manually and aligned. RESULTS Sequence analysis showed 9 and 6 different patterns of units in the repeat-containing region of R-R and S-Q, respectively. The repeat-containing regions of R-R and S-Q loci were found to be extensively polymorphic, varying in size, number and order of repeat units. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate extensive genetic variability among Iranian E. dispar clinical isolates. The genetic diversity of tRNA gene-linked STR loci shows them to be suitable for epidemiological studies such as the characterization of the routes of transmission of these parasites in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Bayat
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Hellaly
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mohaghegh Shalmani
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Watanabe K, Gatanaga H, Cadiz AED, Tanuma J, Nozaki T, Oka S. Amebiasis in HIV-1-infected Japanese men: clinical features and response to therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1318. [PMID: 21931875 PMCID: PMC3172195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive amebic diseases caused by Entamoeba histolytica are increasing among men who have sex with men and co-infection of ameba and HIV-1 is an emerging problem in developed East Asian countries. To characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of invasive amebiasis in HIV-1 patients, the medical records of 170 co-infected cases were analyzed retrospectively, and E. histolytica genotype was assayed in 14 cases. In this series of HIV-1-infected patients, clinical presentation of invasive amebiasis was similar to that described in the normal host. High fever, leukocytosis and high CRP were associated with extraluminal amebic diseases. Two cases died from amebic colitis (resulting in intestinal perforation in one and gastrointestinal bleeding in one), and three cases died from causes unrelated to amebiasis. Treatment with metronidazole or tinidazole was successful in the other 165 cases. Luminal treatment was provided to 83 patients following metronidazole or tinidazole treatment. However, amebiasis recurred in 6 of these, a frequency similar to that seen in patients who did not receive luminal treatment. Recurrence was more frequent in HCV-antibody positive individuals and those who acquired syphilis during the follow-up period. Various genotypes of E. histolytica were identified in 14 patients but there was no correlation between genotype and clinical features. The outcome of metronidazole and tinidazole treatment of uncomplicated amebiasis was excellent even in HIV-1-infected individuals. Luminal treatment following metronidazole or tinidazole treatment does not reduce recurrence of amebiasis in high risk populations probably due to amebic re-infection. Amebiasis is usually transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water in developing countries. Recently, however, increased risk for amebiasis among men who have sex with men (MSM) due to oral-anal sexual contact was reported in developed countries, resulting in growing concern on amebiasis in HIV-1-infected MSM. The recommended treatment of amebiasis is metronidazole or tinidazole, followed by a luminal agent to eliminate intestinal cyst colonization. However, the efficacy of luminal treatment in preventing recurrence has not been assessed yet. In this study, we analyzed the medical records of 170 patients with amebiasis and HIV-1 co-infection. Treatment with metronidazole or tinidazole was excellent whereas luminal treatment did not reduce the frequency of recurrence of amebiasis. Recurrence was more frequent in those MSM with signs of sexual activity such as syphilis infection. Luminal treatment following metronidazole or tinidazole treatment does not reduce recurrence of amebiasis in high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Watanabe
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Junko Tanuma
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Weedall GD, Hall N. Evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:637-45. [PMID: 21288488 PMCID: PMC3268252 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human pathogen that causes amoebic dysentery and leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the genome and evolution of the parasite will help explain how, when and why it causes disease. Here we review current knowledge about the evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba: how differences between the genomes of different species may help explain different phenotypes, and how variation among E. histolytica parasites reveals patterns of population structure. The imminent expansion of the amount genome data will greatly improve our knowledge of the genus and of pathogenic species within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Weedall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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Kverka M, Zakostelska Z, Klimesova K, Sokol D, Hudcovic T, Hrncir T, Rossmann P, Mrazek J, Kopecny J, Verdu EF, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Oral administration of Parabacteroides distasonis antigens attenuates experimental murine colitis through modulation of immunity and microbiota composition. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:250-9. [PMID: 21087444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal bacteria have been shown to modulate the host mucosal immune system. Here, we report that oral treatment of BALB/c mice with components from the commensal, Parabacteroides distasonis, significantly reduces the severity of intestinal inflammation in murine models of acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). The membranous fraction of P. distasonis (mPd) prevented DSS-induced increases in several proinflammatory cytokines, increased mPd-specific serum antibodies and stabilized the intestinal microbial ecology. The anti-colitic effect of oral mPd was not observed in severe combined immunodeficient mice and probably involved induction of specific antibody responses and stabilization of the intestinal microbiota. Our results suggest that specific bacterial components derived from the commensal bacterium, P. distasonis, may be useful in the development of new therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kverka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ghosh SK, Van Dellen KL, Chatterjee A, Dey T, Haque R, Robbins PW, Samuelson J. The Jacob2 lectin of the Entamoeba histolytica cyst wall binds chitin and is polymorphic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e750. [PMID: 20652032 PMCID: PMC2907411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious and diagnostic form of Entamoeba histolytica (Eh), cause of amebic dysentery and liver abscess, is the quadranucleate cyst. The cyst wall of Entamoeba invadens (Ei), a model for Eh, is composed of chitin fibrils and three sets of chitin-binding lectins that cross-link chitin fibrils (multivalent Jacob lectins), self-aggregate (Jessie lectins), and remodel chitin (chitinase). The goal here was to determine how well the Ei model applies to Entamoeba cysts from humans. Methods/Results An Eh Jacob lectin (EhJacob2) has three predicted chitin-binding domains surrounding a large, Ser-rich spacer. Recombinant EhJacob2 made in transfected Eh trophozoites binds to particulate chitin. Sequences of PCR products using primers flanking the highly polymorphic spacer of EhJacob2 may be used to distinguish Entamoeba isolates. Antibodies to the EhJacob2, EhJessie3, and chitinase each recognize cyst walls of clinical isolates of Entamoeba. While numerous sera from patients with amebic intestinal infections and liver abscess recognize recombinant EhJacob1 and EhJessie3 lectins, few of these sera recognize recombinant EhJacob2. Conclusions/Significance The EhJacob2 lectin binds chitin and is polymorphic, and Jacob2, Jessie3, and chitinase are present in cyst walls of clinical isolates of Entamoeba. These results suggest there are substantial similarities between cysts of the human pathogen (Eh) and the in vitro model (Ei), even though there are quantitative and qualitative differences in their chitin-binding lectins. For many years, we and others have used cysts of Entamoeba invadens (Ei), a reptilian parasite, to model the infectious and diagnostic cysts of the human pathogen Entamoeba histolytica (Eh). The Ei cyst wall is composed of chitin fibrils, as well as Jacob and Jessie lectins that have unique chitin-binding domains. Our recent results suggest a “wattle and daub” model of the Ei cyst wall, where the wattle or sticks (chitin fibrils bound by multivalent Jacob lectins) is constructed prior to the addition of the mortar or daub (self-aggregating Jessie3 lectins). Here we “humanize” the Ei model of the cyst wall with four findings. First, a recombinant Eh Jacob2 lectin, which has three predicted chitin-binding domains surrounding a large spacer domain, binds chitin beads. Second, polymorphisms in the spacer domain of EhJacob2 discriminate clinical isolates of Entamoeba. Third, chitinase, Jacob2 lectin, and Jessie3 lectin are present in cyst walls of clinical isolates of Entamoeba. Finally, numerous sera from patients infected with Entamoeba recognize recombinant Eh Jacob1 and Jessie3 lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip K. Ghosh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Katrina L. Van Dellen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anirban Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tuli Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Phillips W. Robbins
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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