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Sadat A, Ramadan H, Elkady MA, Hammad AM, Soliman MM, Aboelenin SM, Al-Harthi HF, Abugomaa A, Elbadawy M, Awad A. Phylotypic Profiling, Distribution of Pathogenicity Island Markers, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Chicken Meat and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091197. [PMID: 36139976 PMCID: PMC9495032 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E.coli) found in retail chicken meat could be causing a wide range of infections in humans and constitute a potential risk. This study aimed to evaluate 60 E. coli isolates from retail chicken meat (n = 34) and human urinary tract infections (UTIs, n = 26) for phylogenetic diversity, presence of pathogenicity island (PAI) markers, antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, and antimicrobial resistance genes, and to evaluate their biofilm formation capacity. In that context, confirmed E.coli isolates were subjected to phylogrouping analysis using triplex PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method; PAI distribution was investigated by using two multiplex PCRs. Most of the chicken isolates (22/34, 64.7%) were identified as commensal E. coli (A and B1), while 12 isolates (35.3%) were classified as pathogenic virulent E. coli (B2 and D). Similarly, the commensal group dominated in human isolates. Overall, 23 PAIs were detected in the chicken isolates; among them, 39.1% (9/23) were assigned to group B1, 34.8% (8/23) to group A, 4.34% (1/23) to group B2, and 21.7% (5/23) to group D. However, 25 PAIs were identified from the human isolates. PAI IV536 was the most prevalent (55.9%, 69.2%) PAI detected in both sources. In total, 37 (61.7%) isolates of the chicken and human isolates were biofilm producers. Noticeably, 100% of E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillin and rifamycin. Markedly, all E. coli isolates displayed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) phenotypes, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) among E. coli isolates ranged between 0.5 and 1. Several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified by a PCR assay; the sul2 gene was the most prevalent (38/60, 63.3%) from both sources. Interestingly, a significant positive association (r = 0.31) between biofilm production and resistance to quinolones by the qnr gene was found by the correlation analysis. These findings were suggestive of the transmission of PAI markers and antibiotic resistance genes from poultry to humans or humans to humans through the food chain. To avoid the spread of virulent and multidrug-resistant E. coli, intensive surveillance of retail chicken meat markets is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Sadat
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Elkady
- Mansoura Veterinary Laboratory Branch, Microbiology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Amal Mahmoud Hammad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine Damietta, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salama M. Aboelenin
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helal F. Al-Harthi
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Al Hawiyah 21995, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-0102-127-6993
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A Biomimetic Porcine Urothelial Model for Assessing Escherichia coli Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040783. [PMID: 35456833 PMCID: PMC9029248 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections can be severe, sometimes fatal, diseases whose etiological pathogens are predominantly uropathogenic strains of E. coli (UPEC). To investigate the UPEC pathogenesis, several models have already been established with minor or major disadvantages. The aim was to develop a simple, fast, and inexpensive biomimetic in vitro model based on normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells that are genetically and physiologically similar to human bladder urothelium and to perform basic studies of E. coli pathogenicity. Initially, the model was tested using a set of control E. coli strains and, subsequently, with human E. coli strains isolated either from patients with urinary infections or from the feces of healthy individuals. A drop in viability of NPU cells was used as a measure of the pathogenicity of the individual strain tested. To visualize the subcellular events, transmission and scanning electron microscopy was performed. The strains were tested for the presence of different virulence-associated genes, phylogroup, type of core lipid, O-serotype, and type of lipopolysaccharide and a statistical analysis of possible correlations between strains’ characteristics and the effect on the model was performed. Results showed that our model has the discriminatory power to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic E. coli strains, and to identify new, potentially pathogenic strains.
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Desvaux M, Dalmasso G, Beyrouthy R, Barnich N, Delmas J, Bonnet R. Pathogenicity Factors of Genomic Islands in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2065. [PMID: 33101219 PMCID: PMC7545054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a versatile bacterial species that includes both harmless commensal strains and pathogenic strains found in the gastrointestinal tract in humans and warm-blooded animals. The growing amount of DNA sequence information generated in the era of "genomics" has helped to increase our understanding of the factors and mechanisms involved in the diversification of this bacterial species. The pathogenic side of E. coli that is afforded through horizontal transfers of genes encoding virulence factors enables this bacterium to become a highly diverse and adapted pathogen that is responsible for intestinal or extraintestinal diseases in humans and animals. Many of the accessory genes acquired by horizontal transfers form syntenic blocks and are recognized as genomic islands (GIs). These genomic regions contribute to the rapid evolution, diversification and adaptation of E. coli variants because they are frequently subject to rearrangements, excision and transfer, as well as to further acquisition of additional DNA. Here, we review a subgroup of GIs from E. coli termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs), a concept defined in the late 1980s by Jörg Hacker and colleagues in Werner Goebel's group at the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. As with other GIs, the PAIs comprise large genomic regions that differ from the rest of the genome by their G + C content, by their typical insertion within transfer RNA genes, and by their harboring of direct repeats (at their ends), integrase determinants, or other mobility loci. The hallmark of PAIs is their contribution to the emergence of virulent bacteria and to the development of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure and functional features of PAIs, on PAI-encoded E. coli pathogenicity factors and on the role of PAIs in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Racha Beyrouthy
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Secreted proteases: A new insight in the pathogenesis of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Luna-Pineda VM, Ochoa SA, Cruz-Córdova A, Cázares-Domínguez V, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Flores-Oropeza MA, Arellano-Galindo J, Castro-Hernández R, Flores-Encarnación M, Ramírez-Vargas A, Flores-García HJ, Moreno-Fierros L, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J. Features of urinary Escherichia coli isolated from children with complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Mexico. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204934. [PMID: 30286185 PMCID: PMC6171886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) is a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City where Escherichia coli is frequently isolated from the urine samples of pediatric patients with urinary tract infections. A collection of 178 urinary Escherichia coli (UEc) isolates associated with complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections were evaluated in this study. The patterns of resistance to 9 antibiotic classes showed that 60.7% of the UEc isolates had a highly multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile. Genetic diversity analyses of the UEc isolates showed a high variability and revealed 16 clusters associated with four phylogenetic groups, namely, groups A, B1, B2, and D. Phylogenetic group B2 was widely associated with the 16 clusters as well as with virulence and fitness genes. The virulence and fitness genes in the UEc isolates, which included fimbriae-, siderophore-, toxin-, and mobility-associated genes, were grouped as occurring at a low, variable, or high frequency. Interestingly, only the papF gene could be amplified from some UEc isolates, and the sequence analysis of the pap operon identified an insertion sequence (IS) element and gene loss. These data suggested pathoadaptability and the development of immune system evasion, which was confirmed by the loss of P fimbriae-associated agglutination in the UEc isolates. E. coli clone O25-ST131 had a prevalence of 20.2% among the UEc isolates; these isolates displayed both a highly MDR profile and the presence of the papGII, fimH, papGIII, iutD, sat, hlyA, and motA genes. In conclusion, the UEc isolates from complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) were characterized as being MDR, highly genetically diverse, and associated with phylogenetic group B2 and many virulence and fitness genes. Additionally, gene loss and IS elements were identified in some UEc isolates identified as clone O25-ST131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Luna-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Sara A. Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
| | - Vicenta Cázares-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
| | | | - Marco A. Flores-Oropeza
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
| | - José Arellano-Galindo
- Departamento de Infectología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
| | | | | | | | | | - Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez”, CDMX, México
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6
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Lin WH, Tseng CC, Wu AB, Chang YT, Kuo TH, Chao JY, Wang MC, Wu JJ. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli in southern Taiwan. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1699-1707. [PMID: 29931659 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peritonitis is a serious complication and major cause of treatment failure in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Escherichia coli is the major pathogen in extraintestinal Gram-negative infections, including PD-related peritonitis. The outcomes of E. coli peritonitis in PD varied from relatively favorable outcomes to a higher incidence of treatment failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bacterial virulence and host characteristics on the outcomes of PD-related peritonitis caused by E. coli. From January 2000 to June 2016, a total of 47 episodes of monomicrobial and 10 episodes of polymicrobial E. coli PD-related peritonitis, as well as 89 episodes of monomicrobial Gram-positive (56 Staphylococcus spp. and 33 Streptococcus spp.) PD-related peritonitis cases, were retrospectively enrolled. Clinical features, E. coli bacterial virulence, and outcomes were analyzed. Compared to Streptococcus spp. peritonitis, E. coli peritonitis had a higher peritoneal catheter removal rate (38 versus 12%; P = 0.0115). Compared to the monomicrobial group, patients in polymicrobial group were older and had higher peritoneal catheter removal rate (80 versus 38%; P = 0.0324). Treatment failure of E. coli peritonitis was associated with more polymicrobial peritonitis and immunocompromised comorbidity, longer duration of PD therapy, and more antimicrobial resistance. E. coli isolates with more iron-related genes had higher prevalence of phylogenetic group B2 and papG II, iha, ompT, and usp genes. This study demonstrates the important roles of clinical and bacterial characteristics in the outcomes of monomicrobial and polymicrobial E. coli PD-related peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Tseng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - An-Bang Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hui Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Yen Chao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Jong Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli are a common cause of infectious disease outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Several independently evolved E. coli clades are common causes of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. There is ample epidemiological and in vitro evidence that several different protein toxins common to many, but not all, of these strains are likely to aid the colonization and immune-evasion ability of these bacteria. This review discusses our current knowledge and areas of ignorance concerning the contribution of the hemolysin; cytotoxic-necrotizing factor-1; and the autotransporters, Sat, Pic, and Vat, to extraintestinal human disease.
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8
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Abstract
The emergence of genomics over the last 10 years has provided new insights into the evolution and virulence of extraintestinal Escherichia coli. By combining population genetics and phylogenetic approaches to analyze whole-genome sequences, it became possible to link genomic features to specific phenotypes, such as the ability to cause urinary tract infections. An E. coli chromosome can vary extensively in length, ranging from 4.3 to 6.2 Mb, encoding 4,084 to 6,453 proteins. This huge diversity is structured as a set of less than 2,000 genes (core genome) that are conserved between all the strains and a set of variable genes. Based on the core genome, the history of the species can be reliably reconstructed, revealing the recent emergence of phylogenetic groups A and B1 and the more ancient groups B2, F, and D. Urovirulence is most often observed in B2/F/D group strains and is a multigenic process involving numerous combinations of genes and specific alleles with epistatic interactions, all leading down multiple evolutionary paths. The genes involved mainly code for adhesins, toxins, iron capture systems, and protectins, as well as metabolic pathways and mutation-rate-control systems. However, the barrier between commensal and uropathogenic E. coli strains is difficult to draw as the factors that are responsible for virulence have probably also been selected to allow survival of E. coli as a commensal in the intestinal tract. Genomic studies have also demonstrated that infections are not the result of a unique and stable isolate, but rather often involve several isolates with variable levels of diversity that dynamically changes over time.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Four prostatitis syndromes are recognized clinically: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and asymptomatic prostatitis. Because
Escherichia coli
represents the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis, we investigated the importance of bacterial virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in
E. coli
strains causing prostatitis and the potential association of these characteristics with clinical outcomes. A structured literature review revealed that we have limited understanding of the virulence-associated characteristics of
E. coli
causing acute prostatitis. Therefore, we completed a comprehensive microbiological and molecular investigation of a unique strain collection isolated from healthy young men. We also considered new data from an animal model system suggesting certain
E. coli
might prove important in the etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Our human data suggest that
E. coli
needs multiple pathogenicity-associated traits to overcome anatomic and immune responses in healthy young men without urological risk factors. The phylogenetic background and accumulation of an exceptional repertoire of extraintestinal pathogenic virulence-associated genes indicate that these
E. coli
strains belong to a highly virulent subset of uropathogenic variants. In contrast, antibiotic resistance confers little added advantage to
E. coli
strains in these healthy outpatients. Our animal model data also suggest that certain pathogenic
E. coli
may be important in the etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome through mechanisms that are dependent on the host genetic background and the virulence of the bacterial strain.
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Chahales P, Thanassi DG. Structure, Function, and Assembly of Adhesive Organelles by Uropathogenic Bacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0018-2013. [PMID: 26542038 PMCID: PMC4638162 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0018-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria assemble a wide range of adhesive proteins, termed adhesins, to mediate binding to receptors and colonization of surfaces. For pathogenic bacteria, adhesins are critical for early stages of infection, allowing the bacteria to initiate contact with host cells, colonize different tissues, and establish a foothold within the host. The adhesins expressed by a pathogen are also critical for bacterial-bacterial interactions and the formation of bacterial communities, including biofilms. The ability to adhere to host tissues is particularly important for bacteria that colonize sites such as the urinary tract, where the flow of urine functions to maintain sterility by washing away non-adherent pathogens. Adhesins vary from monomeric proteins that are directly anchored to the bacterial surface to polymeric, hair-like fibers that extend out from the cell surface. These latter fibers are termed pili or fimbriae, and were among the first identified virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Studies since then have identified a range of both pilus and non-pilus adhesins that contribute to bacterial colonization of the urinary tract, and have revealed molecular details of the structures, assembly pathways, and functions of these adhesive organelles. In this review, we describe the different types of adhesins expressed by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogens, what is known about their structures, how they are assembled on the bacterial surface, and the functions of specific adhesins in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chahales
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - David G Thanassi
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Tangi SC, Tajbakhsh E, Soleimani NA, Shahraki MM. Prevalence of pathogenicity island markers genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infectious. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pathogenesis of human diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): current insights and future challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:823-69. [PMID: 25278576 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00036-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity and clinical pertinence of diffusely adhering Escherichia coli expressing the Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC) in urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pregnancy complications are well established. In contrast, the implication of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC in diarrhea is still under debate. These strains are age dependently involved in diarrhea in children, are apparently not involved in diarrhea in adults, and can also be asymptomatic intestinal microbiota strains in children and adult. This comprehensive review analyzes the epidemiology and diagnosis and highlights recent progress which has improved the understanding of Afa/Dr DAEC pathogenesis. Here, I summarize the roles of Afa/Dr DAEC virulence factors, including Afa/Dr adhesins, flagella, Sat toxin, and pks island products, in the development of specific mechanisms of pathogenicity. In intestinal epithelial polarized cells, the Afa/Dr adhesins trigger cell membrane receptor clustering and activation of the linked cell signaling pathways, promote structural and functional cell lesions and injuries in intestinal barrier, induce proinflammatory responses, create angiogenesis, instigate epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like events, and lead to pks-dependent DNA damage. UTI-associated Afa/Dr DAEC strains, following adhesin-membrane receptor cell interactions and activation of associated lipid raft-dependent cell signaling pathways, internalize in a microtubule-dependent manner within urinary tract epithelial cells, develop a particular intracellular lifestyle, and trigger a toxin-dependent cell detachment. In response to Afa/Dr DAEC infection, the host epithelial cells generate antibacterial defense responses. Finally, I discuss a hypothetical role of intestinal Afa/Dr DAEC strains that can act as "silent pathogens" with the capacity to emerge as "pathobionts" for the development of inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal carcinogenesis.
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Cergole-Novella MC, Pignatari ACC, Guth BEC. Adhesion, biofilm and genotypic characteristics of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli isolates. Braz J Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26221104 PMCID: PMC4512061 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246120140077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregative adherence to human epithelial cells, most to renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells, and biofilm formation was identified among antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli strains mainly isolated from bacteremia. The importance of these virulence properties contributing to host colonization and infection associated with multiresistant E. coli should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Cergole-Novella
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C C Pignatari
- Divisão de Doenças Infecciosas, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz E C Guth
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chagnot C, Zorgani MA, Astruc T, Desvaux M. Proteinaceous determinants of surface colonization in bacteria: bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation from a protein secretion perspective. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:303. [PMID: 24133488 PMCID: PMC3796261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of biotic or abiotic surfaces results from two quite distinct physiological processes, namely bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Broadly speaking, a biofilm is defined as the sessile development of microbial cells. Biofilm formation arises following bacterial adhesion but not all single bacterial cells adhering reversibly or irreversibly engage inexorably into a sessile mode of growth. Among molecular determinants promoting bacterial colonization, surface proteins are the most functionally diverse active components. To be present on the bacterial cell surface, though, a protein must be secreted in the first place. Considering the close association of secreted proteins with their cognate secretion systems, the secretome (which refers both to the secretion systems and their protein substrates) is a key concept to apprehend the protein secretion and related physiological functions. The protein secretion systems are here considered in light of the differences in the cell-envelope architecture between diderm-LPS (archetypal Gram-negative), monoderm (archetypal Gram-positive) and diderm-mycolate (archetypal acid-fast) bacteria. Besides, their cognate secreted proteins engaged in the bacterial colonization process are regarded from single protein to supramolecular protein structure as well as the non-classical protein secretion. This state-of-the-art on the complement of the secretome (the secretion systems and their cognate effectors) involved in the surface colonization process in diderm-LPS and monoderm bacteria paves the way for future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chagnot
- UR454 Microbiologie, INRA Saint-Genès Champanelle, France ; UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, INRA Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Sawma-Aouad G, Hashwa F, Tokajian S. Antimicrobial Resistance in Relation to Virulence Determinants and Phylogenetic Background Among UropathogenicEscherichia coliin Lebanon. J Chemother 2013; 21:153-8. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2009.21.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Distribution of the Pathogenicity Islands Markers (PAIs) in Uropathogenic E.coli Isolated from Children in Mofid Children Hospital. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.9083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The repeat-in-toxin family member TosA mediates adherence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and survival during bacteremia. Infect Immun 2011; 80:493-505. [PMID: 22083710 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05713-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) and represents the most common bacterial infection in adults. UPEC utilizes a wide range of virulence factors to colonize the host, including the novel repeat-in-toxin (RTX) protein TosA, which is specifically expressed in the host urinary tract and contributes significantly to the virulence and survival of UPEC. tosA, found in strains within the B2 phylogenetic subgroup of E. coli, serves as a marker for strains that also contain a large number of well-characterized UPEC virulence factors. The presence of tosA in an E. coli isolate predicts successful colonization of the murine model of ascending UTI, regardless of the source of the isolate. Here, a detailed analysis of the function of tosA revealed that this gene is transcriptionally linked to genes encoding a conserved type 1 secretion system similar to other RTX family members. TosA localized to the cell surface and was found to mediate (i) adherence to host cells derived from the upper urinary tract and (ii) survival in disseminated infections and (iii) to enhance lethality during sepsis (as assessed in two different animal models of infection). An experimental vaccine, using purified TosA, protected vaccinated animals against urosepsis. From this work, it was concluded that TosA belongs to a novel group of RTX proteins that mediate adherence and host damage during UTI and urosepsis and could be a novel target for the development of therapeutics to treat ascending UTIs.
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Identification of Escherichia coli genes associated with urinary tract infections. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 50:449-56. [PMID: 22075599 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00640-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). E. coli genes epidemiologically associated with UTIs are potentially valuable in developing strategies for treating and/or preventing such infections as well as differentiating uropathogenic E. coli from nonuropathogenic E. coli. To identify E. coli genes associated with UTIs in humans, we combined microarray-based and PCR-based analyses to investigate different E. coli source groups derived from feces of healthy humans and from patients with cystitis, pyelonephritis, or urosepsis. The cjrABC-senB gene cluster, sivH, sisA, sisB, eco274, and fbpB, were identified to be associated with UTIs. Of these, cjrABC-senB, sisA, sisB, and fbpB are known to be involved in urovirulence in the mouse model of ascending UTI. Our results provide evidence to support their roles as urovirulence factors in human UTIs. In addition, the newly identified UTI-associated genes were mainly found in members of phylogenetic groups B2 and/or D.
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Krieger JN, Dobrindt U, Riley DE, Oswald E. Acute Escherichia coli prostatitis in previously health young men: bacterial virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and clinical outcomes. Urology 2011; 77:1420-5. [PMID: 21459419 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate clinical outcomes, bacterial virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance in E. coli from young men presenting with acute bacterial prostatitis. METHODS Initial E. coli isolates from previously healthy young men with no factors compromising urinary tract anatomy or function were tested for virulence-associated genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, phylogenetic grouping by triplex polymerase PCR, and antibiotic resistance. RESULTS All 18 patients responded to treatment, including 2 who required long-term therapy. E. coli were allocated to phylogenetic groups B2 (13 strains) and D (5 strains). Prostatitis isolates belonged to clones mainly represented by extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and preferentially uropathogenic E. coli and displayed marked accumulation of virulence genes (hly, cdt1, clb, pap, sfa/foc, fyuA, iroN, kpsMT(II), and traT) characteristic of highly virulent ExPEC. All phylogenetic group B2 strains coded for at least 1 toxin with carcinogenic potential (Colibactin, cytolethal distending toxins, or cytotoxic necrotizing factor). In contrast to their accumulation of virulence-associated traits, prostatitis strains were sensitive to standard antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic background and accumulation of an exceptional repertoire of extraintestinal pathogenic virulence-associated genes indicate that these E. coli strains belong to a highly virulent subset of uropathogenic variants. In contrast, antibiotic resistance was minimal in these E. coli strains from previously healthy, young outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Krieger
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108-1597, USA.
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Identification of in vivo-induced antigens including an RTX family exoprotein required for uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2335-44. [PMID: 21422188 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00110-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) are caused most commonly by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Whole-genome screening approaches, including transcriptomic, proteomic, and signature-tagged mutagenesis, have shown that UPEC highly expresses or requires genes for translational machinery, capsule, lipopolysaccharide, type 1 fimbriae, and iron acquisition systems during UTI. To identify additional genes expressed by UPEC during UTI, an immunoscreening approach termed in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) was employed to identify antigens produced during experimental infection that are not produced during in vitro culture. An inducible protein expression library, constructed from genomic DNA isolated from UPEC strain CFT073, was screened using exhaustively adsorbed pooled sera from 20 chronically infected female CBA/J mice. Using this approach, we identified 93 antigens induced by UPEC in vivo. A representative subset of these genes was tested by quantitative PCR for expression by CFT073 in vivo and during growth in human urine or LB medium in vitro; proWX, narJI, lolA, lolD, tosA (upxA), c2432, katG, ydhX, kpsS, and yddQ were poorly expressed in vitro but highly expressed in vivo. Of these, tosA, a gene encoding a predicted repeat-in-toxin family member, was expressed exclusively during UTI. Deletion of tosA in UPEC strain CFT073 resulted in significant attenuation in bladder and kidney infections during ascending UTI. By screening for in vivo-induced antigens, we identified a novel UPEC virulence factor and additional proteins that could be useful as potential vaccine targets.
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Pathogenicity island markers, virulence determinants malX and usp, and the capacity of Escherichia coli to persist in infants' commensal microbiotas. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2303-8. [PMID: 21317254 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02405-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence-associated genes in bacteria are often located on chromosomal regions, termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs). Several PAIs are found in Escherichia coli strains that cause extraintestinal infections, but their role in commensal bowel colonization is unknown. Resident strains are enriched in adhesins (P fimbriae and type 1 fimbriae), capsular antigens (K1 and K5), hemolysin, and aerobactin and mostly belong to phylogenetic group B2. Here, we investigated whether six pathogenicity islands and the virulence determinants malX and usp are associated with fitness of E. coli in the infant bowel microbiota. E. coli strains isolated from stools of 130 Swedish infants during the first year of life were examined for their carriage of PAI markers, malX, and usp by PCR. Carriage was related to strain persistence: long-term colonizers (≥12 months) carried significantly more of PAI II from strain CFT703 (II(CFT703)), IV(536,) and II(J96) and malX and usp than intermediate colonizers (1 to 11 months) and transient strains (<3 weeks). The accumulation of PAI markers in each individual strain correlated positively with its time of persistence in the colon. Phylogenetic group B2 accounted for 69% of long-term colonizers, 46% of intermediate colonizers and 14% of transient strains. These results support the hypothesis that some bacterial traits contributing to extraintestinal infections have in fact evolved primarily because they increase the fitness of E. coli in its natural niche, the colon; accordingly, they may be regarded as fitness islands in the gut.
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Mann S, Chen YPP. Bacterial genomic G+C composition-eliciting environmental adaptation. Genomics 2010; 95:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
The urinary tract is among the most common sites of bacterial infection, and Escherichia coli is by far the most common species infecting this site. Individuals at high risk for symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) include neonates, preschool girls, sexually active women, and elderly women and men. E. coli that cause the majority of UTIs are thought to represent only a subset of the strains that colonize the colon. E. coli strains that cause UTIs are termed uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). In general, UPEC strains differ from commensal E. coli strains in that the former possess extragenetic material, often on pathogenicity-associated islands (PAIs), which code for gene products that may contribute to bacterial pathogenesis. Some of these genes allow UPEC to express determinants that are proposed to play roles in disease. These factors include hemolysins, secreted proteins, specific lipopolysaccharide and capsule types, iron acquisition systems, and fimbrial adhesions. The current dogma of bacterial pathogenesis identifies adherence, colonization, avoidance of host defenses, and damage to host tissues as events vital for achieving bacterial virulence. These considerations, along with analysis of the E. coli CFT073, UTI89, and 536 genomes and efforts to identify novel virulence genes should advance the field significantly and allow for the development of a comprehensive model of pathogenesis for uropathogenic E. coli.Further study of the adaptive immune response to UTI will be especially critical to refine our understanding and treatment of recurrent infections and to develop vaccines.
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Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strain CFT073 contains 13 large genomic islands ranging in size from 32 kb to 123 kb. Eleven of these genomic islands were individually deleted from the genome, and nine isogenic mutants were tested for their ability to colonize the CBA/J mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. Three genomic island mutants (Delta PAI-aspV, Delta PAI-metV, and Delta PAI-asnT) were significantly outcompeted by wild-type CFT073 in the bladders and/or kidneys following transurethral cochallenge (P <or= 0.0139). The PAI-metV mutant also showed significant attenuation in the ability to independently colonize the kidneys (P = 0.0011). Specific genes within these islands contributed to the observed phenotype, including a previously uncharacterized iron acquisition cluster, fbpABCD (c0294 to c0297 [c0294-97]), autotransporter, picU (c0350), and RTX family exoprotein, tosA (c0363) in the PAI-aspV island. The double deletion mutant with deletions in both copies of the fbp iron acquisition operon (Deltac0294-97 Delta c2518-15) was significantly outcompeted by wild-type CFT073 in cochallenge. Strains with mutations in a type VI secretion system within the PAI-metV island did not show attenuation. The attenuation of the PAI-metV island was localized to genes c3405-10, encoding a putative phosphotransferase transport system, which is common to UPEC and avian pathogenic E. coli strains but absent from E. coli K-12. We have shown that, in addition to encoding virulence genes, genomic islands contribute to the overall fitness of UPEC strain CFT073 in vivo.
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Longhi C, Cossu A, Iebba V, Massaro M, Cipriani D, Chiarini F, Conte M, Seganti L, Osborn J, Schippa S. Virulence Traits in Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Outpatients with Urinary Tract Infections. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:715-23. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to characterize phenotypic and genotypic virulence traits in Escherichia coli strains, isolated from outpatients with urinary tract infections, comparing with those obtained from inpatients. Information on the pathogenic behavior of the uropathogenic strains was obtained by monitoring different biological properties, such as autoagglutination, hemagglutination, adhesiveness to and invasion of human bladder (HT1376) cells, biofilm formation, phylogenetic grouping, and virulence-related genes. The results show similar behavior in the two groups concerning autoagglutination, hemagglutination, and biofilm formation. None of the strains examined was invasive. However, in strains from outpatients there was an increased adhesion to HT1376 cells compared with clinical strains, a significant higher presence of genes codifying for adhesins and cell protection factors, and a lower proportion of strains belonging to B1 group. These findings add further information on the pathogenic traits of community E. coli, since strains isolated from the outpatients' group were differently “armed” in comparison with those of clinical cases, and more suitable to infect healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Longhi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Cossu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - V. Iebba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M.R. Massaro
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Cipriani
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Chiarini
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M.P. Conte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - L. Seganti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - J. Osborn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Schippa
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) possesses virulence traits that allow it to invade, colonize, and induce disease in bodily sites outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Human diseases caused by ExPEC include urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, surgical site infections, as well as infections in other extraintestinal locations. ExPEC-induced diseases represent a large burden in terms of medical costs and productivity losses. In addition to human illnesses, ExPEC strains also cause extraintestinal infections in domestic animals and pets. A commonality of virulence factors has been demonstrated between human and animal ExPEC, suggesting that the organisms are zoonotic pathogens. ExPEC strains have been isolated from food products, in particular from raw meats and poultry, indicating that these organisms potentially represent a new class of foodborne pathogens. This review discusses various aspects of ExPEC, including its presence in food products, in animals used for food or as companion pets; the diseases ExPEC can cause; and the virulence factors and virulence mechanisms that cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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27
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Kariyawasam S, Scaccianoce JA, Nolan LK. Common and specific genomic sequences of avian and human extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli as determined by genomic subtractive hybridization. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:81. [PMID: 17760980 PMCID: PMC2031896 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) strategy was used with extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (EXPEC) that cause avian colibacillosis (avian pathogenic E. coli or APEC) and human urinary tract infections (uropathogenic E. coli or UPEC) to determine if they possessed genes that were host and/or niche specific. Both APEC and UPEC isolates were used as tester and driver strains in 4 different SSHs in order to obtain APEC- and UPEC-specific subtraction fragments (SFs). Results These procedures yielded a total of 136 tester-specific SFs of which 85 were APEC-derived and 51 were UPEC-derived. Most of the APEC-derived SFs were associated with plasmids; whereas, the majority of UPEC-derived sequences matched to the bacterial chromosome. We further determined the distribution of these tester-derived sequences in a collection of UPEC and APEC isolates using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Plasmid-borne, APEC-derived sequences (tsh, cvaB, traR, traC and sopB) were predominantly present in APEC, as compared to UPEC. Of the UPEC-derived SFs, those encoding hemolysin D and F1C major and minor fimbrial subunits were present only in UPEC. However, two UPEC-derived SFs that showed strong similarity to the uropathgenic-specific protein gene (usp) occurred in APEC, demonstrating that usp is not specific to UPEC. Conclusion This study provides evidence of the genetic variability of ExPEC as well as genomic similarities between UPEC and APEC; it did not identify any single marker that would dictate host and/or niche specificity in APEC or UPEC. However, further studies on the genes that encode putative or hypothetical proteins might offer important insight into the pathogenesis of disease, as caused by these two ExPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashinie Kariyawasam
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jennifer A Scaccianoce
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lisa K Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Lloyd AL, Rasko DA, Mobley HLT. Defining genomic islands and uropathogen-specific genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3532-46. [PMID: 17351047 PMCID: PMC1855899 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01744-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are responsible for the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, which can present clinically as cystitis or pyelonephritis. UPEC strain CFT073, isolated from the blood of a patient with acute pyelonephritis, was most cytotoxic and most virulent in mice among our strain collection. Based on the genome sequence of CFT073, microarrays were utilized in comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis of a panel of uropathogenic and fecal/commensal E. coli isolates. Genomic DNA from seven UPEC (three pyelonephritis and four cystitis) isolates and three fecal/commensal strains, including K-12 MG1655, was hybridized to the CFT073 microarray. The CFT073 genome contains 5,379 genes; CGH analysis revealed that 2,820 (52.4%) of these genes were common to all 11 E. coli strains, yet only 173 UPEC-specific genes were found by CGH to be present in all UPEC strains but in none of the fecal/commensal strains. When the sequences of three additional sequenced UPEC strains (UTI89, 536, and F11) and a commensal strain (HS) were added to the analysis, 131 genes present in all UPEC strains but in no fecal/commensal strains were identified. Seven previously unrecognized genomic islands (>30 kb) were delineated by CGH in addition to the three known pathogenicity islands. These genomic islands comprise 672 kb of the 5,231-kb (12.8%) genome, demonstrating the importance of horizontal transfer for UPEC and the mosaic structure of the genome. UPEC strains contain a greater number of iron acquisition systems than do fecal/commensal strains, which is reflective of the adaptation to the iron-limiting urinary tract environment. Each strain displayed distinct differences in the number and type of known virulence factors. The large number of hypothetical genes in the CFT073 genome, especially those shown to be UPEC specific, strongly suggests that many urovirulence factors remain uncharacterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5641 Medical Science Bldg. II, 1150 West Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0620, USA
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Restieri C, Garriss G, Locas MC, Dozois CM. Autotransporter-encoding sequences are phylogenetically distributed among Escherichia coli clinical isolates and reference strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1553-62. [PMID: 17220264 PMCID: PMC1828755 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01542-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are secreted bacterial proteins exhibiting diverse virulence functions. Various autotransporters have been identified among Escherichia coli associated with intestinal or extraintestinal infections; however, the specific distribution of autotransporter sequences among a diversity of E. coli strains has not been investigated. We have validated the use of a multiplex PCR assay to screen for the presence of autotransporter sequences. Herein, we determined the presence of 13 autotransporter sequences and five allelic variants of antigen 43 (Ag43) among 491 E. coli isolates from human urinary tract infections, diarrheagenic E. coli, and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and E. coli reference strains belonging to the ECOR collection. Clinical isolates were also classified into established phylogenetic groups. The results indicated that Ag43 alleles were significantly associated with clinical isolates (93%) compared to commensal isolates (56%) and that agn43K12 was the most common and widely distributed allele. agn43 allelic variants were also phylogenetically distributed. Sequences encoding espC, espP, and sepA and agn43 alleles EDL933 and RS218 were significantly associated with diarrheagenic E. coli strains compared to other groups. tsh was highly associated with APEC strains, whereas sat was absent from APEC. vat, sat, and pic were associated with urinary tract isolates and were identified predominantly in isolates belonging to either group B2 or D of the phylogenetic groups based on the ECOR strain collection. Overall, the results indicate that specific autotransporter sequences are associated with the source and/or phylogenetic background of strains and suggest that, in some cases, autotransporter gene profiles may be useful for comparative analysis of E. coli strains from clinical, food, and environmental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Restieri
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada H7V 1B7
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Turner SM, Chaudhuri RR, Jiang ZD, DuPont H, Gyles C, Penn CW, Pallen MJ, Henderson IR. Phylogenetic comparisons reveal multiple acquisitions of the toxin genes by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains of different evolutionary lineages. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:4528-36. [PMID: 17050815 PMCID: PMC1698409 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01474-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a diverse bacterial species which is widely distributed in the environment but also exists as a commensal and pathogen of different host species. Human intestinal pathogenic E. coli causes over 160 million cases of diarrhea and an estimated 1 million deaths per year. The majority of deaths are attributable to one pathovar of E. coli, namely, enterotoxigenic E. coli. The pathogenesis of enterotoxigenic E. coli is dependent on the production of a colonization factor to promote adhesion to the intestinal epithelium and the elaboration of heat-labile or heat-stable toxins which induce a secretory diarrhea. Despite the high morbidity and mortality associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli infection, little is known of the genetic background of this global pathogen. Here we demonstrate by multilocus sequence typing that enterotoxigenic E. coli isolates are present in all phylogenetic lineages of E. coli, indicating that acquisition of the toxin genes may be sufficient to generate an enterotoxigenic E. coli strain. In addition, screening of diarrheal isolates for the presence of additional genes previously associated with the virulence of enterotoxigenic E. coli revealed that they were not abundant. These observations have significant implications for disease epidemiology and for the design of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue M Turner
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77083, USA
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31
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Xie J, Foxman B, Zhang L, Marrs CF. Molecular epidemiologic identification of Escherichia coli genes that are potentially involved in movement of the organism from the intestinal tract to the vagina and bladder. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2434-41. [PMID: 16825361 PMCID: PMC1489509 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00397-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A first step in urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis in the otherwise healthy host is the movement of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from the intestinal tract to the urinary tract. We conducted a genomic subtraction to isolate genetic regions associated with this movement. A representative UTI isolate present in the rectum, vagina, and bladder of a woman with UTI was chosen as the tester; the driver was a phylogenetically distant rectal isolate (based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis) with a profile of uropathogenic virulence genes similar to that of the tester. Tester-specific regions identified by the subtraction were screened, using DNA dot blot hybridization, against a collection of 88 uropathogens isolated from the rectum, urine, and/or vagina of women with UTIs and 54 E. coli isolates from the same women that were found only in the rectum. Twelve genetic regions occurred more often in multisite isolates than in rectal site-only isolates. Eleven of these 12 genetic regions are homologous to regions in the sequenced uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 109 Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
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Tagaya N, Nakagawa A, Mori S, Hamada K, Suzuki N, Kubota K. Anidulafungin: a novel echinocandin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 33:39-42. [PMID: 16410696 DOI: 10.2217/14750708.3.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and efficacy of primary systemic chemotherapy (PSC) with docetaxel (DOC), epirubicin (EPI) and capecitabine (Xeloda:XLD) in 10 patients with advanced breast cancer. Their mean age was 54.7 years,and preoperative stages were IIB, seven cases; IIIA, two; and IV, one,respectively. The regimen consisted of XLD (2,400 or 3,000 mg/day) orally for 14 consecutive days, and DOC (60 or 70 mg/m2) and EPI (50 or 60 mg/m2) intravenously on day 8. This was repeated 4 times every 3 weeks. One patient discontinued this regimen after one course at her own request. Although the results revealed leucopenia and neutropenia of more than grade 3 in 8 and 10 patients,they could be treated on an outpatient basis with the use of G-CSF to maintain this regimen. Alopecia of grade 2 was found in all patients,neutropenic fever of more than 38.5 degrees C in 5,and hand-foot syndrome in 3. Downstaging after PSC was demonstrated in 7 cases (Stage IIB to I, three cases; IIB to IIA, three; and III A to I, one), with a response rate of 77.8%. Breast conserving therapy was performed in 8/10 patients. Pathological findings on cytological degeneration showed grade 0, one; grade 1a,seven; grade 2, one; and grade 3, one, respectively. Axillary lymph node metastasis was revealed in 7 cases. This regimen would be an alternative to PSC on an outpatient basis while taking great care of myelosuppression and hand-foot syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumi Tagaya
- Dept. of Surgery II, Dokkyo University School of Medicine
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Abstract
This review focuses on the function of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella autotransporters for which a considerable amount of literature is available. Members of the serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) family are proteins from E. coli and Shigella spp., which, like the Neisseria and Haemophilus influenzae IgA1 proteases and Hap, possess a consensus serine protease motif. The largest subfamily of autotransporters is defined by the AidA conserved domain COG3468 and consists of members from a diverse range of animal and plant pathogens including E. coli, S. enterica, Yersinia pestis. This subfamily, which is composed of more than 55 proteins, possesses some of the best-characterized autotransporter proteins including the S. flexneri mediator of motility IcsA, the major phase-variable E. coli outer membrane protein antigen 43 (Ag43) and the diffuse adhering E. coli (DAEC) adhesin AIDA-I, from which this subfamily derives its name. Another member of the AIDA-I family, and one of the most studied autotransporter proteins, is IcsA. The autotransporter pathway is emerging as the most common mechanism of protein translocation across the gram-negative outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Henderson
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James P Nataro
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201
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34
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Parham NJ, Pollard SJ, Desvaux M, Scott-Tucker A, Liu C, Fivian A, Henderson IR. Distribution of the serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae among extraintestinal clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4076-82. [PMID: 16081954 PMCID: PMC1233896 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.4076-4082.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections continue to be among the most common extraintestinal diseases. Cystitis in women is by far the most common urinary tract infection; pyelonephritis in both sexes and prostatitis in men are more severe but less frequent complaints. Escherichia coli is by far the most common cause of urinary tract infection. It is believed that uropathogenic E. coli is adept at colonizing the urinary tract via the production of specific virulence factors. Recently, a novel virulence determinant, Vat, was described for the prototypical uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073. Vat is a member of the SPATE (serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae) subfamily of the autotransporters. Previously, SPATEs have been described for all pathovars of E. coli, but until recently their presence had been noticeably absent in nonpathogenic E. coli. In this report we describe the prevalence and phylogenetic distribution of the SPATEs among uropathogenic E. coli and the ECOR collection, demonstrating an association between the presence of the SPATEs, including Vat, and uropathogenic E. coli phylogroups. In addition, we describe the distribution of SPATEs among nonpathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J. Parham
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J. Pollard
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Scott-Tucker
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Chengjie Liu
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Fivian
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Henderson
- Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0) 121-414-4368. Fax: 44 (0) 121-414-3599. E-mail:
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35
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Marrs CF, Zhang L, Foxman B. Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections: are there distinct uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) pathotypes? FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 252:183-90. [PMID: 16165319 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of virulence genes are associated with Escherichia coli mediated urinary tract infections. Particular sets of virulence factors shared by bacterial strains directing them through a particular pathogenesis process are called a "pathotype." Comparison of co-occurrence of potential urinary tract infection (UTI) virulence genes among different E. coli isolates from fecal and UTI collections provides evidence for multiple pathotypes of uropathogenic E. coli, but current understanding of critical genetic differences defining the pathotypes is limited. Discovery of additional E. coli genes involved in uropathogenesis and determination of their distribution and co-occurrences will further define UPEC pathotypes and allow for a more detailed analysis of how these pathotypes might differ in how they cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl F Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, 48109-2029, USA.
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