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Dostálková A, Křížová I, Junková P, Racková J, Kapisheva M, Novotný R, Danda M, Zvonařová K, Šinkovec L, Večerková K, Bednářová L, Ruml T, Rumlová M. Unveiling the DHX15-G-patch interplay in retroviral RNA packaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2407990121. [PMID: 39320912 PMCID: PMC11459146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2407990121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We explored how a simple retrovirus, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) to facilitate its replication process, utilizes DHX15, a cellular RNA helicase, typically engaged in RNA processing. Through advanced genetic engineering techniques, we showed that M-PMV recruits DHX15 by mimicking cellular mechanisms, relocating it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to aid in viral assembly. This interaction is essential for the correct packaging of the viral genome and critical for its infectivity. Our findings offer unique insights into the mechanisms of viral manipulation of host cellular processes, highlighting a sophisticated strategy that viruses employ to leverage cellular machinery for their replication. This study adds valuable knowledge to the understanding of viral-host interactions but also suggests a common evolutionary history between cellular processes and viral mechanisms. This finding opens a unique perspective on the export mechanism of intron-retaining mRNAs in the packaging of viral genetic information and potentially develop ways to stop it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Dostálková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Junková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Racková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Kapisheva
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Novotný
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Danda
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Zvonařová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Larisa Šinkovec
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Večerková
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednářová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28Prague, Czech Republic
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Fullerene Derivatives Prevent Packaging of Viral Genomic RNA into HIV-1 Particles by Binding Nucleocapsid Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122451. [PMID: 34960720 PMCID: PMC8705927 DOI: 10.3390/v13122451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fullerene derivatives with hydrophilic substituents have been shown to exhibit a range of biological activities, including antiviral ones. For a long time, the anti-HIV activity of fullerene derivatives was believed to be due to their binding into the hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 protease, thereby blocking its activity. Recent work, however, brought new evidence of a novel, protease-independent mechanism of fullerene derivatives' action. We studied in more detail the mechanism of the anti-HIV-1 activity of N,N-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide fullerene derivatives. By using a combination of in vitro and cell-based approaches, we showed that these C70 derivatives inhibited neither HIV-1 protease nor HIV-1 maturation. Instead, our data indicate effects of fullerene C70 derivatives on viral genomic RNA packaging and HIV-1 cDNA synthesis during reverse transcription-without impairing reverse transcriptase activity though. Molecularly, this could be explained by a strong binding affinity of these fullerene derivatives to HIV-1 nucleocapsid domain, preventing its proper interaction with viral genomic RNA, thereby blocking reverse transcription and HIV-1 infectivity. Moreover, the fullerene derivatives' oxidative activity and fluorescence quenching, which could be one of the reasons for the inconsistency among reported anti-HIV-1 mechanisms, are discussed herein.
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Kodr D, Stanková J, Rumlová M, Džubák P, Řehulka J, Zimmermann T, Křížová I, Gurská S, Hajdúch M, Drašar PB, Jurášek M. Betulinic Acid Decorated with Polar Groups and Blue Emitting BODIPY Dye: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Cell-Cycle Analysis and Anti-HIV Profiling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091104. [PMID: 34572290 PMCID: PMC8472287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a potent triterpene, which has shown promising potential in cancer and HIV-1 treatment. Here, we report a synthesis and biological evaluation of 17 new compounds, including BODIPY labelled analogues derived from BA. The analogues terminated by amino moiety showed increased cytotoxicity (e.g., BA had on CCRF-CEM IC50 > 50 μM, amine 3 IC50 0.21 and amine 14 IC50 0.29). The cell-cycle arrest was evaluated and did not show general features for all the tested compounds. A fluorescence microscopy study of six derivatives revealed that only 4 and 6 were detected in living cells. These compounds were colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, indicating possible targets in these organelles. The study of anti-HIV-1 activity showed that 8, 10, 16, 17 and 18 have had IC50i > 10 μM. Only completely processed p24 CA was identified in the viruses formed in the presence of compounds 4 and 12. In the cases of 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 and 18, we identified not fully processed p24 CA and p25 CA-SP1 protein. This observation suggests a similar mechanism of inhibition as described for bevirimat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kodr
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Jarmila Stanková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Jiří Řehulka
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Pavel B. Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
- Correspondence:
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NKNK: a New Essential Motif in the C-Terminal Domain of HIV-1 Group M Integrases. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01035-20. [PMID: 32727879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01035-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using coevolution network interference based on comparison of two phylogenetically distantly related isolates, one from the main group M and the other from the minor group O of HIV-1, we identify, in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of integrase, a new functional motif constituted by four noncontiguous amino acids (N222K240N254K273). Mutating the lysines abolishes integration through decreased 3' processing and inefficient nuclear import of reverse-transcribed genomes. Solution of the crystal structures of wild-type (wt) and mutated CTDs shows that the motif generates a positive surface potential that is important for integration. The number of charges in the motif appears more crucial than their position within the motif. Indeed, the positions of the K's could be permutated or additional K's could be inserted in the motif, generally without affecting integration per se Despite this potential genetic flexibility, the NKNK arrangement is strictly conserved in natural sequences, indicative of an effective purifying selection exerted at steps other than integration. Accordingly, reverse transcription was reduced even in the mutants that retained wt integration levels, indicating that specifically the wt sequence is optimal for carrying out the multiple functions that integrase exerts. We propose that the existence of several amino acid arrangements within the motif, with comparable efficiencies of integration per se, might have constituted an asset for the acquisition of additional functions during viral evolution.IMPORTANCE Intensive studies of HIV-1 have revealed its extraordinary ability to adapt to environmental and immunological challenges, an ability that is also at the basis of antiviral treatment escape. Here, by deconvoluting the different roles of the viral integrase in the various steps of the infectious cycle, we report how the existence of alternative equally efficient structural arrangements for carrying out one function opens up the possibility of adapting to the optimization of further functionalities exerted by the same protein. Such a property provides an asset to increase the efficiency of the infectious process. On the other hand, though, the identification of this new motif provides a potential target for interfering simultaneously with multiple functions of the protein.
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PF74 and Its Novel Derivatives Stabilize Hexameric Lattice of HIV-1 Mature-Like Particles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081895. [PMID: 32325987 PMCID: PMC7221806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A major structural retroviral protein, capsid protein (CA), is able to oligomerize into two different hexameric lattices, which makes this protein a key component for both the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication. During the late stage, the CA protein, as part of the Gag polyprotein precursor, facilitates protein–protein interactions that lead to the assembly of immature particles. Following protease activation and Gag polyprotein processing, CA also drives the assembly of the mature viral core. In the early stage of infection, the role of the CA protein is distinct. It controls the disassembly of the mature CA hexameric lattice i.e., uncoating, which is critical for the reverse transcription of the single-stranded RNA genome into double stranded DNA. These properties make CA a very attractive target for small molecule functioning as inhibitors of HIV-1 particle assembly and/or disassembly. Of these, inhibitors containing the PF74 scaffold have been extensively studied. In this study, we reported a series of modifications of the PF74 molecule and its characterization through a combination of biochemical and structural approaches. Our data supported the hypothesis that PF74 stabilizes the mature HIV-1 CA hexameric lattice. We identified derivatives with a higher in vitro stabilization activity in comparison to the original PF74 molecule.
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The HLA A03 Supertype and Several Pan Species Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I A Allotypes Share a Preference for Binding Positively Charged Residues in the F Pocket: Implications for Controlling Retroviral Infections. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01960-19. [PMID: 32075930 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01960-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region of humans, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and bonobos (Pan paniscus) is highly similar, and orthologues of HLA-A, -B, and -C are present in both Pan species. Based on functional characteristics, the different HLA-A allotypes are classified into different supertypes. One of them, the HLA A03 supertype, is widely distributed among different human populations. All contemporary known chimpanzee and bonobo MHC class I A allotypes cluster genetically into one of the six HLA-A families, the HLA-A1/A3/A11/A30 family. We report here that the peptide-binding motif of the Patr-A*05:01 allotype, which is commonly present in a cohort of western African chimpanzees, has a strong preference for binding peptides with basic amino acids at the carboxyl terminus. This phenomenon is shared with the family members of the HLA A03 supertype. Based on the chemical similarities in the peptide-binding pocket, we inferred that the preference for binding peptides with basic amino acids at the carboxyl terminus is widely present among the human, chimpanzee, and bonobo MHC-A allotypes. Subsequent in silico peptide-binding predictions illustrated that these allotypes have the capacity to target conserved parts of the proteome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz.IMPORTANCE Most experimentally infected chimpanzees seem to control an HIV-1 infection and are therefore considered to be relatively resistant to developing AIDS. Contemporary free-ranging chimpanzees may carry SIVcpz, and there is evidence for AIDS-like symptoms in these free-ranging animals, whereas SIV infections in bonobos appear to be absent. In humans, the natural control of an HIV-1 infection is strongly associated with the presence of particular HLA class I allotypes. The ancestor of the contemporary living chimpanzees and bonobos survived a selective sweep targeting the MHC class I repertoire. We have put forward a hypothesis that this may have been caused by an ancestral retroviral infection similar to SIVcpz. Characterization of the relevant MHC allotypes may contribute to understanding the shaping of their immune repertoire. The abundant presence of MHC-A allotypes that prefer peptides with basic amino acids at the C termini suggests that these molecules may contribute to the control of retroviral infections in humans, chimpanzees, and bonobos.
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Dostálková A, Hadravová R, Kaufman F, Křížová I, Škach K, Flegel M, Hrabal R, Ruml T, Rumlová M. A simple, high-throughput stabilization assay to test HIV-1 uncoating inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17076. [PMID: 31745222 PMCID: PMC6863892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53483-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortly after entering the cell, HIV-1 copies its genomic RNA into double-stranded DNA in a process known as reverse transcription. This process starts inside a core consisting of an enclosed lattice of capsid proteins that protect the viral RNA from cytosolic sensors and degradation pathways. To accomplish reverse transcription and integrate cDNA into the host cell genome, the capsid shell needs to be disassembled, or uncoated. Premature or delayed uncoating attenuates reverse transcription and blocks HIV-1 infectivity. Small molecules that bind to the capsid lattice of the HIV-1 core and either destabilize or stabilize its structure could thus function as effective HIV-1 inhibitors. To screen for such compounds, we modified our recently developed FAITH assay to allow direct assessment of the stability of in vitro preassembled HIV-1 capsid-nucleocapsid (CANC) tubular particles. This new assay is a high-throughput fluorescence method based on measuring the amount of nucleic acid released from CANC complexes under disassembly conditions. The amount of disassembled CANC particles and released nucleic acid is proportional to the fluorescence signal, from which the relative percentage of CANC stability can be calculated. We consider our assay a potentially powerful tool for in vitro screening for compounds that alter HIV disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Dostálková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Hadravová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry IOCB Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kaufman
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Flegel
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hrabal
- NMR Laboratory, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic.
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Prokšová PG, Lipov J, Zelenka J, Hunter E, Langerová H, Rumlová M, Ruml T. Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Cycling and Its Vesicular Co-Transport with Immature Particles. Viruses 2018; 10:E575. [PMID: 30347798 PMCID: PMC6212865 DOI: 10.3390/v10100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) plays a crucial role in the retroviral life cycle by mediating primary interactions with the host cell. As described previously and expanded on in this paper, Env mediates the trafficking of immature Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) particles to the plasma membrane (PM). Using a panel of labeled RabGTPases as endosomal markers, we identified Env mostly in Rab7a- and Rab9a-positive endosomes. Based on an analysis of the transport of recombinant fluorescently labeled M-PMV Gag and Env proteins, we propose a putative mechanism of the intracellular trafficking of M-PMV Env and immature particles. According to this model, a portion of Env is targeted from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to Rab7a-positive endosomes. It is then transported to Rab9a-positive endosomes and back to the TGN. It is at the Rab9a vesicles where the immature particles may anchor to the membranes of the Env-containing vesicles, preventing Env recycling to the TGN. These Gag-associated vesicles are then transported to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Grznárová Prokšová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Imaging methods core facility at BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Lipov
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Zelenka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Hana Langerová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Píchalová R, Füzik T, Vokatá B, Rumlová M, Llano M, Dostálková A, Křížová I, Ruml T, Ulbrich P. Conserved cysteines in Mason-Pfizer monkey virus capsid protein are essential for infectious mature particle formation. Virology 2018; 521:108-117. [PMID: 29906704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Retrovirus assembly is driven mostly by Gag polyprotein oligomerization, which is mediated by inter and intra protein-protein interactions among its capsid (CA) domains. Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV) CA contains three cysteines (C82, C193 and C213), where the latter two are highly conserved among most retroviruses. To determine the importance of these cysteines, we introduced mutations of these residues in both bacterial and proviral vectors and studied their impact on the M-PMV life cycle. These studies revealed that the presence of both conserved cysteines of M-PMV CA is necessary for both proper assembly and virus infectivity. Our findings suggest a crucial role of these cysteines in the formation of infectious mature particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Růžena Píchalová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tibor Füzik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vokatá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
| | - Alžběta Dostálková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Ulbrich
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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