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Lawrence SM. Human cytomegalovirus and neonatal infection. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100257. [PMID: 39070527 PMCID: PMC11276932 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is an ancient virus that has co-evolved with humans. It establishes a life-long infection in suspectable individuals for which there is no vaccination or cure. The virus can be transmitted to a developing fetus in seropositive pregnant women, and it is the leading cause of congenital infectious disease. While the majority of infected infants remain asymptomatic at birth, congenital cytomegalovirus infection can lead to substantial long-term neurodevelopmental impairments in survivors, resulting in considerable economic and social hardships. Recent discoveries regarding cytomegalovirus pathophysiology and viral replication cycles might enable the development of innovative diagnostics and therapeutics, including an effective vaccine. This Review will detail our understanding of human cytomegalovirus infection, with an in-depth discussion regarding the viral genome and transcriptome that contributes to its pathophysiology. The neonate's clinical course will also be highlighted, including maternal and neonatal testing, treatment recommendations, and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M. Lawrence
- University of Utah, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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2
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Zeng J, Cao D, Yang S, Jaijyan DK, Liu X, Wu S, Cruz-Cosme R, Tang Q, Zhu H. Insights into the Transcriptome of Human Cytomegalovirus: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37632045 PMCID: PMC10458407 DOI: 10.3390/v15081703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that poses significant risks to immunocompromised individuals. Its genome spans over 230 kbp and potentially encodes over 200 open-reading frames. The HCMV transcriptome consists of various types of RNAs, including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), with emerging insights into their biological functions. HCMV mRNAs are involved in crucial viral processes, such as viral replication, transcription, and translation regulation, as well as immune modulation and other effects on host cells. Additionally, four lncRNAs (RNA1.2, RNA2.7, RNA4.9, and RNA5.0) have been identified in HCMV, which play important roles in lytic replication like bypassing acute antiviral responses, promoting cell movement and viral spread, and maintaining HCMV latency. CircRNAs have gained attention for their important and diverse biological functions, including association with different diseases, acting as microRNA sponges, regulating parental gene expression, and serving as translation templates. Remarkably, HCMV encodes miRNAs which play critical roles in silencing human genes and other functions. This review gives an overview of human cytomegalovirus and current research on the HCMV transcriptome during lytic and latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Di Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
| | - Xiaolian Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songbin Wu
- Department of Pain Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518052, China
| | - Ruth Cruz-Cosme
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 070101, USA
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3
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Cook KC, Tsopurashvili E, Needham JM, Thompson SR, Cristea IM. Restructured membrane contacts rewire organelles for human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4720. [PMID: 35953480 PMCID: PMC9366835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) link organelles to coordinate cellular functions across space and time. Although viruses remodel organelles for their replication cycles, MCSs remain largely unexplored during infections. Here, we design a targeted proteomics platform for measuring MCS proteins at all organelles simultaneously and define functional virus-driven MCS alterations by the ancient beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Integration with super-resolution microscopy and comparisons to herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), Influenza A, and beta-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infections reveals time-sensitive contact regulation that allows switching anti- to pro-viral organelle functions. We uncover a stabilized mitochondria-ER encapsulation structure (MENC). As HCMV infection progresses, MENCs become the predominant mitochondria-ER contact phenotype and sequentially recruit the tethering partners VAP-B and PTPIP51, supporting virus production. However, premature ER-mitochondria tethering activates STING and interferon response, priming cells against infection. At peroxisomes, ACBD5-mediated ER contacts balance peroxisome proliferation versus membrane expansion, with ACBD5 impacting the titers of each virus tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Elene Tsopurashvili
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Jason M Needham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Sunnie R Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US.
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4
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Dual inhibition of innate immunity and apoptosis by human cytomegalovirus protein UL37x1 enables efficient virus replication. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1041-1053. [DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Ferreira AR, Gouveia A, Magalhães AC, Valença I, Marques M, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Human Cytomegalovirus vMIA Inhibits MAVS Oligomerization at Peroxisomes in an MFF-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871977. [PMID: 35445031 PMCID: PMC9014249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon intracellular recognition of viral RNA, RIG-I-like proteins interact with MAVS at peroxisomes and mitochondria, inducing its oligomerization and the downstream production of direct antiviral effectors. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is able to specifically evade this antiviral response, via its antiapoptotic protein vMIA. Besides suppressing the programmed cell death of infected cells, vMIA inhibits the antiviral signalling at mitochondria by inducing the organelle’s fragmentation, consequently hindering the interaction between MAVS and the endoplasmic reticulum protein STING. Here we demonstrate that vMIA interferes with the peroxisomal antiviral signalling via a distinct mechanism that is independent of the organelle’s morphology and does not affect STING. vMIA interacts with MAVS at peroxisomes and inhibits its oligomerization, restraining downstream signalling, in an MFF-dependent manner. This study also demonstrates that vMIA is totally dependent on the organelle’s fission machinery to induce peroxisomal fragmentation, while this dependency is not observed at mitochondria. Furthermore, although we demonstrate that vMIA is also able to inhibit MAVS oligomerization at mitochondria, our results indicate that this process, such as the whole vMIA-mediated inhibition of the mitochondrial antiviral response, is independent of MFF. These observed differences in the mechanisms of action of vMIA towards both organelles, likely reflect their intrinsic differences and roles throughout the viral infection. This study uncovers specific molecular mechanisms that may be further explored as targets for antiviral therapy and highlights the relevance of peroxisomes as platforms for antiviral signalling against HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Magalhães
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Valença
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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6
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Pandeya A, Khalko RK, Mishra A, Singh N, Singh S, Saha S, Yadav S, Saxena S, Gosipatala SB. Human Cytomegalovirus miR-UL70-3p Downregulates the H 2O 2-Induced Apoptosis by Targeting the Modulator of Apoptosis-1 (MOAP1). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010018. [PMID: 35008453 PMCID: PMC8744590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prototypic beta herpesvirus, causing persistent infections in humans. There are medications that are used to treat the symptoms; however, there is no cure yet. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCMV replication and its persistence may reveal new prevention strategies. HCMV evasive strategies on the antiviral responses of the human host largely rely on its significant portion of genome. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of miRNA-mediated regulation of apoptosis, which is an innate immune mechanism that eradicates virus-infected cells. In this study, we explore the antiapoptotic role of hcmv-miR-UL70-3p in HEK293T cells. We establish that hcmv-miR-UL70-3p targets the proapoptotic gene Modulator of Apoptosis-1 (MOAP1) through interaction with its 3'UTR region of mRNA. The ectopic expression of hcmv-miR-UL70-3p mimic significantly downregulates the H2O2-induced apoptosis through the translational repression of MOAP1. Silencing of MOAP1 through siRNA also inhibits the H2O2-induced apoptosis, which further supports the hcmv-miR-UL70-3p mediated antiapoptotic effect by regulating MOAP1 expression. These results uncover a role for hcmv-miR-UL70-3p and its target MOAP1 in regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Pandeya
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.P.); (R.K.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Raj Kumar Khalko
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.P.); (R.K.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Anup Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.P.); (R.K.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Nishant Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India; (N.S.); (S.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sukhveer Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India; (N.S.); (S.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India;
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow 226001, India; (N.S.); (S.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Bareli 229405, India
| | - Sangeeta Saxena
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.P.); (R.K.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sunil Babu Gosipatala
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, India; (A.P.); (R.K.K.); (A.M.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9455036926
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7
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Duncan-Lewis C, Hartenian E, King V, Glaunsinger BA. Cytoplasmic mRNA decay represses RNA polymerase II transcription during early apoptosis. eLife 2021; 10:e58342. [PMID: 34085923 PMCID: PMC8192121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA abundance is generally sensitive to perturbations in decay and synthesis rates, but crosstalk between RNA polymerase II transcription and cytoplasmic mRNA degradation often leads to compensatory changes in gene expression. Here, we reveal that widespread mRNA decay during early apoptosis represses RNAPII transcription, indicative of positive (rather than compensatory) feedback. This repression requires active cytoplasmic mRNA degradation, which leads to impaired recruitment of components of the transcription preinitiation complex to promoter DNA. Importin α/β-mediated nuclear import is critical for this feedback signaling, suggesting that proteins translocating between the cytoplasm and nucleus connect mRNA decay to transcription. We also show that an analogous pathway activated by viral nucleases similarly depends on nuclear protein import. Collectively, these data demonstrate that accelerated mRNA decay leads to the repression of mRNA transcription, thereby amplifying the shutdown of gene expression. This highlights a conserved gene regulatory mechanism by which cells respond to threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Duncan-Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Ella Hartenian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Valeria King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Britt A Glaunsinger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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8
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Mitochondria and Peroxisome Remodeling across Cytomegalovirus Infection Time Viewed through the Lens of Inter-ViSTA. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107943. [PMID: 32726614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all biological processes rely on the finely tuned coordination of protein interactions across cellular space and time. Accordingly, generating protein interactomes has become routine in biological studies, yet interpreting these datasets remains computationally challenging. Here, we introduce Inter-ViSTA (Interaction Visualization in Space and Time Analysis), a web-based platform that quickly builds animated protein interaction networks and automatically synthesizes information on protein abundances, functions, complexes, and subcellular localizations. Using Inter-ViSTA with proteomics and molecular virology, we define virus-host interactions for the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) anti-apoptotic protein, pUL37x1. We find that spatiotemporal controlled interactions underlie pUL37x1 functions, facilitating the pro-viral remodeling of mitochondria and peroxisomes during infection. Reciprocal isolations, microscopy, and genetic manipulations further characterize these associations, revealing the interplay between pUL37x1 and the MIB complex, which is critical for mitochondrial integrity. At the peroxisome, we show that pUL37x1 activates PEX11β to regulate fission, a key aspect of virus assembly and spread.
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9
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Herpesvirus Regulation of Selective Autophagy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050820. [PMID: 34062931 PMCID: PMC8147283 DOI: 10.3390/v13050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host’s antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.
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10
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Apoptosis Disorder, a Key Pathogenesis of HCMV-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084106. [PMID: 33921122 PMCID: PMC8071541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) belongs to the β-herpesvirus family, which is transmitted in almost every part of the world and is carried by more than 90% of the general population. Increasing evidence indicates that HCMV infection triggers numerous diseases by disrupting the normal physiological activity of host cells, particularly apoptosis. Apoptosis disorder plays a key role in the initiation and development of multiple diseases. However, the relationship and molecular mechanism of HCMV-related diseases and apoptosis have not yet been systematically summarized. This review aims to summarize the role of apoptosis in HCMV-related diseases and provide an insight into the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by HCMV infection. We summarize the literature on HCMV-related diseases and suggest novel strategies for HCMV treatment by regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Yashuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-8532-6203
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11
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Contribution of Yeast Studies to the Understanding of BCL-2 Family Intracellular Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084086. [PMID: 33920941 PMCID: PMC8071328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL-2 family members are major regulators of apoptotic cell death in mammals. They form an intricate regulatory network that ultimately regulates the release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria to the cytosol. The ectopic expression of mammalian BCL-2 family members in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which lacks BCL-2 homologs, has been long established as a useful addition to the available models to study their function and regulation. In yeast, individual proteins can be studied independently from the whole interaction network, thus providing insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying their function in a living context. Furthermore, one can take advantage of the powerful tools available in yeast to probe intracellular trafficking processes such as mitochondrial sorting and interactions/exchanges between mitochondria and other compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum that are largely conserved between yeast and mammals. Yeast molecular genetics thus allows the investigation of the role of these processes on the dynamic equilibrium of BCL-2 family members between mitochondria and extramitochondrial compartments. Here we propose a model of dynamic regulation of BCL-2 family member localization, based on available evidence from ectopic expression in yeast.
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12
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Romero-Cordero S, Noguera-Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2232. [PMID: 33792105 PMCID: PMC9286481 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Cordero
- Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Le-Trilling VTK, Trilling M. Ub to no good: How cytomegaloviruses exploit the ubiquitin proteasome system. Virus Res 2020; 281:197938. [PMID: 32198076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, causing life-threatening diseases in individuals with impaired, immature, or senescent immunity. Accordingly, HIV-infected AIDS patients, transplant recipients, and congenitally infected neonates frequently suffer from symptomatic episodes of HCMV replication. Like all viruses, HCMV has a split relationship with the host proteome. Efficient virus replication can only be achieved if proteins involved in intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune responses are sufficiently antagonized. Simultaneously, the abundance and function of proteins involved in the synthesis of chemical building blocks required for virus production, such as nucleotides, amino acids, and fatty acids, must be preserved or even enriched. The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) constitutes one of the most relevant protein decay systems of eukaryotic cells. In addition to the regulation of the turn-over and abundance of thousands of proteins, the UPS also generates the majority of peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to allow surveillance by T lymphocytes. Cytomegaloviruses exploit the UPS to regulate the abundance of viral proteins and to manipulate the host proteome in favour of viral replication and immune evasion. After summarizing the current knowledge of CMV-mediated misuse of the UPS, we discuss the evolution of viral proteins utilizing the UPS for the degradation of defined target proteins. We propose two alternative routes of adapter protein development and their mechanistic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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14
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Xi Y, Harwood S, Wise LM, Purdy JG. Human Cytomegalovirus pUL37x1 Is Important for Remodeling of Host Lipid Metabolism. J Virol 2019; 93:e00843-19. [PMID: 31391267 PMCID: PMC6803270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00843-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication requires host metabolism. Infection alters the activity in multiple metabolic pathways, including increasing fatty acid elongation and lipid synthesis. The virus-host interactions regulating the metabolic changes associated with replication are essential for infection. While multiple host factors, including kinases and transcription factors, important for metabolic changes that occur following HCMV infection have been identified, little is known about the viral factors required to alter metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pUL37x1 is important for the metabolic remodeling that is necessary for HCMV replication using a combination of metabolomics, lipidomics, and metabolic tracers to measure fatty acid elongation. We observed that fibroblast cells infected with wild-type (WT) HCMV had levels of metabolites similar to those in cells infected with a mutant virus lacking the UL37x1 gene, subUL37x1. However, we found that relative to WT-infected cells, subUL37x1-infected cells had reduced levels of two host proteins that were previously demonstrated to be important for lipid metabolism during HCMV infection: fatty acid elongase 7 (ELOVL7) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related kinase PERK. Moreover, we observed that HCMV infection results in an increase in phospholipids with very-long-chain fatty acid tails (PL-VLCFAs) that contain 26 or more carbons in one of their two tails. The levels of many PL-VLCFAs were lower in subUL37x1-infected cells than in WT-infected cells. Overall, we conclude that although pUL37x1 is not necessary for network-wide metabolic changes associated with HCMV infection, it is important for the remodeling of a subset of metabolic changes that occur during infection.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common pathogen that asymptomatically infects most people and establishes a lifelong infection. However, HCMV can cause end-organ disease that results in death in the immunosuppressed and is a leading cause of birth defects. HCMV infection depends on host metabolism, including lipid metabolism. However, the viral mechanisms for remodeling of metabolism are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the viral UL37x1 protein (pUL37x1) is important for infection-associated increases in lipid metabolism, including fatty acid elongation to produce very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Furthermore, we found that HCMV infection results in a significant increase in phospholipids, particularly those with VLCFA tails (PL-VLCFAs). We found that pUL37x1 was important for the high levels of fatty acid elongation and PL-VLCFA accumulation that occur in HCMV-infected cells. Our findings identify a viral protein that is important for changes in lipid metabolism that occur following HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Xi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Samuel Harwood
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa M Wise
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - John G Purdy
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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15
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Rimessi A, Pedriali G, Vezzani B, Tarocco A, Marchi S, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Interorganellar calcium signaling in the regulation of cell metabolism: A cancer perspective. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 98:167-180. [PMID: 31108186 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organelles were originally considered to be individual cellular compartments with a defined organization and function. However, recent studies revealed that organelles deeply communicate within each other via Ca2+ exchange. This communication, mediated by specialized membrane regions in close apposition between two organelles, regulate cellular functions, including metabolism and cell fate decisions. Advances in microscopy techniques, molecular biology and biochemistry have increased our understanding of these interorganelle platforms. Research findings suggest that interorganellar Ca2+ signaling, which is altered in cancer, influences tumorigenesis and tumor progression by controlling cell death programs and metabolism. Here, we summarize the available data on the existence and composition of interorganelle platforms connecting the endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria, the plasma membrane, or endolysosomes. Finally, we provide a timely overview of the potential function of interorganellar Ca2+ signaling in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rimessi
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gaia Pedriali
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bianca Vezzani
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Tarocco
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital S. Anna Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Dept. of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnical University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy.
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16
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Légiot A, Céré C, Dupoiron T, Kaabouni M, Camougrand N, Manon S. Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) are involved in Bax mitochondrial localization and cytochrome c release. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:257-266. [PMID: 31114795 PMCID: PMC6506693 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.05.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in the outer mi-tochondrial membrane (OMM) is a central point of regulation of apoptosis. It is now widely recognized that parts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are closely associated to the OMM, and are actively involved in different signaling processes. We addressed a possible role of these domains, called Mitochon-dria-Associated Membranes (MAMs) in Bax localization and function, by ex-pressing the human protein in a yeast mutant deleted of MDM34, a ERMES (ER-Mitochondria Encounter Structure) component. By affecting MAMs stabil-ity, the deletion of MDM34 altered Bax mitochondrial localization, and de-creased its capacity to release cytochrome c. Furthermore, the deletion of MDM34 decreased the size of an incompletely released, MAMs-associated pool of cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Légiot
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Céré
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thibaud Dupoiron
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mohamed Kaabouni
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadine Camougrand
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095 CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, CS61390, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077 Bordeaux, France
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17
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Cook KC, Cristea IM. Location is everything: protein translocations as a viral infection strategy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 48:34-43. [PMID: 30339987 PMCID: PMC6382524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein movement between different subcellular compartments is an essential aspect of biological processes, including transcriptional and metabolic regulation, and immune and stress responses. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses are master manipulators of cellular composition and organization. Accumulating evidences have highlighted the importance of infection-induced protein translocations between organelles. Both directional and temporal, these translocation events facilitate localization-dependent protein interactions and changes in protein functions that contribute to either host defense or virus replication. The discovery and characterization of protein movement is technically challenging, given the necessity for sensitive detection and subcellular resolution. Here, we discuss infection-induced translocations of host and viral proteins, and the value of integrating quantitative proteomics with advanced microscopy for understanding the biology of human virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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18
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Human Cytomegalovirus Protein pUL38 Prevents Premature Cell Death by Binding to Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 24 and Regulating Iron Metabolism. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00191-18. [PMID: 29695420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00191-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein pUL38 has been shown to prevent premature cell death by antagonizing cellular stress responses; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we identified the host protein ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24) as an interaction partner of pUL38. Mutagenesis analysis of pUL38 revealed that amino acids TFV at positions 227 to 230 were critical for its interaction with USP24. Mutant pUL38 TFV/AAA protein did not bind to USP24 and failed to prevent cell death induced by pUL38-deficient HCMV infection. Knockdown of USP24 suppressed the cell death during pUL38-deficient HCMV infection, suggesting that pUL38 achieved its function by antagonizing the function of USP24. We investigated the cellular pathways regulated by USP24 that might be involved in the cell death phenotype by testing several small-molecule compounds known to have a protective effect during stress-induced cell death. The iron chelators ciclopirox olamine and Tiron specifically protected cells from pUL38-deficient HCMV infection-induced cell death, thus identifying deregulated iron homeostasis as a potential mechanism. Protein levels of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) and lysosomal ferritin degradation, a process called ferritinophagy, were also regulated by pUL38 and USP24 during HCMV infection. Knockdown of USP24 decreased NCOA4 protein stability and ferritin heavy chain degradation in lysosomes. Blockage of ferritinophagy by genetic inhibition of NCOA4 or Atg5/Atg7 prevented pUL38-deficient HCMV infection-induced cell death. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that pUL38 binds to USP24 to reduce ferritinophagy, which may then protect cells from lysosome dysfunction-induced cell death.IMPORTANCE Premature cell death is considered a first line of defense against various pathogens. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a slow-replicating virus that encodes several cell death inhibitors, such as pUL36 and pUL37x1, which allow it to overcome both extrinsic and intrinsic mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis. We previously identified HCMV protein pUL38 as another virus-encoded cell death inhibitor. In this study, we demonstrated that pUL38 achieved its activity by interacting with and antagonizing the function of the host protein ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24). pUL38 blocked USP24-mediated ferritin degradation in lysosomes, which could otherwise be detrimental to the lysosome and initiate cell death. These novel findings suggest that iron metabolism is finely tuned during HCMV infection to avoid cellular toxicity. The results also provide a solid basis for further investigations of the role of USP24 in regulating iron metabolism during infection and other diseases.
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19
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Identification and comparison of RCMV ALL 03 open reading frame (ORF) among several different strains of cytomegalovirus worldwide. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Braun RJ, Westermann B. With the Help of MOM: Mitochondrial Contributions to Cellular Quality Control. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:441-452. [PMID: 28291566 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles because they have key roles in cellular energy metabolism and many other metabolic pathways. Several quality control systems have evolved to ensure that dysfunctional mitochondria are either repaired or eliminated. The activities of these pathways are crucial for cellular health because they maintain functional mitochondria. In addition, the cytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the mitochondria-associated degradation pathway (MAD) share some of their core components, are functionally tightly interconnected, and mutually modulate their activities. Thus, the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) actively supports quality control systems in extramitochondrial compartments. Furthermore, mitochondrial quality surveillance systems also act on cytosolic or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) substrates and modulate immune responses. Therefore, mitochondria contribute to cellular quality control and homeostasis on several levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Westermann
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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21
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Domain Interaction Studies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Tegument Protein UL16 Reveal Its Interaction with Mitochondria. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01995-16. [PMID: 27847362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01995-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The UL16 tegument protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is conserved among all herpesviruses and plays many roles during replication. This protein has an N-terminal domain (NTD) that has been shown to bind to several viral proteins, including UL11, VP22, and glycoprotein E, and these interactions are negatively regulated by a C-terminal domain (CTD). Thus, in pairwise transfections, UL16 binding is enabled only when the CTD is absent or altered. Based on these results, we hypothesized that direct interactions occur between the NTD and the CTD. Here we report that the separated and coexpressed functional domains of UL16 are mutually responsive to each other in transfected cells and form complexes that are stable enough to be captured in coimmunoprecipitation assays. Moreover, we found that the CTD can associate with itself. To our surprise, the CTD was also found to contain a novel and intrinsic ability to localize to specific spots on mitochondria in transfected cells. Subsequent analyses of HSV-infected cells by immunogold electron microscopy and live-cell confocal imaging revealed a population of UL16 that does not merely accumulate on mitochondria but in fact makes dynamic contacts with these organelles in a time-dependent manner. These findings suggest that the domain interactions of UL16 serve to regulate not just the interaction of this tegument protein with its viral binding partners but also its interactions with mitochondria. The purpose of this novel interaction remains to be determined. IMPORTANCE The HSV-1-encoded tegument protein UL16 is involved in multiple events of the virus replication cycle, ranging from virus assembly to cell-cell spread of the virus, and hence it can serve as an important drug target. Unfortunately, a lack of both structural and functional information limits our understanding of this protein. The discovery of domain interactions within UL16 and the novel ability of UL16 to interact with mitochondria in HSV-infected cells lays a foundational framework for future investigations aimed at deciphering the structure and function of not just UL16 of HSV-1 but also its homologs in other herpesviruses.
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22
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Phosphorylation of Golgi Peripheral Membrane Protein Grasp65 Is an Integral Step in the Formation of the Human Cytomegalovirus Cytoplasmic Assembly Compartment. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01554-16. [PMID: 27703074 PMCID: PMC5050342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01554-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the largest member of the Herpesviridae and represents a significant cause of disease. During virus replication, HCMV alters cellular functions to facilitate its replication, including significant reorganization of the secretory and endocytic pathways of the infected cell. A defining morphologic change of the infected cell is the formation of a membranous structure in the cytoplasm that is designated the virion assembly compartment (AC), which consists of virion structural proteins surrounded by cellular membranes. The loss of normal Golgi compartment morphology and its relocalization from a juxtanuclear ribbonlike structure to a series of concentric rings on the periphery of the AC represents a readily recognized reorganization of cellular membranes in the HCMV-infected cell. Although trafficking of viral proteins to this compartment is required for the assembly of infectious virions, the functional significance of the reorganization of intracellular membranes like the Golgi membranes into the AC in the assembly of infectious virus remains understudied. In this study, we determined that Golgi membrane ribbon fragmentation increased during the early cytoplasmic phase of virion assembly and that Golgi membrane fragmentation in infected cells was dependent on the phosphorylation of an integral cis-Golgi protein, Grasp65. Inhibition of Golgi membrane fragmentation and of its reorganization into the AC resulted in decreased production of infectious particles and alteration of the incorporation of an essential protein into the envelope of the mature virion. These results demonstrated the complexity of the virus-host cell interactions required for efficient assembly of this large DNA virus. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-induced reorganization of intracellular membranes that is required for the formation of the viral assembly compartment (AC) has been an area of study over the last 20 years. The significance of this virus-induced structure has been evinced by the results of several studies which showed that relocalization of viral proteins to the AC was required for efficient assembly of infectious virus. In this study, we have identified a mechanism for the fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon in the infected cell en route to AC morphogenesis. Identification of this fundamental process during HCMV replication allowed us to propose that the functional role of Golgi membrane reorganization during HCMV infection was the concentration of viral structural proteins and subviral structures into a single intracellular compartment in order to facilitate efficient protein-protein interactions and the virion protein trafficking required for the assembly of this large and structurally complex virus.
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23
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Keller AC, Badani H, McClatchey PM, Baird NL, Bowlin JL, Bouchard R, Perng GC, Reusch JEB, Kaufer BB, Gilden D, Shahzad A, Kennedy PGE, Cohrs RJ. Varicella zoster virus infection of human fetal lung cells alters mitochondrial morphology. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:674-682. [PMID: 27245593 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous alphaherpesvirus that establishes latency in ganglionic neurons throughout the neuraxis after primary infection. Here, we show that VZV infection induces a time-dependent significant change in mitochondrial morphology, an important indicator of cellular health, since mitochondria are involved in essential cellular functions. VZV immediate-early protein 63 (IE63) was detected in mitochondria-rich cellular fractions extracted from infected human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL) by Western blotting. IE63 interacted with cytochrome c oxidase in bacterial 2-hybrid analyses. Confocal microscopy of VZV-infected HFL cells at multiple times after infection revealed the presence of IE63 in the nucleus, mitochondria, and cytoplasm. Our data provide the first evidence that VZV infection induces alterations in mitochondrial morphology, including fragmentation, which may be involved in cellular damage and/or death during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Keller
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Hussain Badani
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - P Mason McClatchey
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Nicholas L Baird
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Jacqueline L Bowlin
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Ron Bouchard
- Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, 80220, CO, USA
| | - Guey-Chuen Perng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, and Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, 80220, CO, USA
| | | | - Don Gilden
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Aamir Shahzad
- Department of Biomolecular Structural Chemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter G E Kennedy
- Glasgow University Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Box B182, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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24
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Williamson CD, Wong DS, Bozidis P, Zhang A, Colberg-Poley AM. Isolation of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, and Mitochondria-Associated Membrane and Detergent Resistant Membrane Fractions from Transfected Cells and from Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Primary Fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 68:3.27.1-3.27.33. [PMID: 26331984 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb0327s68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly mechanistic virology studies require dependable and sensitive methods for isolating purified organelles containing functional cellular sub-domains. The mitochondrial network is, in part, closely apposed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) fraction provides direct physical contact between the ER and mitochondria. Characterization of the dual localization and trafficking of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL37 proteins required establishing protocols in which the ER and mitochondria could be reliably separated. Because of its documented role in lipid and ceramide transfer from the ER to mitochondria, a method to purify MAM from infected cells was also developed. Two robust procedures were developed to efficiently isolate mitochondria, ER, and MAM fractions while providing substantial protein yields from HCMV-infected primary fibroblasts and from transfected HeLa cells. Furthermore, this unit includes protocols for isolation of detergent resistant membranes from subcellular fractions as well as techniques that allow visualization of the mitochondrial network disruption that occurs in permissively infected cells by their optimal resolution in Percoll gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Williamson
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S Wong
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Program, Sackler School for Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Petros Bozidis
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, D.C.,Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
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25
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Superresolution imaging of viral protein trafficking. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:449-60. [PMID: 25724304 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane is closely apposed to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), which facilitates communication between these organelles. These contacts, known as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), facilitate calcium signaling, lipid transfer, as well as antiviral and stress responses. How cellular proteins traffic to the MAM, are distributed therein, and interact with ER and mitochondrial proteins are subject of great interest. The human cytomegalovirus UL37 exon 1 protein or viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) is crucial for viral growth. Upon synthesis at the ER, vMIA traffics to the MAM and OMM, where it reprograms the organization and function of these compartments. vMIA significantly changes the abundance of cellular proteins at the MAM and OMM, including proteins that regulate calcium homeostasis and cell death. Through the use of superresolution imaging, we have shown that vMIA is distributed at the OMM in nanometer scale clusters. This is similar to the clusters reported for the mitochondrial calcium channel, VDAC, as well as electron transport chain, translocase of the OMM complex, and mitochondrial inner membrane organizing system components. Thus, aside from addressing how vMIA targets the MAM and regulates survival of infected cells, biochemical studies and superresolution imaging of vMIA offer insights into the formation, organization, and functioning of MAM. Here, we discuss these insights into trafficking, function, and organization of vMIA at the MAM and OMM and discuss how the use of superresolution imaging is contributing to the study of the formation and trafficking of viruses.
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26
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Alibek K, Irving S, Sautbayeva Z, Kakpenova A, Bekmurzayeva A, Baiken Y, Imangali N, Shaimerdenova M, Mektepbayeva D, Balabiyev A, Chinybayeva A. Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:44. [PMID: 25699089 PMCID: PMC4333878 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcl proteins play a critical role in apoptosis, as mutations in family members interfere with normal programmed cell death. Such events can cause cell transformation, potentially leading to cancer. Recent discoveries indicate that some viral proteins interfere with Bcl proteins either directly or indirectly; however, these data have not been systematically described. Some viruses encode proteins that reprogramme host cellular signalling pathways controlling cell differentiation, proliferation, genomic integrity, cell death, and immune system recognition. This review analyses and summarises the existing data and discusses how viral proteins interfere with normal pro- and anti-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Particularly, this article focuses on how viral proteins, such as Herpesviruses, HTLV-1, HPV and HCV, block apoptosis and how accumulation of such interference predisposes cancer development. Finally, we discuss possible ways to prevent and treat cancers using a combination of traditional therapies and antiviral preparations that are effective against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alibek
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan ; National Medical Holding, 2 Syganak Street, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Stephanie Irving
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina Sautbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Damel Mektepbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Arnat Balabiyev
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aizada Chinybayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
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27
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Roseoloviruses and their modulation of host defenses. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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The 19S proteasome activator promotes human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene expression through proteolytic and nonproteolytic mechanisms. J Virol 2014; 88:11782-90. [PMID: 25078702 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01720-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes are large, multisubunit complexes that support normal cellular activities by executing the bulk of protein turnover. During infection, many viruses have been shown to promote viral replication by using proteasomes to degrade cellular factors that restrict viral replication. For example, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp71 protein induces the proteasomal degradation of Daxx, a cellular transcriptional repressor that can silence viral immediate early (IE) gene expression. We previously showed that this degradation requires both the proteasome catalytic 20S core particle (CP) and the 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 19S RP associates with the 20S CP to facilitate protein degradation but also plays a 20S CP-independent role promoting transcription. Here, we present a nonproteolytic role of the 19S RP in HCMV IE gene expression. We demonstrate that 19S RP subunits are recruited to the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) that directs IE transcription. Depletion of 19S RP subunits generated a defect in RNA polymerase II elongation through the MIE locus during HCMV infection. Our results reveal that HCMV commandeers proteasome components for both proteolytic and nonproteolytic roles to promote HCMV lytic infection. Importance: Proteasome inhibitors decrease or eliminate 20S CP activity and are garnering increasing interest as chemotherapeutics. However, an increasing body of evidence implicates 19S RP subunits in important proteolytic-independent roles during transcription. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of the 20S CP as a means to modulate proteasome function toward therapeutic effect is an incomplete capitalization on the potential of this approach. Here, we provide an additional example of nonproteolytic 19S RP function in promoting HCMV transcription. These data provide a novel system with which to study the roles of different proteasome components during transcription, a rationale for previously described shifts in 19S RP subunit localization during HCMV infection, and a potential therapeutic intervention point at a pre-immediate early stage for the inhibition of HCMV infection.
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29
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Hanley PJ, Bollard CM. Controlling cytomegalovirus: helping the immune system take the lead. Viruses 2014; 6:2242-58. [PMID: 24872114 PMCID: PMC4074926 DOI: 10.3390/v6062242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus, of the Herpesviridae family, has evolved alongside humans for thousands of years with an intricate balance of latency, immune evasion, and transmission. While upwards of 70% of humans have evidence of CMV infection, the majority of healthy people show little to no clinical symptoms of primary infection and CMV disease is rarely observed during persistent infection in immunocompetent hosts. Despite the fact that the majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic, immunologically, CMV hijacks the immune system by infecting and remaining latent in antigen-presenting cells that occasionally reactivate subclinically and present antigen to T cells, eventually causing the inflation of CMV-specific T cells until they can compromise up to 10% of the entire T cell repertoire. Because of this impact on the immune system, as well as its importance in fields such as stem cell and organ transplant, the relationship between CMV and the immune response has been studied in depth. Here we provide a review of many of these studies and insights into how CMV-specific T cells are currently being used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Hanley
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, and Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Program for Cell Enhancement and Technologies for Immunotherapy, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, and Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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30
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Bhuvanendran S, Salka K, Rainey K, Sreetama SC, Williams E, Leeker M, Prasad V, Boyd J, Patterson GH, Jaiswal JK, Colberg-Poley AM. Superresolution imaging of human cytomegalovirus vMIA localization in sub-mitochondrial compartments. Viruses 2014; 6:1612-36. [PMID: 24721787 PMCID: PMC4014713 DOI: 10.3390/v6041612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viral mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) protein, traffics to mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), where the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). vMIA association with the MAM has not been visualized by imaging. Here, we have visualized this by using a combination of confocal and superresolution imaging. Deconvolution of confocal microscopy images shows vMIA localizes away from mitochondrial matrix at the Mitochondria-ER interface. By gated stimulated emission depletion (GSTED) imaging, we show that along this interface vMIA is distributed in clusters. Through multicolor, multifocal structured illumination microscopy (MSIM), we find vMIA clusters localize away from MitoTracker Red, indicating its OMM localization. GSTED and MSIM imaging show vMIA exists in clusters of ~100–150 nm, which is consistent with the cluster size determined by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM). With these diverse superresolution approaches, we have imaged the clustered distribution of vMIA at the OMM adjacent to the ER. Our findings directly compare the relative advantages of each of these superresolution imaging modalities for imaging components of the MAM and sub-mitochondrial compartments. These studies establish the ability of superresolution imaging to provide valuable insight into viral protein location, particularly in the sub-mitochondrial compartments, and into their clustered organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Bhuvanendran
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Kyle Salka
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Kristin Rainey
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sen Chandra Sreetama
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Williams
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Margretha Leeker
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Vidhya Prasad
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Jonathan Boyd
- Life Science Division, Leica Microsystems, Inc., 1700 Leider Lane, Buffalo Grove, IL 60089, USA.
| | - George H Patterson
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Anamaris M Colberg-Poley
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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31
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Marchi S, Giorgi C, Oparka M, Duszynski J, Wieckowski MR, Pinton P. Oncogenic and oncosuppressive signal transduction at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e956469. [PMID: 27308328 PMCID: PMC4905193 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.956469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The different mechanisms employed by proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors to regulate cell death pathways are strictly linked to their localization. In addition to the canonical control of apoptosis at a transcriptional/nuclear level, intracellular zones are emerging as pivotal sites for the activities of several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors. Here, we review the function of the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interface as a primary platform for decoding danger signals as well as a structural accommodation for several regulator or effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Marchi
- Department of Morphology; Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology; Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology; Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology; Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monika Oparka
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Duszynski
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology; Surgery and Experimental Medicine; Section of Pathology; Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center; University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy
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