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Hou YN, Zhang LJ, Du L, Fu DD, Li J, Liu L, Xu PF, Zheng YW, Pang DW, Tang HW. Analyzing the factors affecting virus invasion by quantitative single-particle analysis. Virulence 2024; 15:2367671. [PMID: 38910312 PMCID: PMC11197921 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2367671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases are among the main threats to public health. Understanding the factors affecting viral invasion is important for antiviral research. Until now, it was known that most viruses have very low plaque-forming unit (PFU)-to-particle ratios. However, further investigation is required to determine the underlying factors. Here, using quantitative single-particle analysis methods, the invasion of Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and influenza A virus (IAV) containing attachment to the cell surface, entry into the cell, transport towards the cell interior, and fusion with endosomes to release nucleocapsids were quantitatively analysed in parallel. It was found that for SFV with an PFU-to-particle ratio of approximately 1:2, an entry efficiency of approximately 31% limited infection. For JEV, whose PFU-to-particle ratio was approximately 1:310, an attachment efficiency of approximately 27% and an entry efficiency of 10% were the main factors limiting its infection. Meanwhile, for IAV with PFU-to-particle ratios of 1:8100, 5% attachment efficiency, 9% entry efficiency, and 53% fusion efficiency significantly limited its infection. These results suggest that viruses with different infectivities have different limited steps in the invasion process. Moreover, there are significant differences in attachment efficiencies among viruses, emphasizing the pivotal role of attachment in viral invasion. The influence of the virus purification method on virus invasion was also investigated. This study, for the first time, reports the efficiencies of different stages of virus invasion, leading to a better understanding of virus invasion and providing a protocol to quantitatively analyse the virus invasion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Du
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Dan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Wu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Liu HY, Li Z, Reindl T, He Z, Qiu X, Golden RP, Donovan KA, Bailey A, Fischer ES, Zhang T, Gray NS, Yang PL. Broad-spectrum activity against mosquito-borne flaviviruses achieved by a targeted protein degradation mechanism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5179. [PMID: 38898037 PMCID: PMC11187112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral genetic diversity presents significant challenges in developing antivirals with broad-spectrum activity and high barriers to resistance. Here we report development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) targeting the dengue virus envelope (E) protein through coupling of known E fusion inhibitors to ligands of the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase. The resulting small molecules block viral entry through inhibition of E-mediated membrane fusion and interfere with viral particle production by depleting intracellular E in infected Huh 7.5 cells. This activity is retained in the presence of point mutations previously shown to confer partial resistance to the parental inhibitors due to decreased inhibitor-binding. The E PROTACs also exhibit broadened spectrum of activity compared to the parental E inhibitors against a panel of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. These findings encourage further exploration of targeted protein degradation as a differentiated and potentially advantageous modality for development of broad-spectrum direct-acting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhengnian Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresia Reindl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhixiang He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan P Golden
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam Bailey
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Priscilla L Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Huang R, He Y, Zhang C, Luo Y, Chen C, Tan N, Ren Y, Xu K, Yuan L, Yang J. The mutation of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein residue 389 attenuates viral neuroinvasiveness. Virol J 2024; 21:128. [PMID: 38840203 PMCID: PMC11151615 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a key protein for virus infection and adsorption of host cells, which determines the virulence of the virus and regulates the intensity of inflammatory response. The mutation of multiple aa residues in the E protein plays a critical role in the attenuated strain of JEV. This study demonstrated that the Asp to Gly, Ser, and His mutation of the E389 site, respectively, the replication ability of the viruses in cells was significantly reduced, and the viral neuroinvasiveness was attenuated to different degrees. Among them, the mutation at E389 site enhanced the E protein flexibility contributed to the attenuation of neuroinvasiveness. In contrast, less flexibility of E protein enhanced the neuroinvasiveness of the strain. Our results indicate that the mechanism of attenuation of E389 aa mutation attenuates neuroinvasiveness is related to increased flexibility of the E protein. In addition, the increased flexibility of E protein enhanced the viral sensitivity to heparin inhibition in vitro, which may lead to a decrease in the viral load entering brain. These results suggest that E389 residue is a potential site affecting JEV virulence, and the flexibility of the E protein of aa at this site plays an important role in the determination of neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yajing He
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Ning Tan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China.
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4
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Qu Z, Wu X, Guo X, Han H, Zhang P, Wang M, Song Y, Jiao F, He S, Lu S, Zhang X. Self-assembled nanoparticle with E protein domain III of DTMUV based on ferritin as carrier can induce a more comprehensive immune response and against DTMUV challenge in duck. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109820. [PMID: 37364454 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) causes severe reduction in egg production and neurological symptoms in ducklings. Vaccination is the primary measure used to prevent DTMUV infections. In this study, self-assembled nanoparticles with the E protein domain III of DTMUV, using ferritin as a carrier (EDⅢ-RFNp), were prepared using a prokaryotic expression system. Ducks were intramuscularly vaccinated with EDⅢ-RFNp, EDⅢ protein, an inactivated vaccine HB strain (InV-HB), and PBS. At 0, 4, and 6 weeks post-primary vaccination, the EDIII protein-specific antibody titre, IL-4, and IFN-γ concentrations in serum were determined by ELISA, and neutralising antibodies titres in sera were determined by virus neutralising assay. Peripheral blood lymphocytes proliferation was determined by CCK-8 kit. Following challenge with the virulent DTMUV strain, the clinical signals and survival rate of the vaccinated ducks were recorded, and DTMUV RNA levels in the blood and tissues of the surviving ducks were determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The near-spherical EDⅢ-RFNp nanoparticles with 13.29 ± 1.43 nm diameter were observed by transmission electron microscope. At 4 and 6 weeks post-primary vaccination, special and Virus neutralisation (VN) antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation (stimulator index, SI), and concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the EDⅢ-RFNp group were significantly higher than in the EDⅢ and PBS groups. In the DTMUV virulent strain challenge test, the EDⅢ-RFNp-vaccinated ducks showed milder clinical signs and higher survival rates than EDⅢ- and PBS-vaccinated ducks. The DTMUV RNA levels in the blood and tissues of EDⅢ-RFNp-vaccinated ducks were significantly lower than those in EDⅢ- and PBS-vaccinated ducks. Additionally, the EDⅢ protein-special and VN antibodies, SI value, and concentration of IL-4 and IFN-γ in the InV-HB group was significantly higher than that of the PBS group at 4 and 6 weeks post-primary vaccination. InV-HB provided more efficient protection than PBS based on a higher survival rate, milder signals, and lower levels of the DTMUV virus in the blood and tissues. These results indicated that EDⅢ-RFNp effectively protected ducks against DTMUV challenge and could be a vaccine candidate to prevent DTMUV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehui Qu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Waterfowl Resources Development and Utilization and Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control of Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China; Xinyang Key Laboratory of Integrated Technology for Prevention and Control of Major Livestock and Poultry Diseases, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China.
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Waterfowl Resources Development and Utilization and Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control of Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China
| | - Xiaoqiu Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
| | - Han Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
| | - Yilin Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
| | - Fengchao Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Waterfowl Resources Development and Utilization and Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control of Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China
| | - Shuhai He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Waterfowl Resources Development and Utilization and Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control of Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China
| | - Shaofang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China; Engineering and Technology Research Center for Waterfowl Resources Development and Utilization and Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control of Henan Province, Xinyang, Henan 46400, PR China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan 464000, PR China
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5
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Han X, Cai Z, Dai Y, Huang H, Cao X, Wang Y, Fang Y, Liu G, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yang B, Xue W, Zhao G, Tai W, Li M. Re-burying Artificially Exposed Surface of Viral Subunit Vaccines Through Oligomerization Enhances Vaccine Efficacy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:927674. [PMID: 35846760 PMCID: PMC9278648 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.927674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral subunit vaccines often suffer low efficacy. We recently showed that when taken out of the context of whole virus particles, recombinant subunit vaccines contain artificially exposed surface regions that are non-neutralizing and reduce their efficacy, and thus these regions need to be re-buried in vaccine design. Here we used the envelope protein domain III (EDIII) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a subunit vaccine candidate, to further validate this important concept for subunit vaccine designs. We constructed monomeric EDIII, dimeric EDIII via a linear space, dimeric EDIII via an Fc tag, and trimeric EDIII via a foldon tag. Compared to monomeric EDIII or linearly linked dimeric EDIII, tightly packed EDIII oligomers via the Fc or foldon tag induce higher neutralizing antibody titers in mice and also protect mice more effectively from lethal JEV challenge. Structural analyses demonstrate that part of the artificially exposed surface areas on recombinant EDIII becomes re-buried in Fc or foldon-mediated oligomers. This study further establishes the artificially exposed surfaces as an intrinsic limitation of subunit vaccines, and suggests that re-burying these surfaces through tightly packed oligomerization is a convenient and effective approach to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuming Cai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yulong Dai
- Institute of Hemu Biotechnology, Beijing Hemu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Hemu Biotechnology, Beijing Hemu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Bhide K, Mochnáčová E, Tkáčová Z, Petroušková P, Kulkarni A, Bhide M. Signaling events evoked by domain III of envelop glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8863. [PMID: 35614140 PMCID: PMC9133079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus can cross the blood–brain barrier via hematogenous route. The attachment of a virion to the cells of a neurovascular unit, which is mediated by domain III of glycoprotein E, initiates a series of events that may aid viral entry. Thus, we sought to uncover the post-attachment biological events elicited in brain microvascular endothelial cells by domain III. RNA sequencing of cells treated with DIII of TBEV and WNV showed significant alteration in the expression of 309 and 1076 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the TAM receptor pathway. Several genes that regulate tight-junction integrity were also activated, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, cell-adhesion molecules, claudins, and matrix metalloprotease (mainly ADAM17). Results also indicate activation of a pro-apoptotic pathway. TLR2 was upregulated in both cases, but MyD88 was not. In the case of TBEV DIII, a MyD88 independent pathway was activated. Furthermore, both cases showed dramatic dysregulation of IFN and IFN-induced genes. Results strongly suggest that the virus contact to the cell surface emanates a series of events namely viral attachment and diffusion, breakdown of tight junctions, induction of virus uptake, apoptosis, reorganization of the extracellular-matrix, and activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181, Kosice, Slovak Republic. .,Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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7
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Development of antiviral carbon quantum dots that target the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101957. [PMID: 35452675 PMCID: PMC9123278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that is prevalent in Asia and the Western Pacific. Currently, there is no effective treatment for Japanese encephalitis. Curcumin (Cur) is a compound extracted from the roots of Curcuma longa, and many studies have reported its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the high cytotoxicity and very low solubility of Cur limit its biomedical applications. In this study, Cur carbon quantum dots (Cur-CQDs) were synthesized by mild pyrolysis-induced polymerization and carbonization, leading to higher water solubility and lower cytotoxicity, as well as superior antiviral activity against JEV infection. We found that Cur-CQDs effectively bound to the E protein of JEV, preventing viral entry into the host cells. In addition, after continued treatment of JEV with Cur-CQDs, a mutant strain of JEV was evolved that did not support binding of Cur-CQDs to the JEV envelope. Using transmission electron microscopy, biolayer interferometry, and molecular docking analysis, we revealed that the S123R and K312R mutations in the E protein play a key role in binding Cur-CQDs. The S123 and K312 residues are located in structural domains II and III of the E protein, respectively, and are responsible for binding to receptors on and fusing with the cell membrane. Taken together, our results suggest that the E protein of flaviviruses represents a potential target for the development of CQD-based inhibitors to prevent or treat viral infections.
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8
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Wu Z, Hu T, Chen W, Cheng Y, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Cheng A, Chen S. The G92 NS2B mutant of Tembusu virus is involved in severe defects in progeny virus assembly. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Yi W, Zheng F, Zhu H, Wu Y, Wei J, Pan Z. Role of the conserved E2 residue G259 in classical swine fever virus production and replication. Virus Res 2022; 313:198747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Anwar MN, Akhtar R, Abid M, Khan SA, Rehman ZU, Tayyub M, Malik MI, Shahzad MK, Mubeen H, Qadir MS, Hameed M, Wahaab A, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Wei J. The interactions of flaviviruses with cellular receptors: Implications for virus entry. Virology 2022; 568:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Structurally conserved domains between flavivirus and alphavirus fusion glycoproteins contribute to replication and infectious virion production. J Virol 2021; 96:e0177421. [PMID: 34757841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01774-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses and flaviviruses have class II fusion glycoproteins that are essential for virion assembly and infectivity. Importantly, the tip of domain II is structurally conserved between the alphavirus and flavivirus fusion proteins, yet whether these structural similarities between virus families translate to functional similarities is unclear. Using in vivo evolution of Zika virus (ZIKV), we identified several novel emerging variants including an envelope glycoprotein variant in β-strand c (V114M) of domain II. We have previously shown that the analogous β-strand c and the ij loop, located in the tip of domain II of the alphavirus E1 glycoprotein, are important for infectivity. This led us to hypothesize that flavivirus E β-strand c also contributes to flavivirus infection. We generated this ZIKV glycoprotein variant and found that while it had little impact on infection in mosquitoes, it reduced replication in human cells and mice, and increased virus sensitivity to ammonium chloride, as seen for alphaviruses. In light of these results and given our alphavirus ij loop studies, we mutated a conserved alanine at the tip of the flavivirus ij loop to valine to test its effect on ZIKV infectivity. Interestingly, this mutation inhibited infectious virion production of ZIKV and yellow fever virus, but not West Nile virus. Together, these studies show that shared domains of the alphavirus and flavivirus class II fusion glycoproteins harbor structurally analogous residues that are functionally important and contribute to virus infection in vivo. Importance Arboviruses are a significant global public health threat, yet there are no antivirals targeting these viruses. This problem is in part due to our lack of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in the arbovirus life cycle. In particular, virus entry and assembly are essential processes in the virus life cycle and steps that can be targeted for the development of antiviral therapies. Therefore, understanding common, fundamental mechanisms used by different arboviruses for entry and assembly is essential. In this study, we show that flavivirus and alphavirus residues located in structurally conserved and analogous regions of the class II fusion proteins contribute to common mechanisms of entry, dissemination, and infectious virion production. These studies highlight how class II fusion proteins function and provide novel targets for development of antivirals.
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12
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Japanese encephalitis virus live attenuated vaccine strains display altered immunogenicity, virulence and genetic diversity. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:112. [PMID: 34475404 PMCID: PMC8413339 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE). The most commonly used vaccine used to prevent JE is the live-attenuated strain SA14-14-2, which was generated by serial passage of the wild-type (WT) JEV strain SA14. Two other vaccine candidates, SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8 were derived from SA14. Both were shown to be attenuated but lacked sufficient immunogenicity to be considered effective vaccines. To better contrast the SA14-14-2 vaccine with its less-immunogenic counterparts, genetic diversity, ribavirin sensitivity, mouse virulence and mouse immunogenicity of the three vaccines were investigated. Next generation sequencing demonstrated that SA14-14-2 was significantly more diverse than both SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8, and was slightly less diverse than WT SA14. Notably, WT SA14 had unpredictable levels of diversity across its genome whereas SA14-14-2 is highly diverse, but genetic diversity is not random, rather the virus only tolerates variability at certain residues. Using Ribavirin sensitivity in vitro, it was found that SA14-14-2 has a lower fidelity replication complex compared to SA14-5-3 and SA14-2-8. Mouse virulence studies showed that SA14-2-8 was the most virulent of the three vaccine strains while SA14-14-2 had the most favorable combination of safety (virulence) and immunogenicity for all vaccines tested. SA14-14-2 contains genetic diversity and sensitivity to the antiviral Ribavirin similar to WT parent SA14, and this genetic diversity likely explains the (1) differences in genomic sequences reported for SA14-14-2 and (2) the encoding of major attenuation determinants by the viral E protein.
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Mechanism through Which Retrocyclin Targets Flavivirus Multiplication. J Virol 2021; 95:e0056021. [PMID: 33980602 PMCID: PMC8274595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00560-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no approved drugs for the treatment of flavivirus infection. Accordingly, we tested the inhibitory effects of the novel θ-defensin retrocyclin-101 (RC-101) against flavivirus infection and investigated the mechanism underlying the potential inhibitory effects. First, RC-101 robustly inhibited both Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infections. RC-101 exerted inhibitory effects on the entry and replication stages. Results also indicated that the nonstructural protein NS2B-NS3 serine protease might serve as a potential viral target. Furthermore, RC-101 inhibited protease activity at the micromolar level. We also demonstrated that with respect to the glycoprotein E protein of flavivirus, the DE loop of domain III (DIII), which is the receptor-binding domain of the E protein, might serve as another viral target of RC-101. Moreover, a JEV DE mutant exhibited resistance to RC-101, which was associated with deceased binding affinity of RC-101 to DIII. These findings provide a basis for the development of RC-101 as a potential candidate for the treatment of flavivirus infection. IMPORTANCE Retrocyclin is an artificially humanized circular θ-defensin peptide, containing 18 residues, previously reported to possess broad antimicrobial activity. In this study, we found that retrocyclin-101 inhibited flavivirus (ZIKV and JEV) infections. Retrocyclin-101 inhibited NS2B-NS3 serine protease activity, suggesting that the catalytic triad of the protease is the target. Moreover, retrocyclin-101 bound to the DE loop of the E protein of flavivirus, which prevented its entry.
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14
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Hu T, Wu Z, Wu S, Chen S, Cheng A. The key amino acids of E protein involved in early flavivirus infection: viral entry. Virol J 2021; 18:136. [PMID: 34217298 PMCID: PMC8254458 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped viruses that infect multiple hosts. Envelope proteins are the outermost proteins in the structure of flaviviruses and mediate viral infection. Studies indicate that flaviviruses mainly use envelope proteins to bind to cell attachment receptors and endocytic receptors for the entry step. Here, we present current findings regarding key envelope protein amino acids that participate in the flavivirus early infection process. Among these sites, most are located in special positions of the protein structure, such as the α-helix in the stem region and the hinge region between domains I and II, motifs that potentially affect the interaction between different domains. Some of these sites are located in positions involved in conformational changes in envelope proteins. In summary, we summarize and discuss the key envelope protein residues that affect the entry process of flaviviruses, including the process of their discovery and the mechanisms that affect early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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15
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Hu T, Wu Z, Wu S, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Chen S, Cheng A. Substitutions at Loop Regions of TMUV E Protein Domain III Differentially Impair Viral Entry and Assembly. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688172. [PMID: 34262547 PMCID: PMC8273266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus envelope protein (E) plays an important role in cellular infection, especially in virulence and antigenicity. E domain III of Tembusu virus (TMUV) is highly conserved among flaviviruses and contains four loop regions. However, the functions of the loop regions of TMUV E domain III in the viral life cycle have not yet been discovered. In this study, using a reverse genetics system, we performed site-directed mutagenesis on loops I, II, III, and IV of TMUV E domain III. Mutant 6 (S388A.G389A.K390A) showed better proliferation than the wild-type virus, while mutants 1-5 exhibited decreased in vitro infectivity, as determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Based on a TMUV replicon system, the mutations exhibited no apparent effect on TMUV RNA replication. Subcellular fractionation assays and packaging system assays indicated that mutations in loops II-IV (T332A, T332S, S365A.S366A.T367A, and S388A.G389A.K390A, respectively) disrupted virion assembly. Moreover, loops I-IV played an important role in virus binding and entry, while mutant 6 (S388A.G389A.K390A) exhibited robust activity in virus entry. Taken together, our findings indicated the critical role of the loop regions in TMUV E domain III in the virus entry and assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - YanLing Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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16
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RNA Interference Screening Reveals Requirement for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00113-21. [PMID: 33753340 PMCID: PMC8316074 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00113-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. To identify potential host therapeutic targets, a high-throughput receptor tyrosine kinase small interfering RNA library screening was performed with recombinant JEV particles. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) was identified as a hit after two rounds of screening. Knockdown of PDGFRβ blocked JEV infection and transcomplementation of PDGFRβ could partly restore its infectivity. The PDGFRβ inhibitor imatinib, which has been approved for the treatment of malignant metastatic cancer, protected mice against JEV-induced lethality by decreasing the viral load in the brain while abrogating the histopathological changes associated with JEV infection. These findings demonstrated that PDGFRβ is important in viral infection and provided evidence for the potential to develop imatinib as a therapeutic intervention against JEV infection.
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17
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Dey D, Poudyal S, Rehman A, Hasan SS. Structural and biochemical insights into flavivirus proteins. Virus Res 2021; 296:198343. [PMID: 33607183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are the fastest spreading arthropod-borne viruses that cause severe symptoms such as hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and congenital deformities. Nearly 40 % of the entire human population is at risk of flavivirus epidemics. Yet, effective vaccination is restricted only to a few flaviviruses such as yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, and most recently for select cases of dengue virus infections. Despite the global spread of dengue virus, and emergence of new threats such as Zika virus and a new genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus, insights into flavivirus targets for potentially broad-spectrum vaccination are limited. In this review article, we highlight biochemical and structural differences in flavivirus proteins critical for virus assembly and host interactions. A comparative sequence analysis of pH-responsive properties of viral structural proteins identifies trends in conservation of complementary acidic-basic character between interacting viral structural proteins. This is highly relevant to the understanding of pH-sensitive differences in virus assembly in organelles such as neutral ER and acidic Golgi. Surface residues in viral interfaces identified by structural approaches are shown to demonstrate partial conservation, further reinforcing virus-specificity in assembly and interactions with host proteins. A comparative analysis of epitope conservation in emerging flaviviruses identifies therapeutic antibody candidates that have potential as broad spectrum anti-virals, thus providing a path towards development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Shishir Poudyal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Asma Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St. Baltimore MD 21201, USA; Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville MD 20850, USA.
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18
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Fiacre L, Pagès N, Albina E, Richardson J, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239117. [PMID: 33266206 PMCID: PMC7731113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-43967376
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
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19
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Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) possess optical properties of superbright fluorescence, excellent photostability, narrow emission spectra, and optional colors. Labeled with QDs, single molecules/viruses can be rapidly and continuously imaged for a long time, providing more detailed information than when labeled with other fluorophores. While they are widely used to label proteins in single-molecule-tracking studies, QDs have rarely been used to study virus infection, mainly due to a lack of accepted labeling strategies. Here, we report a general method to mildly and readily label enveloped viruses with QDs. Lipid-biotin conjugates were used to recognize and mark viral lipid membranes, and streptavidin-QD conjugates were used to light them up. Such a method allowed enveloped viruses to be labeled in 2 h with specificity and efficiency up to 99% and 98%, respectively. The intact morphology and the native infectivity of viruses were preserved. With the aid of this QD labeling method, we lit wild-type and mutant Japanese encephalitis viruses up, tracked their infection in living Vero cells, and found that H144A and Q258A substitutions in the envelope protein did not affect the virus intracellular trafficking. The lipid-specific QD labeling method described in this study provides a handy and practical tool to readily "see" the viruses and follow their infection, facilitating the widespread use of single-virus tracking and the uncovering of complex infection mechanisms.IMPORTANCE Virus infection in host cells is a complex process comprising a large number of dynamic molecular events. Single-virus tracking is a versatile technique to study these events. To perform this technique, viruses must be fluorescently labeled to be visible to fluorescence microscopes. The quantum dot is a kind of fluorescent tag that has many unique optical properties. It has been widely used to label proteins in single-molecule-tracking studies but rarely used to study virus infection, mainly due to the lack of an accepted labeling method. In this study, we developed a lipid-specific method to readily, mildly, specifically, and efficiently label enveloped viruses with quantum dots by recognizing viral envelope lipids with lipid-biotin conjugates and recognizing these lipid-biotin conjugates with streptavidin-quantum dot conjugates. It is not only applicable to normal viruses, but also competent to label the key protein-mutated viruses and the inactivated highly virulent viruses, providing a powerful tool for single-virus tracking.
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20
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Screening of Natural Extracts for Inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02373-19. [PMID: 31871089 PMCID: PMC7038234 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02373-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective drugs approved for the treatment of JEV infection. Drug-repurposing screening is an alternative approach to discover potential antiviral agents. In this study, high-content screening (HCS) of a natural extracts library was performed, and two hit FDA-approved Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, ouabain and digoxin, were identified as having robust efficiency against JEV infection with the selectivity indexes over 1,000. The results indicated that ouabain and digoxin blocked the JEV infection at the replication stage by targeting the Na+/K+-ATPase. Furthermore, it was proven that ouabain significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV in a BALB/c mouse model. This work demonstrated that Na+/K+-ATPase could serve as the target of treatment of JEV infection, and ouabain has the potential to be developed as an effective anti-JEV drug.
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21
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Wei J, Hameed M, Wang X, Zhang J, Guo S, Anwar MN, Pang L, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Zhong D, Zhou B, Ma Z. Antiviral activity of phage display-selected peptides against Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2019; 174:104673. [PMID: 31812636 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic flavivirus that is the most significant etiological agent of childhood viral neurological infections. However, no specific antiviral drug is currently available to treat JEV infections. The JEV envelope (E) protein is a class II viral fusion protein that mediates host cell entry, making interference with the interaction between the E protein of JEV and its cognate receptors an attractive strategy for anti-JEV drug development. In this study, we identified a peptide derived from a phage display peptide library against the E protein of JEV, designated P1, that potentially inhibits in vitro and in vivo JEV infections. P1 inhibits JEV infection in BHK-21 cells with 50% inhibitory capacity at a concentration of 35.9 μM. The time-of-addition assay indicates that JEV replication is significantly inhibited during pre-infection and co-infection of P1 with JEV while post-infection treatments with P1 have very little impact on JEV proliferation, showing that P1 inhibits JEV infection at early stages and indicating the potential prophylactic effect of P1. We adapted an in vitro BiFC assay system and demonstrated that P1 interacts with JEV E proteins and blocks their entry into cells. We also evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of P1 in a lethal JEV mouse model exhibiting systemic and brain infections. Interestingly, P1 treatment protected C57BL/6 mice against mortality, markedly reduced the viral loads in blood and brain, and diminished the histopathological lesions in the brain cells. In addition to controlling systemic infection, P1 has a very low level of cytotoxicity and acts in a sequence-specific manner, as scrambled peptide sP1 does not show any antiviral activity. In conclusion, our in vitro and in vivo experimental findings show that P1 possesses antiviral activity against JEV infections, is safe to use, and has potential for further development as an antiviral treatment against JEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201600, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Pang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai, 201600, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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Wei J, Wang X, Zhang J, Guo S, Pang L, Shi K, Liu K, Shao D, Qiu Y, Liu L, Widén F, Li B, Ma Z. Partial cross-protection between Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007601. [PMID: 31374086 PMCID: PMC6693775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype III (GIII) Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) predominance has gradually been replaced by genotype I (GI) over the last 20 years in many Asian countries. This genotype shift raises concerns about the protective efficacy of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines, as all of the currently licensed JE vaccines are derived from GIII strains. In this study, we conducted vaccination-challenge protection assays to evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of GI- or GIII-derived vaccines against the challenge of a heterologous genotype using a mouse challenge model. Titration of the neutralizing antibodies elicited by SA14-14-2 live-attenuated JE vaccine (SA14-14-2 vaccine), a GIII-derived vaccine, indicated that the titer of neutralizing antibodies specific to heterologous genotype GI stain was significantly lower than that specific to homologous genotype GIII strain in both pigs and mice immunized with the SA14-14-2 vaccine. Vaccination of mice with SA14-14-2 vaccine or a GIII-inactivated vaccine at high and medium doses completely protected vaccinated mice against challenge with the homologous genotype GIII strains, but failed to provide the vaccinated mice complete protection against the challenge of heterologous genotype GI strains. The protection rates against GI strain challenge were 60%–80%, showing that these vaccines were partially protective against GI strain challenge. Additionally, vaccination of mice with a GI-inactivated vaccine conferred 100% protection against the challenge of homologous genotype GI strains, but 50%–90% protection against the challenge of heterologous genotype GIII strains, showing a reduced protective efficacy of a GI-derived vaccine against GIII strain challenge. Overall, these observations demonstrated a partial cross-protection between GI and GIII strains and suggested a potential need for new JE vaccine strategies, including options like a bivalent vaccine, to control both genotype infection. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes Japanese encephalitis (JE) in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. JEV is phylogenetically classified into five genotypes. JEV genotype III (GIII) was historically dominant throughout most of Asia, but has been replaced by genotype I (GI) over the last 20 years in many Asian countries. Amino acid variations in JEV envelope protein play major roles in determination of antigenicity. Elicitation of cross-neutralizing antibodies for GI and GIII strains has been reported, showing an antigenic difference between the two genotypes. These amino acid differences in JEV envelope proteins raise a concern about the protective efficacy of JE vaccines against the emerged GI strain infection, because all currently licensed JE vaccines are derived from GIII strains. We evaluated the protective efficacy of JE vaccines against the heterologous genotype strain using a mouse challenge model and found a partial cross-protection between GI- or GIII-derived vaccines against the challenge of the heterologous genotype. This partial cross-protective efficacy suggested a potential need for a new JE vaccine, one solution may be a bivalent vaccine, to control infection with either genotype. However, more comprehensive studies should be conducted to address the partial cross-protective efficacy of JE vaccines against the heterologous genotype strains using JEV natural hosts such as pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Wei
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Linlin Pang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), The National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beibei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (BL); (ZM)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
- * E-mail: (BL); (ZM)
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Differential replication efficiencies between Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I and III in avian cultured cells and young domestic ducklings. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0007046. [PMID: 30562354 PMCID: PMC6314627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype dominance has shifted to genotype I (GI) from genotype III (GIII) in China as demonstrated by molecular epidemiological surveillance. In this study, we performed a serological survey in JEV-non-vaccinated pigs to confirm JEV genotype shift at the sero-epidemiological level. The average ratio of GI/GIII infection was 1.87, suggesting co-circulation of GI and GIII infections with GI infection being more prevalent in pigs in China. To gain an insight into the reasons for this JEV genotype shift, the replication kinetics of seven recently-isolated JEV isolates including three GI strains and four GIII strains were compared in mosquito C6/36 cells, chicken fibroblast cells (DF-1) and porcine iliac artery endothelial cells (PIEC). We observed that GI strains replicated more efficiently than GIII strains in DF-1 and PIEC cells, particularly in DF-1 cells with titers reaching 22.9–225.3 fold higher than GIII strains. This shows an enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in avian cells. To examine this enhanced replication efficiency in vivo, young domestic ducklings were used as the animal model and inoculated with GI and GIII strains at day 2 post-hatching. We observed that GI-inoculated ducklings developed higher viremia titers and displayed a comparatively longer viremic duration than GIII-inoculated ducklings. These results conform to the hypothesis of an enhanced replication efficiency for GI viruses in birds. There are 36 amino acid differences between GI and GIII viruses, some of which may be responsible for the enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in birds. Based on these findings, we speculated that the enhanced replication of GI viruses in birds would have resulted in higher exposure and therefore infection in mosquitoes, which could result in an increased transmission efficiency of GI viruses in the birds-mosquitoes-birds enzootic transmission cycle, thereby contributing to JEV genotype shift. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorder in pigs. The enzootic transmission cycle of JEV is maintained in nature by several species of mosquitoes and vertebrates including birds and pigs. In recent years, JEV genotype I (GI) replaced genotype IIII (GIII) as the dominant genotype in Asian countries. Genotype shift has an impact on disease control, and understanding the reasons for this shift will offer valuable insight into avenues for future disease control. Therefore, we compared the replication efficiencies of GI and GIII viruses in vitro and in vivo. We observed that GI viruses show higher replication titers in avian cells and higher viremia levels in young domestic ducklings than GIII viruses, suggesting an enhanced replication efficiency of GI viruses in birds. Based on these findings, we speculated that the enhanced replication of GI viruses in birds could provide increased mosquito infection, leading to an increase in the birds-mosquitoes-birds transmission cycle, thereby contributing to JEV genotype shift.
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Zhao D, Liu Q, Huang X, Wang H, Han K, Yang J, Bi K, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li Y. Identification of determinants that mediate binding between Tembusu virus and the cellular receptor heat shock protein A9. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:528-535. [PMID: 29649860 PMCID: PMC6070589 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.4.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein A9 (HSPA9), a member of the heat shock protein family, is a putative receptor for Tembusu virus (TMUV). By using Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation assays, E protein domains I and II were identified as the functional domains that facilitate HSPA9 binding. Twenty-five overlapping peptides covering domain I and domain II sequences were synthesized and analyzed by using an HSPA9 binding assay. Two peptides showed the capability of binding to HSPA9. Dot blot assay of truncated peptides indicated that amino acid residues 19 to 22 and 245 to 252 of E protein constitute the minimal motifs required for TMUV binding to HSPA9. Importantly, peptides harboring those two minimal motifs could effectively inhibit TMUV infection. Our results provide insight into TMUV-receptor interaction, thereby creating opportunities for elucidating the mechanism of TMUV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Keran Bi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuzhuo Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
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Acidity/Alkalinity of Japanese Encephalitis Virus E Protein Residue 138 Alters Neurovirulence in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00108-18. [PMID: 30158291 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00108-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope (E) protein, as one of mediators of virus entry into host cells, plays a critical role in determining virulence. The Glu-to-Lys mutation of residue 138 in E protein (E138) plays an important role in attenuating JEV vaccine strain SA14-14-2. However, it is not clear how E138 attenuates JEV. Here, we demonstrate that the Glu-to-Arg mutation of E138 also determines the attenuation of JEV strain 10S3. Likewise, for its parent strain (HEN0701), a virulence strain, the mutations of E138 are responsible for virulence alteration. Furthermore, we demonstrated that mutations of alkaline residues in E138 contributed to the attenuation of neurovirulence; in contrast, mutations of acidic residues enhanced the neurovirulence of the strains. Moreover, acidity in residue E47 had a similar effect on neurovirulence. Furthermore, the alkaline E138 residue enhanced susceptibility to heparin inhibition in vitro and limited JEV diffusion in mouse brain. These results suggest that the acidity/alkalinity of the E138 residue plays an important role in neurovirulence determination.IMPORTANCE The E protein is the only glycoprotein in mature JEV, and it plays an important role in viral neurovirulence. E protein mutations attenuate JEV neurovirulence through unclear mechanisms. Here, we discovered that E138 is a predominant determinant of JEV neurovirulence. We demonstrated that the alkalinity/acidity of E138 determines JEV neurovirulence. These data contribute to the characterization of the E protein and the rational development of novel JEV vaccines.
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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Screening and Identification of Lassa Virus Entry Inhibitors from an FDA-Approved Drug Library. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00954-18. [PMID: 29899092 PMCID: PMC6069169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00954-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. At present, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs or vaccines specific for LASV. Here, high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was performed against LASV entry by using pseudotype virus bearing LASV envelope glycoprotein (GPC). Two hit compounds, lacidipine and phenothrin, were identified as LASV entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that both compounds inhibited LASV entry by blocking low-pH-induced membrane fusion. Accordingly, lacidipine showed virucidal effects on the pseudotype virus of LASV. Adaptive mutant analyses demonstrated that replacement of T40, located in the ectodomain of the stable-signal peptide (SSP), with lysine (K) conferred LASV resistance to lacidipine. Furthermore, lacidipine showed antiviral activity against LASV, the closely related Mopeia virus (MOPV), and the New World arenavirus Guanarito virus (GTOV). Drug-resistant variants indicated that V36M in the ectodomain of the SSP mutant and V436A in the transmembrane domain of the GP2 mutant conferred GTOV resistance to lacidipine, suggesting the interface between SSP and GP2 is the target of lacidipine. This study shows that lacidipine is a candidate for LASV therapy, reinforcing the notion that the SSP-GP2 interface provides an entry-targeted platform for arenavirus inhibitor design.IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat Lassa fever; therefore, repurposing of approved drugs will accelerate the development of a therapeutic stratagem. In this study, we screened an FDA-approved library of drugs and identified two compounds, lacidipine and phenothrin, which inhibited Lassa virus entry by blocking low-pH-induced membrane fusion. Additionally, both compounds extended their inhibition against the entry of Guanarito virus, and the viral targets were identified as the SSP-GP2 interface.
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Shil P, Yadav PD, Patil AA, Balasubramanian R, Mourya DT. Bioinformatics characterization of envelope glycoprotein from Kyasanur Forest disease virus. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:195-201. [PMID: 29806609 PMCID: PMC5991130 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1445_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is a febrile illness characterized by haemorrhages and caused by KFD virus (KFDV), which belongs to the Flaviviridae family. It is reported to be an endemic disease in Shimoga district of Karnataka State, India, especially in forested and adjoining areas. Several outbreaks have been reported in newer areas, which raised queries regarding the changing nature of structural proteins if any. The objective of the study was to investigate amino acid composition and antigenic variability if any, among the envelope glycoprotein (E-proteins) from old and new strains of KFDV. Methods Bioinformatic tools and techniques were used to predict B-cell epitopes and three-dimensional structures and to compare envelope glycoprotein (E-proteins) between the old strains of KFDV and those from emerging outbreaks till 2015. Results The strain from recent outbreak in Thirthahalli, Karnataka State (2014), was similar to the older strain of KFDV (99.2%). Although mutations existed in strains from 2015 in Kerala KFD sequences, these did not alter the epitopes. Interpretation & conclusions The study revealed that though mutations existed, there were no drastic changes in the structure or antigenicity of the E-proteins from recent outbreaks. Hence, no correlation could be established between the mutations and detection in new geographical areas. It seems that KFDV must be present earlier also in many States and due to availability of testing system and alertness coming into notice now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip Shil
- Bioinformatics Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Avinash A Patil
- Bioinformatics Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Full-Genome Characterization and Genetic Evolution of West African Isolates of Bagaza Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040193. [PMID: 29652824 PMCID: PMC5923487 DOI: 10.3390/v10040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bagaza virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first isolated in 1966 in Central African Republic. It has currently been identified in mosquito pools collected in the field in West and Central Africa. Emergence in wild birds in Europe and serological evidence in encephalitis patients in India raise questions on its genetic evolution and the diversity of isolates circulating in Africa. To better understand genetic diversity and evolution of Bagaza virus, we describe the full-genome characterization of 11 West African isolates, sampled from 1988 to 2014. Parameters such as genetic distances, N-glycosylation patterns, recombination events, selective pressures, and its codon adaptation to human genes are assessed. Our study is noteworthy for the observation of N-glycosylation and recombination in Bagaza virus and provides insight into its Indian origin from the 13th century. Interestingly, evidence of Bagaza virus codon adaptation to human house-keeping genes is also observed to be higher than those of other flaviviruses well known in human infections. Genetic variations on genome of West African Bagaza virus could play an important role in generating diversity and may promote Bagaza virus adaptation to other vertebrates and become an important threat in human health.
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Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01055-17. [PMID: 28814523 PMCID: PMC5640845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01055-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, is a major cause of acute viral encephalitis in humans. No approved drug is available for the specific treatment of JEV infections, and the available vaccines are not effective against all clinical JEV isolates. In the study described here, a high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library for inhibitors of JEV was performed. Five hit drugs that inhibited JEV infection with a selective index of >10 were identified. The antiviral activities of these five hit drugs against other flavivirus, including Zika virus, were also validated. As three of the five hit drugs were calcium inhibitors, additional types of calcium inhibitors that confirmed that calcium is essential for JEV infection, most likely during viral replication, were utilized. Adaptive mutant analysis uncovered that replacement of Q130, located in transmembrane domain 3 of the nonstructural NS4B protein, which is relatively conserved in flaviviruses, with R or K conferred JEV resistance to manidipine, a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) inhibitor, without an apparent loss of the viral growth profile. Furthermore, manidipine was indicated to protect mice against JEV-induced lethality by decreasing the viral load in the brain, while it abrogated the histopathological changes associated with JEV infection. This study provides five antiflavivirus candidates and identifies cytoplasmic calcium to be a novel antiviral target for the treatment of JEV infection. The findings reported here provide therapeutic possibilities for combating infections caused by flaviviruses. IMPORTANCE No approved therapy for the treatment of Japanese encephalitis virus infection is currently available. Repurposing of approved drugs would accelerate the development of a therapeutic stratagem. In this study, we screened a library of FDA-approved drugs and identified five hit drugs, especially calcium inhibitors, exerting antiflavivirus activity that blocked viral replication. The in vivo efficacy and toxicity of manidipine were investigated with a mouse model of JEV infection, and the viral target was identified by generating an adaptive mutant.
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Near-atomic structure of Japanese encephalitis virus reveals critical determinants of virulence and stability. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14. [PMID: 28446752 PMCID: PMC5432033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several different flaviviruses may cause encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis virus is the most significant, being responsible for thousands of deaths each year in Asia. The structural and molecular basis of this encephalitis is not fully understood. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of mature Japanese encephalitis virus at near-atomic resolution, which reveals an unusual “hole” on the surface, surrounded by five encephalitic-specific motifs implicated in receptor binding. Glu138 of E, which is highly conserved in encephalitic flaviviruses, maps onto one of these motifs and is essential for binding to neuroblastoma cells, with the E138K mutation abrogating the neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of Japanese encephalitis virus in mice. We also identify structural elements modulating viral stability, notably Gln264 of E, which, when replaced by His264 strengthens a hydrogen-bonding network, leading to a more stable virus. These studies unveil determinants of neurovirulence and stability in Japanese encephalitis virus, opening up new avenues for therapeutic interventions against neurotropic flaviviruses. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a Flavivirus responsible for thousands of deaths every year for which there are no specific anti-virals. Here, Wang et al. report the cryo-EM structure of mature JEV at near-atomic resolution and identify structural elements that modulate stability and virulence.
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Antiviral activity of peptide inhibitors derived from the protein E stem against Japanese encephalitis and Zika viruses. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:140-149. [PMID: 28232248 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus that cause viral encephalitis and congenital microcephaly, respectively, in humans, and thus present a risk to global public health. The envelope glycoprotein (E protein) of flaviviruses is a class II viral fusion protein that mediates host cell entry through a series of conformational changes, including association between the stem region and domain II leading to virion-target cell membrane fusion. In this study, peptides derived from the JEV E protein stem were investigated for their ability to block JEV and ZIKV infection. Peptides from stem helix 2 inhibit JEV infection with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the nanomolar range. One of these peptides (P5) protected mice against JEV-induced lethality by decreasing viral load, while abrogating histopathological changes associated with JEV infection. We also found that P5 blocked ZIKV infection with IC50 at the micromolar level. Moreover, P5 was proved to reduce the histopathological damages in brain and testes resulting from ZIKV infection in type I and II interferon receptor-deficient (AG6) mice. These findings provide a basis for the development of peptide-based drugs against JEV and ZIKV.
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Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, McLean BJ, O'Brien CA, Colmant AMG, Piyasena TBH, Harrison JJ, Newton ND, Barnard RT, Prow NA, Deerain JM, Mah MGKY, Hobson-Peters J. Commensal Viruses of Mosquitoes: Host Restriction, Transmission, and Interaction with Arboviral Pathogens. Evol Bioinform Online 2017; 12:35-44. [PMID: 28096646 PMCID: PMC5226260 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s40740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in virus detection strategies and deep sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of a multitude of new viruses that persistently infect mosquitoes but do not infect vertebrates. These are usually referred to as insect-specific viruses (ISVs). These novel viruses have generated considerable interest in their modes of transmission, persistence in mosquito populations, the mechanisms that restrict their host range to mosquitoes, and their interactions with pathogens transmissible by the same mosquito. In this article, we discuss studies in our laboratory and others that demonstrate that many ISVs are efficiently transmitted directly from the female mosquito to their progeny via infected eggs, and, moreover, that persistent infection of mosquito cell cultures or whole mosquitoes with ISVs can restrict subsequent infection, replication, and transmission of some mosquito-borne viral pathogens. This suggests that some ISVs may act as natural regulators of arboviral transmission. We also discuss viral and host factors that may be responsible for their host restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Breeanna J McLean
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Caitlin A O'Brien
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Agathe M G Colmant
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Thisun B H Piyasena
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica J Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalee D Newton
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ross T Barnard
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua M Deerain
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcus G K Y Mah
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Integrin αvβ3 promotes infection by Japanese encephalitis virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 111:67-74. [PMID: 28043010 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis diseases worldwide. The JEV envelope protein facilitates viral entry, and its domain III contains an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, that may modulate JEV entry through the RGD-binding integrin. In this study, the roles of integrin αv and β3 on the infection of JEV were evaluated. Reduced expression of integrin αv/β3 by special shRNA confers 2 to 4-fold inhibition of JEV replication in BHK-21 cells. Meanwhile, antibodies specific for integrin αv/β3 displayed ~58% and ~33% inhibition of JEV infectivity and RGD-specific peptides produced ~36% of inhibition. Expression of E protein and JEV RNA loads were clearly increased in CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding human integrin β3. Moreover, integrin αv mediates JEV infection in viral binding stage of life cycle. Therefore, our study suggested that integrin αv and β3 serve as a host factor associated with JEV entry into the target cells.
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Wang S, Liu H, Zu X, Liu Y, Chen L, Zhu X, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Xiao G, Wang W. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for the productive entry of Japanese encephalitis virus. Virology 2016; 498:116-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yuan L, Wu R, Liu H, Wen X, Huang X, Wen Y, Ma X, Yan Q, Huang Y, Zhao Q, Cao S. Tissue tropism and molecular characterization of a Japanese encephalitis virus strain isolated from pigs in southwest China. Virus Res 2016; 215:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Nain M, Abdin MZ, Kalia M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:129-41. [PMID: 26695690 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic manifestations and death. The early steps of the virus life cycle, binding, and entry into the cell are crucial determinants of infection and are potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies. JEV can infect multiple cell types; however, the key receptor molecule(s) still remains elusive. JEV also has the capacity to utilize multiple endocytic pathways for entry into cells of different lineages. This review not only gives a comprehensive update on what is known about the virus attachment and receptor system (allies) and the endocytic pathways (alleys) exploited by the virus to gain entry into the cell and establish infection but also discusses crucial unresolved issues. We also highlight common themes and key differences between JEV and other flaviviruses in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Nain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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DC-SIGN as an attachment factor mediates Japanese encephalitis virus infection of human dendritic cells via interaction with a single high-mannose residue of viral E glycoprotein. Virology 2015; 488:108-19. [PMID: 26629951 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin-resident dendritic cells (DCs) are thought to be the first defender to encounter incoming viruses and likely play a role in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) early infection. In the current study, following the demonstration of JEV productive infection in DCs, we revealed that the interaction between JEV envelope glycoprotein (E glycoprotein) and DC-SIGN was important for such infection as evidenced by antibody neutralization and siRNA knockdown experiments. Moreover, the high-mannose N-linked glycan at N154 of E glycoprotein was shown to be crucial for JEV binding to DC-SIGN and subsequent internalization, while mutation of DC-SIGN internalization motif did not affect JEV uptake and internalization. These data together suggest that DC-SIGN functions as an attachment factor rather than an entry receptor for JEV. Our findings highlight the potential significance of DC-SIGN in JEV early infection, providing a basis for further understanding how JEV exploits DC-SIGN to gain access to dendritic cells.
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