1
|
Harm TA, Smith JD, Cassmann ED, Greenlee JJ. Combinatorial treatment of brain samples from sheep with scrapie using sodium percarbonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and proteinase K increases survival time in inoculated susceptible sheep. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:497-503. [PMID: 36162234 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The agent of scrapie is resistant to most chemical and physical methods of inactivation. Prions bind to soils, metals, and various materials and persist in the environment confounding the control of prion diseases. Most methods of prion inactivation require severe conditions such as prolong exposure to sodium hypochlorite or autoclaving, which may not be suitable for field conditions. We evaluated the efficacy of a combinatorial approach to inactivation of US scrapie strain x124 under the mild conditions of treating scrapie-affected brain homogenate with sodium percarbonate (SPC), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or in combination followed by proteinase K (PK) digestion at room temperature. Western blot analysis of treated brain homogenate demonstrates partial reduction in PrPSc immunoreactivity. Genetically susceptible VRQ/ARQ Suffolk sheep were oronasally inoculated with 1 g of SPC (n = 1), SDS (n = 2), SDS + PK (n = 2), and SPC + SDS + PK (n = 4) treated brain homogenate. Sheep were assessed daily for clinical signs, euthanized at the development of clinical disease, and tissues were assessed for accumulation of PrPSc. Scrapie status in all sheep was determined by western blot, enzyme immunoassay, and immunohistochemistry. Mean incubation periods (IPs) for SPC (11.9 months, 0% survival), SDS (12.6 months, 0% survival), SDS + PK (14.0 months, 0% survival), and SPC + SDS + PK (12.5 months, 25% survival) were increased compared to positive control sheep (n = 2, 10.7 months, 0% survival) by 1.2, 1.9, 3.3, and 1.8 months, respectively. Treatment did not influence PrPSc accumulation and distribution at the clinical stage of disease. Differences in mean IPs and survival indicates partial but not complete reduction in scrapie infectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Harm
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Eric D Cassmann
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heinzl N, Koziel K, Maritschnegg E, Berger A, Pechriggl E, Fiegl H, Zeimet AG, Marth C, Zeillinger R, Concin N. A comparison of four technologies for detecting p53 aggregates in ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976725. [PMID: 36158680 PMCID: PMC9493009 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 is mutated in half of all cancers and has been described to form amyloid-like structures, commonly known from key proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Still, the clinical relevance of p53 aggregates remains largely unknown, which may be due to the lack of sensitive and specific detection methods. The aim of the present study was to compare the suitability of four different methodologies to specifically detect p53 aggregates: co-immunofluorescence (co-IF), proximity ligation assay (PLA), co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), and the p53-Seprion-ELISA in cancer cell lines and epithelial ovarian cancer tissue samples. In 7 out of 10 (70%) cell lines, all applied techniques showed concordance. For the analysis of the tissue samples co-IF, co-IP, and p53-Seprion-ELISA were compared, resulting in 100% concordance in 23 out of 30 (76.7%) tissue samples. However, Co-IF lacked specificity as there were samples, which did not show p53 staining but abundant staining of amyloid proteins, highlighting that this method demonstrates that proteins share the same subcellular space, but does not specifically detect p53 aggregates. Overall, the PLA and the p53-Seprion-ELISA are the only two methods that allow the quantitative measurement of p53 aggregates. On the one hand, the PLA represents the ideal method for p53 aggregate detection in FFPE tissue, which is the gold-standard preservation method of clinical samples. On the other hand, when fresh-frozen tissue is available the p53-Seprion-ELISA should be preferred because of the shorter turnaround time and the possibility for high-throughput analysis. These methods may add to the understanding of amyloid-like p53 in cancer and could help stratify patients in future clinical trials targeting p53 aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Heinzl
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Koziel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Maritschnegg
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Berger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Institute for Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidi Fiegl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alain G. Zeimet
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Marth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center-Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nicole Concin, ; Robert Zeillinger,
| | - Nicole Concin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nicole Concin, ; Robert Zeillinger,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
In sheep, scrapie is a fatal neurologic disease that is caused by a misfolded protein called a prion (designated PrPSc). The normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) is encoded by an endogenous gene, PRNP, that is present in high concentrations within the CNS. Although a broad range of functions has been described for PrPC, its entire range of functions has yet to be fully elucidated. Accumulation of PrPSc results in neurodegeneration. The PRNP gene has several naturally occurring polymorphisms, and there is a strong correlation between scrapie susceptibility and PRNP genotype. The cornerstone of scrapie eradication programs is the selection of scrapie-resistant genotypes to eliminate classical scrapie. Transmission of classical scrapie in sheep occurs during the prenatal and periparturient periods when lambs are highly susceptible. Initially, the scrapie agent is disseminated throughout the lymphoid system and into the CNS. Shedding of the scrapie agent occurs before the onset of clinical signs. In contrast to classical scrapie, atypical scrapie is believed to be a spontaneous disease that occurs in isolated instances in older animals within a flock. The agent that causes atypical scrapie is not considered to be naturally transmissible. Transmission of the scrapie agent to species other than sheep, including deer, has been experimentally demonstrated as has the transmission of nonscrapie prion agents to sheep. The purpose of this review is to outline the current methods for diagnosing scrapie in sheep and the techniques used for studying the pathogenesis and host range of the scrapie agent. Also discussed is the US scrapie eradication program including recent updates.
Collapse
|
4
|
Detection of Pathognomonic Biomarker PrP Sc and the Contribution of Cell Free-Amplification Techniques to the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030469. [PMID: 32204429 PMCID: PMC7175149 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical manifestation of which can resemble other promptly evolving neurological maladies. Therefore, the unequivocal ante-mortem diagnosis is highly challenging and was only possible by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain at necropsy. Although surrogate biomarkers of neurological damage have become invaluable to complement clinical data and provide more accurate diagnostics at early stages, other neurodegenerative diseases show similar alterations hindering the differential diagnosis. To solve that, the detection of the pathognomonic biomarker of disease, PrPSc, the aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, could be used. However, the amounts in easily accessible tissues or body fluids at pre-clinical or early clinical stages are extremely low for the standard detection methods. The solution comes from the recent development of in vitro prion propagation techniques, such as Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real Time-Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), which have been already applied to detect minute amounts of PrPSc in different matrixes and make early diagnosis of prion diseases feasible in a near future. Herein, the most relevant tissues and body fluids in which PrPSc has been detected in animals and humans are being reviewed, especially those in which cell-free prion propagation systems have been used with diagnostic purposes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Maritschnegg E, Heinzl N, Wilson S, Deycmar S, Niebuhr M, Klameth L, Holzer B, Koziel K, Concin N, Zeillinger R. Polymer-Ligand-Based ELISA for Robust, High-Throughput, Quantitative Detection of p53 Aggregates. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13273-13279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Maritschnegg
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Heinzl
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stuart Wilson
- Microsens Biotechnologies, London BioScience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, NW1 0NH London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Deycmar
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Niebuhr
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Klameth
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Holzer
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katarzyna Koziel
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicole Concin
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Zeillinger
- Molecular Oncology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center − Gynecologic Cancer Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soutyrine A, Huang H, Andrievskaia O, Walther I, Mitchell G. A novel approach for scrapie-associated prion (PrP Sc) detection in blood using the competitive affinity of an aggregate-specific antibody and streptavidin to PrP Sc. Res Vet Sci 2017; 113:115-121. [PMID: 28942337 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder affecting sheep and goats, originating from exposure to disease-associated prions (PrPSc). An ante-mortem screening test that can detect native PrPSc in body fluids remains unavailable due to insufficient sensitivity of current detection methods that involve proteinase or denaturation treatments. We adopted an approach to detect PrPSc in whole blood using a simple proteinase- and denaturation-independent immunoassay, based on the competitive affinity of an aggregate-specific monoclonal antibody and streptavidin to PrPSc. First, we demonstrated the ability of native PrPSc to bind to streptavidin and the inhibition of this interaction by 15B3 antibody (P<0.05). This led to a new two-step assay that involved capturing native prions from infected blood on a solid-state matrix and detection of PrPSc aggregates by evaluating the conformation-dependent conjugate catalytic activity ratio in samples against a pre-determined threshold. This test showed capacity for detecting scrapie prions in 500μl of sheep whole blood spiked with scrapie brain homogenate containing approximately 5ng of total brain protein, and estimated to have 500fg of PrPSc. The test also discriminated between blood samples from scrapie-negative (6 sheep, 4 goats) and scrapie-infected animals (3 experimentally infected sheep, 7 naturally infected goats). Collectively, with the proposed high-throughput sample-processing platform, these initial studies provide insights into the development of a large-scale screening test for the routine diagnosis of scrapie.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Soutyrine
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hongsheng Huang
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Andrievskaia
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ines Walther
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon Mitchell
- Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bistaffa E, Rossi M, De Luca CMG, Moda F. Biosafety of Prions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:455-485. [PMID: 28838674 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prions are the infectious agents that cause devastating and untreatable disorders known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). The pathologic events and the infectious nature of these transmissible agents are not completely understood yet. Due to the difficulties in inactivating prions, working with them requires specific recommendations and precautions. Moreover, with the advent of innovative technologies, such as the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and the Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), prions could be amplified in vitro and the infectious features of the amplified products need to be carefully assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bistaffa
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara M G De Luca
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adams DB. Prenatal transmission of scrapie in sheep and goats: A case study for veterinary public health. Open Vet J 2016; 6:194-214. [PMID: 27928518 PMCID: PMC5133396 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsettled knowledge as to whether scrapie transmits prenatally in sheep and goats and transmits by semen and preimplantation embryos has a potential to compromise measures for controlling, preventing and eliminating the disease. The remedy may be analysis according to a systematic review, allowing comprehensive and accessible treatment of evidence and reasoning, clarifying the issue and specifying the uncertainties. Systematic reviews have clearly formulated questions, can identify relevant studies and appraise their quality and can summarise evidence and reasoning with an explicit methodology. The present venture lays a foundation for a possible systematic review and applies three lines of evidence and reasoning to two questions. The first question is whether scrapie transmits prenatally in sheep and goats. It leads to the second question, which concerns the sanitary safety of artificial breeding technologies, and is whether scrapie transmits in sheep and goats by means of semen and washed or unwashed in vivo derived embryos. The three lines of evidence derive from epidemiological, field and clinical studies, experimentation, and causal reasoning, where inferences are made from the body of scientific knowledge and an understanding of animal structure and function. Evidence from epidemiological studies allow a conclusion that scrapie transmits prenatally and that semen and embryos are presumptive hazards for the transmission of scrapie. Evidence from experimentation confirms that semen and washed or unwashed in vivo derived embryos are hazards for the transmission of scrapie. Evidence from causal reasoning, including experience from other prion diseases, shows that mechanisms exist for prenatal transmission and transmission by semen and embryos in both sheep and goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Adams
- 24 Noala Street, Aranda, ACT 2614, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abdel-Haq H. Detection of water-soluble disease-associated PrP species in blood and brain of scrapie-infected hamster. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2219-29. [PMID: 26105967 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2487-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-speed supernatant (S(HS)) of scrapie-infected hamster brain homogenate contains a soluble infectivity similar to that of the plasma that escapes leukodepletion and can transmit prion infection. This recent finding highlights the fact that soluble prion infectivity could be relevant for prion disease propagation and progression. PrP(Sc) is essential in prion disease pathogenesis, but little to nothing is known about the PrP(Sc) species that may be associated with this form of prion infectivity. Scrapie-infected hamster plasma and S(HS) were subjected to biochemical analysis, and the results demonstrate for the first time that soluble infectivity is associated with a water-soluble PrP(Sc) species with substantially different properties from classical PrP(Sc), the concentration of which seems to correlate with the magnitude and efficiency of the soluble infectivity. Such characteristics suggest that this species might represent the soluble prion agent itself or its vehicle, highlighting the need to adequately revise the strategies involved in prion removal, diagnosis, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdel-Haq H. Factors intrinsic and extrinsic to blood hamper the development of a routine blood test for human prion diseases. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:479-493. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanin Abdel-Haq
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161-Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mallick RL, Kumari S, Singh N, Sonkar VK, Dash D. Prion protein fragment (106-126) induces prothrombotic state by raising platelet intracellular calcium and microparticle release. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:300-11. [PMID: 25749016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders where infectious prion proteins (PrP) accumulate in brain leading to aggregation of amyloid fibrils and neuronal cell death. The amino acid sequence 106-126 from prion proteins, PrP(106-126), is highly amyloidogenic and implicated in prion-induced pathologies. As PrP is known to be expressed in blood following leakage from brain tissue, we sought to investigate its biological effects on human platelets, which have been widely employed as 'peripheral' model for neurons. Our findings suggested that, PrP(106-126) (20μM) induced dramatic 30-fold rise in intracellular calcium (from 105±30 to 3425±525nM) in platelets, which was attributable to influx from extracellular fluid with comparatively less contribution from intracellular stores. Calcium mobilization was associated with 8-10-fold stimulation in the activity of thiol protease calpain that led to partial cleavage of cytoskeleton-associated protein talin and extensive shedding of microparticles from platelets, thus transforming platelets to 'activated' phenotype. Both proteolysis of talin and microparticle release were precluded by calpeptin, a specific inhibitor of calpain. As microparticles are endowed with phosphatidylserine-enriched surface and hence are pro-coagulant in nature, exposure to prion favored a thrombogenic state in the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram L Mallick
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sharda Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nitesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vijay K Sonkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debabrata Dash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dassanayake RP, Truscott TC, Zhuang D, Schneider DA, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Young AJ, Stanton JB, Davis WC, O'Rourke KI. Classical natural ovine scrapie prions detected in practical volumes of blood by lamb and transgenic mouse bioassays. J Vet Sci 2014; 16:179-86. [PMID: 25549221 PMCID: PMC4483501 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is diagnosed antemortem in sheep by detecting misfolded isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) in lymphoid follicles of the rectal mucosa and nictitating membranes. Assay sensitivity is limited if (a) the biopsy is collected early during disease development, (b) an insufficient number of follicles is collected, or (c) peripheral accumulation of PrPSc is reduced or delayed. A blood test would be convenient for mass live animal scrapie testing. Currently approved techniques, however, have their own detection limits. Novel detection methods may soon offer a non-animal-based, rapid platform with detection sensitivities that rival the prion bioassay. In anticipation, we sought to determine if diseased animals could be routinely identified with a bioassay using B lymphocytes isolated from blood sample volumes commonly collected for diagnostic purposes in small ruminants. Scrapie transmission was detected in five of six recipient lambs intravenously transfused with B lymphocytes isolated from 5~10 mL of blood from a naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Additionally, scrapie transmission was observed in 18 ovinized transgenic Tg338 mice intracerebrally inoculated with B lymphocytes isolated from 5~10 mL of blood from two naturally scrapie-infected sheep. Based on our findings, we anticipate that these blood sample volumes should be of diagnostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Saá P, Yakovleva O, de Castro J, Vasilyeva I, De Paoli SH, Simak J, Cervenakova L. First demonstration of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-associated prion protein (PrPTSE) in extracellular vesicles from plasma of mice infected with mouse-adapted variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by in vitro amplification. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29247-60. [PMID: 25157106 PMCID: PMC4200276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in three recipients of non-leukoreduced red blood cells from asymptomatic donors who subsequently developed the disease has confirmed existing concerns about the possible spread of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) via blood products. In addition, the presence of disease-associated misfolded prion protein (PrP(TSE)), generally associated with infectivity, has been demonstrated in the blood of vCJD patients. However, its origin and distribution in this biological fluid are still unknown. Various studies have identified cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) among the protein cargo in human blood-circulating extracellular vesicles released from endothelial cells and platelets, and exosomes isolated from the conditioned media of TSE-infected cells have caused the disease when injected into experimental mice. In this study, we demonstrate the detection of PrP(TSE) in extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma samples collected during the preclinical and clinical phases of the disease from mice infected with mouse-adapted vCJD and confirm the presence of the exosomal marker Hsp70 in these preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Saá
- From the Transmissible Diseases Department, Biomedical Services Holland Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855 and
| | - Oksana Yakovleva
- From the Transmissible Diseases Department, Biomedical Services Holland Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855 and
| | - Jorge de Castro
- From the Transmissible Diseases Department, Biomedical Services Holland Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855 and
| | - Irina Vasilyeva
- From the Transmissible Diseases Department, Biomedical Services Holland Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855 and
| | - Silvia H De Paoli
- the Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Jan Simak
- the Laboratory of Cellular Hematology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Larisa Cervenakova
- From the Transmissible Diseases Department, Biomedical Services Holland Laboratory, American National Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855 and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murayama Y, Masujin K, Imamura M, Ono F, Shibata H, Tobiume M, Yamamura T, Shimozaki N, Terao K, Yamakawa Y, Sata T. Ultrasensitive detection of PrP(Sc) in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of macaques infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2576-2588. [PMID: 25024281 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by the prominent accumulation of the misfolded form of a normal cellular protein (PrP(Sc)) in the central nervous system. The pathological features and biochemical properties of PrP(Sc) in macaque monkeys infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion have been found to be similar to those of human subjects with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Non-human primate models are thus ideally suited for performing valid diagnostic tests and determining the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient method for in vitro amplification of cynomolgus macaque BSE PrP(Sc). This method involves amplifying PrP(Sc) by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) using mouse brain homogenate as a PrP(C) substrate in the presence of sulfated dextran compounds. This method is capable of amplifying very small amounts of PrP(Sc) contained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white blood cells (WBCs), as well as in the peripheral tissues of macaques that have been intracerebrally inoculated with the BSE prion. After clinical signs of the disease appeared in three macaques, we detected PrP(Sc) in the CSF by serial PMCA, and the CSF levels of PrP(Sc) tended to increase with disease progression. In addition, PrP(Sc) was detectable in WBCs at the clinical phases of the disease in two of the three macaques. Thus, our highly sensitive, novel method may be useful for furthering the understanding of the tissue distribution of PrP(Sc) in non-human primate models of CJD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Murayama
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Masujin
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Morikazu Imamura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ono
- Chiba Institute of Science Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Choshi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibata
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Minoru Tobiume
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamamura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimozaki
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiji Terao
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Elder AM, Henderson DM, Nalls AV, Wilham JM, Caughey BW, Hoover EA, Kincaid AE, Bartz JC, Mathiason CK. In vitro detection of prionemia in TSE-infected cervids and hamsters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80203. [PMID: 24224043 PMCID: PMC3815098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-borne transmission of infectious prions during the symptomatic and asymptomatic stages of disease occurs for both human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The geographical distribution of the cervid TSE, chronic wasting disease (CWD), continues to spread across North America and the prospective number of individuals harboring an asymptomatic infection of human variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in the United Kingdom has been projected to be ~1 in 3000 residents. Thus, it is important to monitor cervid and human blood products to ensure herd health and human safety. Current methods for detecting blood-associated prions rely primarily upon bioassay in laboratory animals. While bioassay provides high sensitivity and specificity, it requires many months, animals, and it is costly. Here we report modification of the real time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to detect blood-borne prions in whole blood from prion-infected preclinical white-tailed deer, muntjac deer, and Syrian hamsters, attaining sensitivity of >90% while maintaining 100% specificity. Our results indicate that RT-QuIC methodology as modified can provide consistent and reliable detection of blood-borne prions in preclinical and symptomatic stages of two animal TSEs, offering promise for prionemia detection in other species, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Elder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Davin M. Henderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amy V. Nalls
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Wilham
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Byron W. Caughey
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Kincaid
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gryspeirt A, Gubbins S. A Bayesian framework to assess the potential for controlling classical scrapie in sheep flocks using a live diagnostic test. Epidemics 2013; 5:123-30. [PMID: 24021519 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies to control classical scrapie remove animals at risk of scrapie rather than those known to be infected with the scrapie agent. Advances in diagnostic tests, however, suggest that a more targeted approach involving the application of a rapid live test may be feasible in future. Here we consider the use of two diagnostic tests: recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (RAMALT) biopsies; and a blood-based assay. To assess their impact we developed a stochastic age- and prion protein (PrP) genotype-structured model for the dynamics of scrapie within a sheep flock. Parameters were estimated in a Bayesian framework to facilitate integration of a number of disparate datasets and to allow parameter uncertainty to be incorporated in model predictions. In small flocks a control strategy based on removal of clinical cases was sufficient to control disease and more stringent measures (including the use of a live diagnostic test) did not significantly reduce outbreak size or duration. In medium or large flocks strategies in which a large proportion of animals are tested with either live diagnostic test significantly reduced outbreak size, but not always duration, compared with removal of clinical cases. However, the current Compulsory Scrapie Flocks Scheme (CSFS) significantly reduced outbreak size and duration compared with both removal of clinical cases and all strategies using a live diagnostic test. Accordingly, under the assumptions made in the present study there is little benefit from implementing a control strategy which makes use of a live diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Gryspeirt
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identification of misfolded proteins in body fluids for the diagnosis of prion diseases. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:839329. [PMID: 24027585 PMCID: PMC3763259 DOI: 10.1155/2013/839329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or prion diseases are fatal rare neurodegenerative disorders affecting man and animals and caused by a transmissible infectious agent. TSE diseases are characterized by spongiform brain lesions with neuronal loss and the abnormal deposition in the CNS, and to less extent in other tissues, of an insoluble and protease resistant form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), named PrPTSE. In man, TSE diseases affect usually people over 60 years of age with no evident disease-associated risk factors. In some cases, however, TSE diseases are unequivocally linked to infectious episodes related to the use of prion-contaminated medicines, medical devices, or meat products as in the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Clinical signs occur months or years after infection, and during this silent period PrPTSE, the only reliable marker of infection, is not easily measurable in blood or other accessible tissues or body fluids causing public health concerns. To overcome the limit of PrPTSE detection, several highly sensitive assays have been developed, but attempts to apply these techniques to blood of infected hosts have been unsuccessful or not yet validated. An update on the latest advances for the detection of misfolded prion protein in body fluids is provided.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nalls AV, McNulty E, Powers J, Seelig DM, Hoover C, Haley NJ, Hayes-Klug J, Anderson K, Stewart P, Goldmann W, Hoover EA, Mathiason CK. Mother to offspring transmission of chronic wasting disease in reeves' muntjac deer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71844. [PMID: 23977159 PMCID: PMC3743758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The horizontal transmission of prion diseases has been well characterized in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk and scrapie of sheep, and has been regarded as the primary mode of transmission. Few studies have monitored the possibility of vertical transmission occurring within an infected mother during pregnancy. To study the potential for and pathway of vertical transmission of CWD in the native cervid species, we used a small cervid model-the polyestrous breeding, indoor maintainable, Reeves' muntjac deer-and determined that the susceptibility and pathogenesis of CWD in these deer reproduce that in native mule and white-tailed deer. Moreover, we demonstrate here that CWD prions are transmitted from doe to fawn. Maternal CWD infection also appears to result in lower percentage of live birth offspring. In addition, evolving evidence from protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays on fetal tissues suggest that covert prion infection occurs in utero. Overall, our findings demonstrate that transmission of prions from mother to offspring can occur, and may be underestimated for all prion diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy V. Nalls
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Erin McNulty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jenny Powers
- Biological Resource Management Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Clare Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Haley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Hayes-Klug
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kelly Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paula Stewart
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wilfred Goldmann
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A. Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adkin A, Donaldson N, Kelly L. A quantitative assessment of the amount of prion diverted to Category 1 materials and wastewater during processing. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2013; 33:1197-1211. [PMID: 23278804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article the development and parameterization of a quantitative assessment is described that estimates the amount of TSE infectivity that is present in a whole animal carcass (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] for cattle and classical/atypical scrapie for sheep and lambs) and the amounts that subsequently fall to the floor during processing at facilities that handle specified risk material (SRM). BSE in cattle was found to contain the most oral doses, with a mean of 9864 BO ID50 s (310, 38840) in a whole carcass compared to a mean of 1851 OO ID50 s (600, 4070) and 614 OO ID50 s (155, 1509) for a sheep infected with classical and atypical scrapie, respectively. Lambs contained the least infectivity with a mean of 251 OO ID50 s (83, 548) for classical scrapie and 1 OO ID50 s (0.2, 2) for atypical scrapie. The highest amounts of infectivity falling to the floor and entering the drains from slaughtering a whole carcass at SRM facilities were found to be from cattle infected with BSE at rendering and large incineration facilities with 7.4 BO ID50 s (0.1, 29), intermediate plants and small incinerators with a mean of 4.5 BO ID50 s (0.1, 18), and collection centers, 3.6 BO ID50 s (0.1, 14). The lowest amounts entering drains are from lambs infected with classical and atypical scrapie at intermediate plants and atypical scrapie at collection centers with a mean of 3 × 10(-7) OO ID50 s (2 × 10(-8) , 1 × 10(-6) ) per carcass. The results of this model provide key inputs for the model in the companion paper published here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Adkin
- Epidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cooper JK, Andrews N, Ladhani K, Bujaki E, Minor PD. Evaluation of a test for its suitability in the diagnosis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Vox Sang 2013; 105:196-204. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Cooper
- CJD Resource Centre; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; Hertfordshire; UK
| | - N. Andrews
- Health Protection Services; Health Protection Agency; Colindale, London; UK
| | - K. Ladhani
- CJD Resource Centre; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; Hertfordshire; UK
| | - E. Bujaki
- CJD Resource Centre; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; Hertfordshire; UK
| | - P. D. Minor
- CJD Resource Centre; National Institute for Biological Standards and Control; Hertfordshire; UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bannach O, Reinartz E, Henke F, Dreßen F, Oelschlegel A, Kaatz M, Groschup MH, Willbold D, Riesner D, Birkmann E. Analysis of prion protein aggregates in blood and brain from pre-clinical and clinical BSE cases. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:102-8. [PMID: 23845735 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. The food-borne bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) had serious impact on both economy and public health, respectively. To follow the pathogenesis of BSE, oral challenge studies were previously conducted, among others on the Isle of Riems, Germany (Balkema-Buschmann et al., 2011b). In the present work brain and plasma samples from this pathogenesis study were subjected to surface fluorescence distribution analysis (sFIDA). sFIDA is a diagnostic tool that exploits the aggregated state of the disease-related prion protein (PrP) as a biomarker for prion disorders. With the exception of one animal, all tested brain samples from clinical cattle exhibited a high titer of PrP particles. Moreover we could detect PrP aggregates already 16 and 24 months after infection. In contrast to our previous demonstration of PrP particles in blood plasma from scrapie sheep, however, no aggregates could be identified in plasma from pre-clinical and clinical cattle. This is in accordance with other studies suggesting a restriction of the BSE infection to the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Bannach
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr.1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dassanayake RP, Truscott TC, Özyiğit MÖ, Zhuang D, Schneider DA, O'Rourke KI. Accumulation profiles of PrP(Sc) in hemal nodes of naturally and experimentally scrapie-infected sheep. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:82. [PMID: 23601183 PMCID: PMC3651361 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In classical scrapie, the disease-associated abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of normal prion protein accumulates principally in the nervous system and lymphoid tissues of small ruminants. Lymph nodes traffic leukocytes via lymphatic and blood vasculatures but hemal nodes lack lymphatic vessels and thus traffic leukocytes only via the blood. Although PrPSc accumulation profiles are well-characterized in ovine lymphoid tissues, there is limited information on such profiles in hemal nodes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the follicular accumulation of PrPSc within hemal nodes and lymph nodes by prion epitope mapping and western blot studies. Results Our studies found that PrPSc accumulation in 82% of animals’ abdominal hemal nodes when PrPSc is detected in both mesenteric and retropharyngeal lymph nodes collected from preclinical and clinical, naturally and experimentally (blood transfusion) scrapie-infected sheep representing all three major scrapie-susceptible Prnp genotypes. Abdominal hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were then used to analyze immune cell phenotypes and PrPSc epitope mapping by immunohistochemistry and PrPSc banding patterns by western blot. Similar patterns of PrPSc accumulation were detected within the secondary follicles of hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, where cellular labeling was mostly associated with macrophages and follicular dendritic cells. The pattern of PrPSc accumulation within hemal nodes and retropharyngeal lymph nodes also did not differ with respect to epitope mapping with seven mAbs (N-terminus, n = 4; globular domain, n = 2; C-terminus, n = 1) in all three Prnp genotypes. Western blot analysis of hemal node and retropharyngeal lymph node homogenates revealed identical three banding patterns of proteinase K resistant PrPSc. Conclusion Despite the anatomical difference in leukocyte trafficking between lymph nodes and hemal nodes, the follicles of hemal nodes appear to process PrPSc similarly to lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bannach O, Birkmann E, Reinartz E, Jaeger KE, Langeveld JPM, Rohwer RG, Gregori L, Terry LA, Willbold D, Riesner D. Detection of prion protein particles in blood plasma of scrapie infected sheep. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36620. [PMID: 22567169 PMCID: PMC3342177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative diseases affecting humans and animals. The agent of the disease is the prion consisting mainly, if not solely, of a misfolded and aggregated isoform of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Transmission of prions can occur naturally but also accidentally, e.g. by blood transfusion, which has raised serious concerns about blood product safety and emphasized the need for a reliable diagnostic test. In this report we present a method based on surface-FIDA (fluorescence intensity distribution analysis), that exploits the high state of molecular aggregation of PrP as an unequivocal diagnostic marker of the disease, and show that it can detect infection in blood. To prepare PrP aggregates from blood plasma we introduced a detergent and lipase treatment to separate PrP from blood lipophilic components. Prion protein aggregates were subsequently precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, immobilized on a glass surface by covalently bound capture antibodies, and finally labeled with fluorescent antibody probes. Individual PrP aggregates were visualized by laser scanning microscopy where signal intensity was proportional to aggregate size. After signal processing to remove the background from low fluorescence particles, fluorescence intensities of all remaining PrP particles were summed. We detected PrP aggregates in plasma samples from six out of ten scrapie-positive sheep with no false positives from uninfected sheep. Applying simultaneous intensity and size discrimination, ten out of ten samples from scrapie sheep could be differentiated from uninfected sheep. The implications for ante mortem diagnosis of prion diseases are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bannach
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Orrù CD, Wilham JM, Vascellari S, Hughson AG, Caughey B. New generation QuIC assays for prion seeding activity. Prion 2012; 6:147-52. [PMID: 22421206 DOI: 10.4161/pri.19430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of abnormal TSE-associated forms of PrP to seed the formation of amyloid fibrils from recombinant PrP(Sen) has served as the basis for several relatively rapid and highly sensitive tests for prion diseases. These tests include rPrP-PMCA (rPMCA), standard quaking-induced conversion (S-QuIC), amyloid seeding assay (ASA), real-time QuIC (RT-QuIC) and enhanced QuIC (eQuIC). Here, we summarize recent improvements in the RT-QuIC-based assays that enhance the practicality, sensitivity and quantitative attributes of assays QuIC and promote the detection of prion seeding activity in dilute, inhibitor-laden fluids such as blood plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Orrù
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dassanayake RP, Schneider DA, Truscott TC, Young AJ, Zhuang D, O'Rourke KI. Classical scrapie prions in ovine blood are associated with B lymphocytes and platelet-rich plasma. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:75. [PMID: 22112371 PMCID: PMC3233507 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of sheep and goats characterized by cellular accumulation of abnormal isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous system and the follicles of peripheral lymphoid tissues. Previous studies have shown that the whole blood and buffy coat blood fraction of scrapie infected sheep harbor prion infectivity. Although PrPSc has been detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma, and more recently within a subpopulation of B lymphocytes, the infectivity status of these cells and plasma in sheep remains unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether circulating PBMCs, B lymphocytes and platelets from classical scrapie infected sheep harbor prion infectivity using a sheep bioassay. Results Serial rectal mucosal biopsy and immunohistochemistry were used to detect preclinical infection in lambs transfused with whole blood or blood cell fractions from preclinical or clinical scrapie infected sheep. PrPSc immunolabeling was detected in antemortem rectal and postmortem lymphoid tissues from recipient lambs receiving PBMCs (15/15), CD72+ B lymphocytes (3/3), CD21+ B lymphocytes (3/3) or platelet-rich plasma (2/3) fractions. As expected, whole blood (11/13) and buffy coat (5/5) recipients showed positive PrPSc labeling in lymphoid follicles. However, at 549 days post-transfusion, PrPSc was not detected in rectal or other lymphoid tissues in three sheep receiving platelet-poor plasma fraction. Conclusions Prion infectivity was detected in circulating PBMCs, CD72+ pan B lymphocytes, the CD21+ subpopulation of B lymphocytes and platelet-rich plasma of classical scrapie infected sheep using a sheep bioassay. Combining platelets with B lymphocytes might enhance PrPSc detection levels in blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohana P Dassanayake
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED A key challenge in managing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases in medicine, agriculture, and wildlife biology is the development of practical tests for prions that are at or below infectious levels. Of particular interest are tests capable of detecting prions in blood components such as plasma, but blood typically has extremely low prion concentrations and contains inhibitors of the most sensitive prion tests. One of the latter tests is quaking-induced conversion (QuIC), which can be as sensitive as in vivo bioassays, but much more rapid, higher throughput, and less expensive. Now we have integrated antibody 15B3-based immunoprecipitation with QuIC reactions to increase sensitivity and isolate prions from inhibitors such as those in plasma samples. Coupling of immunoprecipitation and an improved real-time QuIC reaction dramatically enhanced detection of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) brain tissue diluted into human plasma. Dilutions of 10(14)-fold, containing ~2 attogram (ag) per ml of proteinase K-resistant prion protein, were readily detected, indicating ~10,000-fold greater sensitivity for vCJD brain than has previously been reported. We also discriminated between plasma and serum samples from scrapie-infected and uninfected hamsters, even in early preclinical stages. This combined assay, which we call "enhanced QuIC" (eQuIC), markedly improves prospects for routine detection of low levels of prions in tissues, fluids, or environmental samples. IMPORTANCE Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are largely untreatable and are difficult to diagnose definitively prior to irreversible clinical decline or death. The transmissibility of TSEs within and between species highlights the need for practical tests for even the smallest amounts of infectivity. A few sufficiently sensitive in vitro methods have been reported, but most have major limitations that would preclude their use in routine diagnostic or screening applications. Our new assay improves the outlook for such critical applications. We focused initially on blood plasma because a practical blood test for prions would be especially valuable for TSE diagnostics and risk reduction. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in particular has been transmitted between humans via blood transfusions. Enhanced real-time quaking-induced conversion (eRTQ) provides by far the most sensitive detection of vCJD to date. The 15B3 antibody binds prions of multiple species, suggesting that our assay may be useful for clinical and fundamental studies of a variety of TSEs of humans and animals.
Collapse
|
27
|
O'Rourke KI, Zhuang D, Truscott TC, Yan H, Schneider DA. Sparse PrP(Sc) accumulation in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:7. [PMID: 21284878 PMCID: PMC3041672 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Domestic goats (Capra hircus) are a natural and experimental host of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) of sheep and cattle. Goats are also susceptible to experimental infection with the agents of TSEs of deer and elk (chronic wasting disease) and humans (Creutzfeldt Jakob disease). Distribution of PrPSc, the abnormal prion protein, is similar in the tissues of scrapie-infected sheep and goats but no data are available on the potential shedding of the agent through the placenta, the presumed route of transmission of ovine scrapie. We describe the sparse accumulation of PrPSc in the placentas of goats with naturally acquired classical scrapie in comparison to field cases of classical ovine scrapie. Results PrPSc was detected in the shed placentas from a sample of U.S. goats with naturally occurring scrapie, diagnosed by antemortem lymphoid tissue biopsy or identified as high risk progeny of infected dams. PrPSc accumulation patterns in the intact placentome and western blot banding was similar in the caprine and ovine samples. However, levels of PrPSc estimated from ELISA and immunohistochemistry assays were generally lower in goats than in sheep, although wide variation was noted in both species. Conclusions PrPSc accumulates in the shed placentas of goats with naturally acquired scrapie. Although these levels were low in most caprine samples, the caprine placenta may contribute to prion contamination of kidding facilities and transmission to co-housed sheep or goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I O'Rourke
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wilham JM, Orrú CD, Bessen RA, Atarashi R, Sano K, Race B, Meade-White KD, Taubner LM, Timmes A, Caughey B. Rapid end-point quantitation of prion seeding activity with sensitivity comparable to bioassays. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001217. [PMID: 21152012 PMCID: PMC2996325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem for the effective diagnosis and management of prion diseases is the lack of rapid high-throughput assays to measure low levels of prions. Such measurements have typically required prolonged bioassays in animals. Highly sensitive, but generally non-quantitative, prion detection methods have been developed based on prions' ability to seed the conversion of normally soluble protease-sensitive forms of prion protein to protease-resistant and/or amyloid fibrillar forms. Here we describe an approach for estimating the relative amount of prions using a new prion seeding assay called real-time quaking induced conversion assay (RT-QuIC). The underlying reaction blends aspects of the previously described quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) and amyloid seeding assay (ASA) methods and involves prion-seeded conversion of the alpha helix-rich form of bacterially expressed recombinant PrPC to a beta sheet-rich amyloid fibrillar form. The RT-QuIC is as sensitive as the animal bioassay, but can be accomplished in 2 days or less. Analogous to end-point dilution animal bioassays, this approach involves testing of serial dilutions of samples and statistically estimating the seeding dose (SD) giving positive responses in 50% of replicate reactions (SD50). Brain tissue from 263K scrapie-affected hamsters gave SD50 values of 1011-1012/g, making the RT-QuIC similar in sensitivity to end-point dilution bioassays. Analysis of bioassay-positive nasal lavages from hamsters affected with transmissible mink encephalopathy gave SD50 values of 103.5–105.7/ml, showing that nasal cavities release substantial prion infectivity that can be rapidly detected. Cerebral spinal fluid from 263K scrapie-affected hamsters contained prion SD50 values of 102.0–102.9/ml. RT-QuIC assay also discriminated deer chronic wasting disease and sheep scrapie brain samples from normal control samples. In principle, end-point dilution quantitation can be applied to many types of prion and amyloid seeding assays. End point dilution RT-QuIC provides a sensitive, rapid, quantitative, and high throughput assay of prion seeding activity. Prion diseases are deadly infectious neurodegenerative disorders of mammals which involve the misfolding of host prion protein. To better manage these diseases, we need to be able to detect and quantify the infectious particles, or prions, in biological samples. However, current tests lack the sensitivity, speed and/or quantitative capabilities required for many important applications in medicine, agriculture, wildlife biology and research. To address this problem, we have developed a new prion assay that is highly sensitive, rapid, and quantitative. This assay takes advantage of the ability of miniscule amounts of infectious prions to seed the misfolding of large excesses of normal prion protein in test tube reactions. Quantitation is achieved by testing a range of sample dilutions and determining loss of seeding activity, i.e. the end-point dilution. Similar analyses have long been used to quantify prions by inoculation into animals; however, such bioassays take months or years to perform and are both animal-intensive and expensive. Our new method provides a more practical means of detecting and quantifying prions. So far, we have applied this assay to prions from sheep, deer, and hamsters, and have found surprisingly high levels of prions in the nasal and cerebral spinal fluids of infected hamsters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Wilham
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Richard A. Bessen
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Kyushu, Japan
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kimberly D. Meade-White
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lara M. Taubner
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Timmes
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Batxelli-Molina I, Salvetat N, Andréoletti O, Guerrier L, Vicat G, Molina F, Mourton-Gilles C. Ovine serum biomarkers of early and late phase scrapie. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:49. [PMID: 21044301 PMCID: PMC2988006 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative disease occurring in animals and humans for which no ante-mortem diagnostic test in biological fluids is available. In such pathologies, detection of the pathological form of the prion protein (i.e., the causative factor) in blood is difficult and therefore identification of new biomarkers implicated in the pathway of prion infection is relevant. Methods In this study we used the SELDI-TOF MS technology to analyze a large number of serum samples from control sheep and animals with early phase or late phase scrapie. A few potential low molecular weight biomarkers were selected by statistical methods and, after a training analysis, a protein signature pattern, which discriminates between early phase scrapie samples and control sera was identified. Results The combination of early phase biomarkers showed a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 90% for all studied sheep in the early stage of the disease. One of these potential biomarkers was identified and validated in a SELDI-TOF MS kinetic study of sera from Syrian hamsters infected by scrapie, by western blot analysis and ELISA quantitation. Conclusions Differential protein expression profiling allows establishing a TSE diagnostic in scrapie sheep, in the early phase of the disease. Some proteic differences observed in scrapie sheep exist in infected hamsters. Further studies are being performed to identify all the discriminant biomarkers of interest and to test our potential markers in a new cohort of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Batxelli-Molina
- Complex system modeling and engineering for diagnosis, SysDiag - UMR 3145 CNRS/Bio-Rad, 34184 Montpellier Cedex 4, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gough KC, Maddison BC. Prion transmission: prion excretion and occurrence in the environment. Prion 2010; 4:275-82. [PMID: 20948292 DOI: 10.4161/pri.4.4.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases range from being highly infectious, for example scrapie and CWD, which show facile transmission between susceptible individuals, to showing negligible horizontal transmission, such as BSE and CJD, which are spread via food or iatrogenically, respectively. Scrapie and CWD display considerable in vivo dissemination, with PrP(Sc) and infectivity being found in a range of peripheral tissues. This in vivo dissemination appears to facilitate the recently reported excretion of prion through multiple routes such as from skin, feces, urine, milk, nasal secretions, saliva and placenta. Furthermore, excreted scrapie and CWD agent is detected within environmental samples such as water and on the surfaces of inanimate objects. The cycle of "uptake of prion from the environment--widespread in vivo prion dissemination--prion excretion--prion persistence in the environment" is likely to explain the facile transmission and maintenance of these diseases within wild and farmed populations over many years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Gough
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Edwards JC, Moore SJ, Hawthorn JA, Neale MH, Terry LA. PrPSc is associated with B cells in the blood of scrapie-infected sheep. Virology 2010; 405:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|