1
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Jose-Abrego A, Roman S, Rebello Pinho JR, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Panduro A. High Frequency of Antiviral Resistance Mutations in HBV Genotypes A2 and H: Multidrug Resistance Strains in Mexico. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1023-1034. [PMID: 37577226 PMCID: PMC10412697 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Lamivudine (3TC), telbivudine (LdT), entecavir (ETV), adefovir (ADF), and tenofovir (TFV) are drugs used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but specific mutations allow some viruses to become resistant to antiviral drugs or to acquire immune escape capacities. These mutations have not been thoroughly investigated in Mexico. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HBV antiviral resistance and escape mutations. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 158 samples. HBV DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced in serum samples using the spin column method, PCR assay, and Sanger's sequencing, respectively. HBV genotypes were determined, and HBV mutations were tested using the Geno2pheno tool. Results Overall, 68.4% (108/158) of HBV patients were infected with genotype H, followed by G (11.4%, 18/158), A2 (10.8%, 17/158), F1b (6.9.0%, 11/158), D (1.9%, 3/158), and E (0.6%, 1/158), and 5.1% (8/158) had evidence of recombination. The prevalence of resistance mutations was 8.2% (13/158) and the most common combined mutation was rt180M+rt204V. Notably, we found the combinations rt180M+rt204V+rt173L (n=2) and rt180M+rt204V+rt202G (n=1) that confer multidrug resistance to 3TC, LdT, and ETV. Resistance mutations were found in genotypes A2 (11.8%, 2/17), and H (10.2%, 11/108), and escape mutations were detected in HBV genotypes A2 (11.8%, 2/17), H (10.2%, 11/108), F1b (9.1%, 1/11) and G (5.6%, 1/18). Conclusions The highest prevalence of antiviral resistance mutations or escape mutations was detected in HBV genotypes A2 and H. The earliest cases of HBV multidrug resistance were detected in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Jose-Abrego
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sonia Roman
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- LIM07, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Arturo Panduro
- Department of Genomic Medicine in Hepatology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara, “Fray Antonio Alcalde,” Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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2
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Araujo NM, Osiowy C. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G: The Odd Cousin of the Family. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:872766. [PMID: 35432294 PMCID: PMC9009205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.872766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With a widespread distribution but low prevalence worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is a recently described genotype for which the origin and biology are poorly understood. Some unique features make HBV/G the most peculiar of all genotypes. In this review, we reflect on the major milestones in HBV/G research, highlighting the main aspects of its discovery, molecular epidemiology, and virological and clinical characteristics. We also illustrate common pitfalls in the routine detection, which may lead to underestimated rates of HBV/G infection. Large-scale analysis of data from dozens of articles was further performed, with the aim of gaining comprehensive insights into the epidemiological aspects of HBV/G. Finally, we point out recent findings on HBV/G origins and discuss new perspectives regarding the evolutionary history of HBV/G and the plausibility of an African geographic re-emergence of this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Osiowy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carla Osiowy,
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3
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Briday M, Hallé F, Lecoq L, Radix S, Martin J, Montserret R, Dujardin M, Fogeron ML, Nassal M, Meier BH, Lomberget T, Böckmann A. Pharmacomodulation of a ligand targeting the HBV capsid hydrophobic pocket. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8840-8847. [PMID: 36042894 PMCID: PMC9358932 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped retrotranscribing DNA virus and an important human pathogen. Its capsid-forming core protein (Cp) features a hydrophobic pocket proposed to be central notably in capsid envelopment. Indeed, mutations in and around this pocket can profoundly modulate, and even abolish, secretion of enveloped virions. We have recently shown that Triton X-100, a detergent used during Cp purification, binds to the hydrophobic pocket with micromolar affinity. We here performed pharmacomodulation of pocket binders through systematic modifications of the three distinct chemical moieties composing the Triton X-100 molecule. Using NMR and ITC, we found that the flat aromatic moiety is essential for binding, while the number of atoms of the aliphatic chain modulates binding affinity. The hydrophilic tail, in contrast, is highly tolerant to changes in both length and type. Our data provide essential information for designing a new class of HBV antivirals targeting capsid–envelope interactions. Small-molecule binding to the Hepatitis B virus core protein hydrophobic pocket, a possible strategy for targeting viral particle assembly.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Briday
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - François Hallé
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Radix
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Roland Montserret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marie Dujardin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Lomberget
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5246 Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Faculté de Pharmacie-ISPB, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, FR-69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB) UMR 5086 CNRS/Université de Lyon, Labex Ecofect, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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4
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Kocher A, Papac L, Barquera R, Key FM, Spyrou MA, Hübler R, Rohrlach AB, Aron F, Stahl R, Wissgott A, van Bömmel F, Pfefferkorn M, Mittnik A, Villalba-Mouco V, Neumann GU, Rivollat M, van de Loosdrecht MS, Majander K, Tukhbatova RI, Musralina L, Ghalichi A, Penske S, Sabin S, Michel M, Gretzinger J, Nelson EA, Ferraz T, Nägele K, Parker C, Keller M, Guevara EK, Feldman M, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, Giffin K, Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Friederich S, Schimmenti V, Khartanovich V, Karapetian MK, Chaplygin MS, Kufterin VV, Khokhlov AA, Chizhevsky AA, Stashenkov DA, Kochkina AF, Tejedor-Rodríguez C, de Lagrán ÍGM, Arcusa-Magallón H, Garrido-Pena R, Royo-Guillén JI, Nováček J, Rottier S, Kacki S, Saintot S, Kaverzneva E, Belinskiy AB, Velemínský P, Limburský P, Kostka M, Loe L, Popescu E, Clarke R, Lyons A, Mortimer R, Sajantila A, de Armas YC, Hernandez Godoy ST, Hernández-Zaragoza DI, Pearson J, Binder D, Lefranc P, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Lai L, Zoledziewska M, Beckett JF, Langová M, Danielisová A, Ingman T, Atiénzar GG, de Miguel Ibáñez MP, Romero A, Sperduti A, Beckett S, Salter SJ, Zilivinskaya ED, Vasil'ev DV, von Heyking K, Burger RL, Salazar LC, Amkreutz L, Navruzbekov M, Rosenstock E, Alonso-Fernández C, Slavchev V, Kalmykov AA, Atabiev BC, Batieva E, Calmet MA, Llamas B, Schultz M, Krauß R, Jiménez-Echevarría J, Francken M, Shnaider S, de Knijff P, Altena E, Van de Vijver K, Fehren-Schmitz L, Tung TA, Lösch S, Dobrovolskaya M, Makarov N, Read C, Van Twest M, Sagona C, Ramsl PC, Akar M, Yener KA, Ballestero EC, Cucca F, Mazzarello V, Utrilla P, Rademaker K, Fernández-Domínguez E, Baird D, Semal P, Márquez-Morfín L, Roksandic M, Steiner H, Salazar-García DC, Shishlina N, Erdal YS, Hallgren F, Boyadzhiev Y, Boyadzhiev K, Küßner M, Sayer D, Onkamo P, Skeates R, Rojo-Guerra M, Buzhilova A, Khussainova E, Djansugurova LB, Beisenov AZ, Samashev Z, Massy K, Mannino M, Moiseyev V, Mannermaa K, Balanovsky O, Deguilloux MF, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Kitov EP, Dobeš M, Ernée M, Meller H, Alt KW, Prüfer K, Warinner C, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Bos K, Posth C, Herbig A, Haak W, Krause J, Kühnert D. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution. Science 2021; 374:182-188. [PMID: 34618559 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix M Key
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ron Hübler
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Franziska Aron
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raphaela Stahl
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Wissgott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian van Bömmel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Pfefferkorn
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maïté Rivollat
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | | | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rezeda I Tukhbatova
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Lyazzat Musralina
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ayshin Ghalichi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joscha Gretzinger
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody Parker
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe Arizona, USA
| | - Marcel Keller
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn K Guevara
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Feldman
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eisenmann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Valery Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina K Karapetian
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir V Kufterin
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Stashenkov
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Anna F Kochkina
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Garrido-Pena
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany.,University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sacha Kacki
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France.,Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Sylvie Saintot
- INRAP, ARAR UMR 5138, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Limburský
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Louise Loe
- Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
| | | | - Rachel Clarke
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Alice Lyons
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | | | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Silvia Teresita Hernandez Godoy
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo, Dirección Provincial de Cultura, Matanzas, Cuba.,Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba
| | - Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.,Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Pearson
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Didier Binder
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM UMR 7264, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Archimède UMR 7044, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anatoly R Kantorovich
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Maslov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michaela Langová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Danielisová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tara Ingman
- Koç University, Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Paz de Miguel Ibáñez
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of Civilizations, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Asia Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sophie Beckett
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.,Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Susannah J Salter
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Emma D Zilivinskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Kristin von Heyking
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard L Burger
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lucy C Salazar
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, 2301 EC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Rosenstock
- Freie Universität Berlin, Einstein Center Chronoi, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Biaslan Ch Atabiev
- Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, 361401 Nalchik, Republic Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov 346780, Russia
| | | | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michael Schultz
- University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Hildeshein, Germany
| | - Raiko Krauß
- Institute for Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Francken
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Svetlana Shnaider
- ArchaeoZoology in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Eveline Altena
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.,Dienst Archeologie-Stad Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- UCSC Paleogenomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dobrovolskaya
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Nikolaj Makarov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Chris Read
- Applied Archaeology School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland
| | - Melanie Van Twest
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK
| | - Claudia Sagona
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Ramsl
- Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Murat Akar
- Department of Archaeology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay 31060, Turkey
| | - K Aslihan Yener
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Eduardo Carmona Ballestero
- Territorial Service of Culture and Tourism from Valladolid, Castilla y León Regional Government, C/ San Lorenzo, 5, 47001, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of History, Geography and Comunication, University of Burgos, Paseo de Comendadores, s/n 09001 Burgos (Burgos), Spain
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica-CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pilar Utrilla
- Área de Prehistoria, P3A DGA Research Group, IPH, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kurt Rademaker
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Douglas Baird
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Patrick Semal
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirjana Roksandic
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Caribbean Research Institute, Univeristy of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Steiner
- South Tyrol Provincial Heritage Service, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.,Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalia Shishlina
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.,State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yilmaz Selim Erdal
- Human_G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Yavor Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Kamen Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany
| | - Duncan Sayer
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Manuel Rojo-Guerra
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Arman Z Beisenov
- Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, 24 of 511 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan
| | - Ken Massy
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcello Mannino
- Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor P Kitov
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ernée
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Meller
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Kurt W Alt
- Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, A - 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.,Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (DBE), Universitätsspital Basel (HFZ), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
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5
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Wang SJ, Chen ZM, Wei M, Liu JQ, Li ZL, Shi TS, Nian S, Fu R, Wu YT, Zhang YL, Wang YB, Zhang TY, Zhang J, Xiong JH, Tong SP, Ge SX, Yuan Q, Xia NS. Specific determination of hepatitis B e antigen by antibodies targeting precore unique epitope facilitates clinical diagnosis and drug evaluation against hepatitis B virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:37-50. [PMID: 33296295 PMCID: PMC7832009 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1862631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a widely used marker both for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) clinical management and HBV-related basic research. However, due to its high amino acid sequence homology to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), most of available anti-HBe antibodies are cross-reactive with HBcAg resulting in high interference against accurate measurement of the status and level of HBeAg. In the study, we generated several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting various epitopes on HBeAg and HBcAg. Among these mAbs, a novel mAb 16D9, which recognizes the SKLCLG (aa -10 to -5) motif on the N-terminal residues of HBeAg that is absent on HBcAg, exhibited excellent detection sensitivity and specificity in pairing with another 14A7 mAb targeting the HBeAg C-terminus (STLPETTVVRRRGR, aa141 to 154). Based on these two mAbs, we developed a novel chemiluminescent HBeAg immunoassay (NTR-HBeAg) which could detect HBeAg derived from various HBV genotypes. In contrast to widely used commercial assays, the NTR-HBeAg completely eliminated the cross-reactivity with secreted HBcAg from precore mutant (G1896A) virus in either cell culture or patient sera. The improved specificity of the NTR-HBeAg assay enables its applicability in cccDNA-targeting drug screening in cell culture systems and also provides an accurate tool for clinical HBeAg detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Min Chen
- Xiamen Innodx Biotech Co., Ltd., Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Xiamen Innodx Biotech Co., Ltd., Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Shu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Rao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Xiong
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,Xiamen Innodx Biotech Co., Ltd., Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sheng-Xiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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6
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Basic M, Kubesch A, Kuhnhenn L, Görgülü E, Finkelmeier F, Dietz J, Knabe M, Mücke VT, Mücke MM, Berger A, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Hildt E, Peiffer KH. Not uncommon: HBV genotype G co-infections among healthy European HBV carriers with genotype A and E infection. Liver Int 2021; 41:1278-1289. [PMID: 33786970 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HBV genotype G (HBV/G) is mainly found in co-infections with other HBV genotypes and was identified as an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV/G co-infections in healthy European HBV carriers and to characterize the crosstalk of HBV/G with other genotypes. METHODS A total of 560 European HBV carriers were tested via HBV/G-specific PCR for HBV/G co-infections. Quasispecies distribution was analysed via deep sequencing, and the clinical phenotype was characterized regarding qHBsAg-/HBV-DNA levels and frequent mutations. Replicative capacity and expression of HBsAg/core was studied in hepatoma cells co-expressing HBV/G with either HBV/A, HBV/D or HBV/E using bicistronic vectors. RESULTS Although no HBV/G co-infection was found by routine genotyping PCR, HBV/G was detected by specific PCR in 4%-8% of patients infected with either HBV/A or HBV/E but only infrequently in other genotypes. In contrast to HBV/E, HBV/G was found as the quasispecies major variant in co-infections with HBV/A. No differences in the clinical phenotype were observed for HBV/G co-infections. In vitro RNA and DNA levels were comparable among all genotypes, but expression and release of HBsAg was reduced in co-expression of HBV/G with HBV/E. In co-expression with HBV/A and HBV/E expression of HBV/G-specific core was enhanced while core expression from the corresponding genotype was markedly diminished. CONCLUSIONS HBV/G co-infections are common in European inactive carriers with HBV/A and HBV/E infection, but sufficient detection depends strongly on the assay. HBV/G regulated core expression might play a critical role for survival of HBV/G in co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Basic
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Alica Kubesch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Kuhnhenn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Esra Görgülü
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Finkelmeier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Dietz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mate Knabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Victoria T Mücke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcus M Mücke
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annemarie Berger
- Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, St. Josefs Hospital, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Kai-Henrik Peiffer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Division of Virology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
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7
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Novel Genetic Rearrangements in Hepatitis B Virus: Complex Structural Variations and Structural Variation Polymorphisms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030473. [PMID: 33809245 PMCID: PMC8000817 DOI: 10.3390/v13030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes serious clinical problems, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current antiviral treatments suppress HBV; however, the clinical cure rate remains low. Basic research on HBV is indispensable to eradicate and cure HBV. Genetic alterations are defined by nucleotide substitutions and canonical forms of structural variations (SVs), such as insertion, deletion and duplication. Additionally, genetic changes inconsistent with the canonical forms have been reported, and these have been termed complex SVs. Detailed analyses of HBV using bioinformatical applications have detected complex SVs in HBV genomes. Sequence gaps and low sequence similarity have been observed in the region containing complex SVs. Additionally, insertional motif sequences have been observed in HBV strains with complex SVs. Following the analyses of complex SVs in the HBV genome, the role of SVs in the genetic diversity of orthohepadnavirus has been investigated. SV polymorphisms have been detected in comparisons of several species of orthohepadnaviruses. As mentioned, complex SVs are composed of multiple SVs. On the contrary, SV polymorphisms are observed as insertions of different SVs. Up to a certain point, nucleotide substitutions cause genetic differences. However, at some point, the nucleotide sequences are split into several particular patterns. These SVs have been observed as polymorphic changes. Different species of orthohepadnaviruses possess SVs which are unique and specific to a certain host of the virus. Studies have shown that SVs play an important role in the HBV genome. Further studies are required to elucidate their virologic and clinical roles.
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8
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Core gene insertion in hepatitis B virus genotype G functions at both the encoded amino acid sequence and RNA structure levels to stimulate core protein expression. Virology 2018; 526:203-213. [PMID: 30415131 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus genotype G possesses a 36-nucleotide (nt) insertion at the 5' end of core gene, adding 12 residues to core protein. The insertion markedly increased core protein level irrespective of viral genotype, with the effect reproducible using CMV-core gene construct. Here we used such expression constructs and transient transfection experiments in Huh7 cells to identify the structural bases. The insertion is predicted to create a stem-loop structure 14nt downstream of core gene AUG. A + 1 or + 2 frameshift into the 36nt mitigated enhancement of core protein level. Point mutations to disrupt or restore the stem-loop had opposite effects on core protein expression. Shifting the translation initiation site downstream or further upstream of the stem-loop rendered it inhibitory or no longer stimulatory of core protein expression. Therefore, both the reading frame and a properly positioned stem-loop structure contribute to marked increase in core protein expression by the 36-nt insertion.
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9
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Meier-Stephenson V, Bremner WTR, Dalton CS, van Marle G, Coffin CS, Patel TR. Comprehensive Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus Promoter Region Mutations. Viruses 2018; 10:E603. [PMID: 30388827 PMCID: PMC6265984 DOI: 10.3390/v10110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 250 million people are infected chronically with hepatitis B virus (HBV), the leading cause of liver cancer worldwide. HBV persists, due, in part, to its compact, stable minichromosome, the covalently-closed, circular DNA (cccDNA), which resides in the hepatocytes' nuclei. Current therapies target downstream replication products, however, a true virological cure will require targeting the cccDNA. Finding targets on such a small, compact genome is challenging. For HBV, to remain replication-competent, it needs to maintain nucleotide fidelity in key regions, such as the promoter regions, to ensure that it can continue to utilize the necessary host proteins. HBVdb (HBV database) is a repository of HBV sequences spanning all genotypes (A⁻H) amplified from clinical samples, and hence implying an extensive collection of replication-competent viruses. Here, we analyzed the HBV sequences from HBVdb using bioinformatics tools to comprehensively assess the HBV core and X promoter regions amongst the nearly 70,000 HBV sequences for highly-conserved nucleotides and variant frequencies. Notably, there is a high degree of nucleotide conservation within specific segments of these promoter regions highlighting their importance in potential host protein-viral interactions and thus the virus' viability. Such findings may have key implications for designing antivirals to target these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Meier-Stephenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Alberta RNA Research & Training Institute, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - William T R Bremner
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Chimone S Dalton
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Guido van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Liver Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Trushar R Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Alberta RNA Research & Training Institute, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
- DiscoveryLab, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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10
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Kramvis A, Kostaki EG, Hatzakis A, Paraskevis D. Immunomodulatory Function of HBeAg Related to Short-Sighted Evolution, Transmissibility, and Clinical Manifestation of Hepatitis B Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2521. [PMID: 30405578 PMCID: PMC6207641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a global public health problem can be asymptomatic, acute or chronic and can lead to serious consequences of infection, including cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV, a partially double stranded DNA virus, belongs to the family Hepadnaviridae, and replicates via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. This reverse transcription is catalyzed by a virus-encoded polymerase that lacks proof reading ability, which leads to sequence heterogeneity. HBV is classified into nine genotypes and at least 35 subgenotypes, which may be characterized by distinct geographical distributions. This HBV diversification and distinct geographical distribution has been proposed to be the result of the co-expansion of HBV with modern humans, after their out-of-Africa migration. HBeAg is a non-particulate protein of HBV that has immunomodulatory properties as a tolerogen that allows the virus to establish HBV infection in vivo. During the natural course of infection, there is seroconversion from a HBeAg-positive phase to a HBeAg-negative, anti-HBe-positive phase. During this seroconversion, there is loss of tolerance to infection and immune escape-HBeAg-negative mutants can be selected in response to the host immune response. The different genotypes and, in some cases, subgenotypes develop different mutations that can affect HBeAg expression at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The ability to develop mutations, affecting HBeAg expression, can influence the length of the HBeAg-positive phase, which is important in determining both the mode of transmission and the clinical course of HBV infection. Thus, the different genotypes/subgenotypes have evolved in such a way that they exhibit different modes of transmission and clinical manifestation of infection. Loss of HBeAg may be a sign of short-sighted evolution because there is loss of tolerogenic ability of HBeAg and HBeAg-negative virions are less transmissible. Depending on their ability to lead to HBeAg seroconversion, the genotype/subgenotypes exhibit varying degrees of short-sighted evolution. The “arms race” between HBV and the immune response to HBeAg is multifaceted and its elucidation intricate, with transmissibility and persistence being important for the survival of the virus. We attempt to shed some light on this complex interplay between host and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evangelia-Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Hatzakis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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11
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Chen JY, Gan CY, Cai XF, Zhang WL, Long QX, Wei XF, Hu Y, Tang N, Chen J, Guo H, Huang AL, Hu JL. Fluorescent protein tagged hepatitis B virus capsid protein with long glycine-serine linker that supports nucleocapsid formation. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:52-59. [PMID: 29447911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusion core proteins of Hepatitis B virus can be used to study core protein functions or capsid trafficking. A problem in constructing fusion core proteins is functional impairment of the individual domains in these fusion proteins, might due to structural interference. We reported a method to construct fusion proteins of Hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) in which the functions of fused domains were partially kept. This method follows two principles: (1) fuse heterogeneous proteins at the N terminus of HBc; (2) use long Glycine-serine linkers between the two domains. Using EGFP and RFP as examples, we showed that long flexible G4S linkers can effectively separate the two domains in function. Among these fusion proteins constructed, GFP-G4S186-HBc and RFP-G4S47-HBc showed the best efficiency in rescuing the replication of an HBV replicon deficient in the core protein expression, though both of the two fusion proteins failed to support the formation of the relaxed circular DNA. These fluorescent protein-tagged HBcs might help study related to HBc or capsids tracking in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yang Gan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Fei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Quan-Xin Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia-Fei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Ai-Long Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jie-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (CCID), Hangzhou, China.
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Zong L, Qin Y, Jia H, Ye L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wands JR, Tong S, Li J. Differential regulation of hepatitis B virus core protein expression and genome replication by a small upstream open reading frame and naturally occurring mutations in the precore region. Virology 2017; 505:155-161. [PMID: 28260621 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcribes two subsets of 3.5-kb RNAs: precore RNA for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) expression, and pregenomic RNA for core and P protein translation as well as genome replication. HBeAg expression could be prevented by mutations in the precore region, while an upstream open reading frame (uORF) has been proposed as a negative regulator of core protein translation. We employed replication competent HBV DNA constructs and transient transfection experiments in Huh7 cells to verify the uORF effect and to explore the alternative function of precore RNA. Optimized Kozak sequence for the uORF or extra ATG codons as present in some HBV genotypes reduced core protein expression. G1896A nonsense mutation promoted more efficient core protein expression than mutated precore ATG, while a +1 frameshift mutation was ineffective. In conclusion, various HBeAg-negative precore mutations and mutations affecting uORF differentially regulate core protein expression and genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haodi Jia
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jack R Wands
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shuping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Key Lab of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Cornelissen M, Zorgdrager F, Bruisten SM, Bakker M, Berkhout B, van der Kuyl AC. Widespread hepatitis B virus genotype G (HBV-G) infection during the early years of the HIV epidemic in the Netherlands among men who have sex with men. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:268. [PMID: 27286832 PMCID: PMC4901482 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants belong to different genotypes, A-J, whose worldwide distribution is linked with geography, probably because viral spread was associated with ancient human migrations. HBV genotype G (HBV-G) is an aberrant genotype with little sequence divergence, suggesting a recent origin. HBV-G is strongly associated with certain risk groups such as intravenous drug users (IDUs) and men who have sex with men (MSM), but hardly with geography. The origin and epidemiology of HBV-G remain unresolved, as is the disease association. Methods To estimate the prevalence and possible time of introduction of HBV-G into the MSM community in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, we have retrospectively analysed 226 blood serum samples from HBsAg positive MSM enrolled in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies (ACS) on HIV infection and AIDS dating from 1984 to 1999 using genotype-specific PCR assays. Results Of the 226 HBsAg-positive samples, 149 were HBV DNA positive. Of those, 104 were positive for HBV genotype A (HBV-A) and five for HBV-G, and 40 showed a dual infection with both HBV-A and HBV-G. Being HIV-infected was significantly associated with a reduced HBV DNA viral load in blood, but not with the prevalence of HBV-G. Early virus already contained stop codons in the precore region and a 36 bp insertion in the core gene which are the characteristics of HBV-G. Conclusions HBV-G was introduced before 1985 into the Amsterdam MSM community. Early isolates show very limited sequence variation, confirming a low evolutionary rate. HBV-G acquisition was independent of HIV infection, but being HIV-infected was significantly associated with a reduced HBV viral load in blood, indicating a beneficial effect of early HIV infection in controlling HBV replication. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1599-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fokla Zorgdrager
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M Bruisten
- Public Health Laboratory, GGD Amsterdam, Cluster Infectious Diseases, Nieuwe Achtergracht 100, Amsterdam, 1018 WT, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Tong S, Revill P. Overview of hepatitis B viral replication and genetic variability. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S4-S16. [PMID: 27084035 PMCID: PMC4834849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) greatly increases the risk for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV isolates worldwide can be divided into ten genotypes. Moreover, the immune clearance phase selects for mutations in different parts of the viral genome. The outcome of HBV infection is shaped by the complex interplay of the mode of transmission, host genetic factors, viral genotype and adaptive mutations, as well as environmental factors. Core promoter mutations and mutations abolishing hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) expression have been implicated in acute liver failure, while genotypes B, C, subgenotype A1, core promoter mutations, preS deletions, C-terminal truncation of envelope proteins, and spliced pregenomic RNA are associated with HCC development. Our efforts to treat and prevent HBV infection are hampered by the emergence of drug resistant mutants and vaccine escape mutants. This paper provides an overview of the HBV life cycle, followed by review of HBV genotypes and mutants in terms of their biological properties and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Tong
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Alpert Warren School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peter Revill
- Research and Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia ()
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Zong L, Qin Y, Jia H, Zhou H, Chen C, Qiao K, Zhang J, Wang Y, Li J, Tong S. Two-way molecular ligation for efficient conversion of monomeric hepatitis B virus DNA constructs into tandem dimers. J Virol Methods 2016; 233:46-50. [PMID: 27025357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Replication of the 3.2-kb hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome is driven by the covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA in the nucleus, from which four classes of co-terminal RNAs are transcribed. Genome replication requires just the 3.5-kb pregenomic RNA, which is terminally redundant. Cloning the full-length HBV genome into a vector disrupts its continuity, thus preventing genome replication at the step of pregenomic RNA transcription. This can be overcome by converting the monomeric construct into a tandem dimer, yet the need to ligate two molecules of the HBV genome with vector DNA makes it inefficient and even unsuccessful. To overcome this problem we partially digested the monomeric construct with the unique restriction enzyme used for cloning, and dephosphorylated the linearized monomer before its ligation with another copy of the HBV genome. Alternatively, the monomer was linearized at another unique restriction site inside the HBV genome, followed by its dephosphorylation and ligation with another copy of the HBV genome linearized at the same site. These approaches of two-way molecular ligation greatly improved the efficiency of dimer formation with about 50% of the bacterial colonies screened harboring tandem dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zong
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haodi Jia
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huailiang Zhou
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Chen
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Qiao
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jisu Li
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shuping Tong
- Department of Pathobiology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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A rare case of HBV genotype fluctuation (shifting and reversion) after liver transplantation. J Clin Virol 2015; 71:93-7. [PMID: 26342803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Peiffer KH, Akhras S, Himmelsbach K, Hassemer M, Finkernagel M, Carra G, Nuebling M, Chudy M, Niekamp H, Glebe D, Sarrazin C, Zeuzem S, Hildt E. Intracellular accumulation of subviral HBsAg particles and diminished Nrf2 activation in HBV genotype G expressing cells lead to an increased ROI level. J Hepatol 2015; 62:791-8. [PMID: 25445396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B virus genotype G (HBV/G) is characterized by a lack of HBeAg secretion and very low HBsAg secretion. This study aimed at (1) comparing HBV genotype G and A2 with respect to morphogenesis and release of HBV-derived particles, (2) characterizing factors contributing to HBV/G-associated pathogenesis. METHODS HBV/G- and HBV/A-expressing hepatoma cells and infected HepaRG cells were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, Western blot, real-time PCR, density gradient centrifugation, and electron microscopy. Modulation of the transcription factors Nrf2 and AP-1 was analyzed. RESULTS While the release of viral particles is not affected in HBV/G replicating cells, the secretion of subviral particles is impaired, although they are produced in high amounts. These subviral particles, which display an increased density and a predominantly filamentous morphology, accumulate at the endoplasmic reticulum. The PreS1PreS2 domain of genotype G, which forms aggregates, causes the block of HBsAg-secretion at the ER and leads to decreased transcriptional activator function of LHBs. Intracellular accumulation of HBsAg and impaired induction of the cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 lead to an elevated level of ROIs. This results in activation of JNK and as a consequence in Ser-phosphorylation of IRS-1, which is known to impair insulin signaling, a key factor for liver regeneration. CONCLUSIONS Although competent for release of viral particles, secretion of subviral particles is impaired in HBV/G expressing cells leading to ER-stress. In parallel, HBV-induced Nrf2 activation diminishes, which causes a decrease of the capacity to inactivate ROIs. This might be related to genotype-specific pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Henrik Peiffer
- Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany.
| | - Sami Akhras
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Hassemer
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | - Malin Finkernagel
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | - Gert Carra
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | - Michael Nuebling
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | - Michael Chudy
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany
| | - Hauke Niekamp
- Justus-Liebig University, Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Justus-Liebig University, Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, D-35392 Giessen, Germany; DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Paul Ehrlich Institut, Division of Virology, D-63325 Langen, Germany; DZIF, German Center for Infection Research, Germany.
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Croagh CM, Desmond PV, Bell SJ. Genotypes and viral variants in chronic hepatitis B: A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:289-303. [PMID: 25848459 PMCID: PMC4381158 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has a worldwide distribution and is endemic in many populations. It is constantly evolving and 10 genotypic strains have been identified with varying prevalences in different geographic regions. Numerous stable mutations in the core gene and in the surface gene of the HBV have also been identified in untreated HBV populations. The genotypes and viral variants have been associated with certain clinical features of HBV related liver disease and Hepatocellular carcinoma. For example Genotype C is associated with later hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion, and more advanced liver disease. Genotype A is associated with a greater risk of progression to chronicity in adult acquired HBV infections. Genotype D is particularly associated with the precore mutation and HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The genotypes prevalent in parts of West Africa, Central and South America, E, F and H respectively, are less well studied. Viral variants especially the Basal Core Promotor mutation is associated with increased risk of fibrosis and cancer of the liver. Although not currently part of routine clinical care, evaluation of genotype and viral variants may provide useful adjunctive information in predicting risk about liver related morbidity in patients with CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mn Croagh
- Catherine MN Croagh, Paul V Desmond, Sally J Bell, Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Paul V Desmond
- Catherine MN Croagh, Paul V Desmond, Sally J Bell, Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Sally J Bell
- Catherine MN Croagh, Paul V Desmond, Sally J Bell, Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Wei L, Shen Z, Zhao X, Wu Y, Liu W, Zhang J, Xie Y, Liu J. A broadly reactive monoclonal antibody detects multiple genotypes of hepatitis B virus X protein. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2731-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Su H, Liu Y, Xu Z, Cheng S, Ye H, Xu Q, Liu Q, Tan S, Xu D, Liu Y. A novel complex A/C/G intergenotypic recombinant of hepatitis B virus isolated in southern China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84005. [PMID: 24475029 PMCID: PMC3901648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subgenotypes may vary in geographical distribution and virological features. Previous investigations, including ours, showed that HBV genotypes B and C were respectively predominant in South and North China, while genotypes A and D were infrequently detected and genotype G was not found. In this study, a novel A/C/G intergenotype was identified in patients with chronic HBV infection in Guilin, a city in southern China. Initial phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene suggested the HBV recombinant to be genotype G. However, extended genotyping based on the entire HBV genome indicated it to be an A/C/G intergenotype with a closer relation to genotype C. Breakpoint analysis using the SIMPLOT program revealed that the recombinant had a recombination with a arrangement of genotypes A, G, A and C fragments. Compared with the HBV recombinants harboring one or two genotype G fragments found in Asian countries, this Guilin recombinant was highly similar to the Vietnam (98-99%) and Long An recombinants (96-99%), but had a relatively low similarity to the Thailand one (89%). Unlike those with the typical genotype G of HBV, the patients with the Guilin recombinant were seropositive for HBeAg. Moreover, a relatively high HBV DNA viral load (>2 × 10(6) IU/ml) was detected in the patients, and the analysis of viral replication capacity showed that the Guilin recombinant strains had a competent replication capacity similar to genotypes B and C strains. These findings can aid in not only the clarification of the phylogenetic origin of the HBV recombinants with the genotype G fragment found in Asian countries, but also the understanding of the virological properties of these complicated HBV recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases/Liver Failure Medical Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases/Liver Failure Medical Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuquan Cheng
- Division of Hepatology, The Third People’s Hospital of Guilin, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Division of Hepatology, The Third People’s Hospital of Guilin, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine in Liver Injury and Repair, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuhong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Xu
- Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases/Liver Failure Medical Center, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DX)
| | - Yongming Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DX)
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van der Kuyl AC, Zorgdrager F, Hogema B, Bakker M, Jurriaans S, Back NKT, Berkhout B, Zaaijer HL, Cornelissen M. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus dual infection with genotypes A and G in HIV-1 infected men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, during 2000-2011. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:540. [PMID: 24225261 PMCID: PMC3840706 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is divided into 8 definite (A-H) and 2 putative (I, J) genotypes that show a geographical distribution. HBV genotype G, however, is an aberrant genotype of unknown origin that demonstrates severe replication deficiencies and very little genetic variation. It is often found in co-infections with another HBV genotype and infection has been associated with certain risk groups such as intravenous drug users and men having sex with men (MSM). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of HBV-G in the Netherlands by analysing samples from HBV-positive patients visiting the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. Methods Ninety-six HBV-infected patients, genotyped as HBV-A or HBV-G infected, were retrieved from the clinical database. Blood plasma samples were analysed with a newly-developed real-time PCR assay that detects HBV-A and HBV-G. For three patients, the HBV plasma viral load (pVL) of both genotypes was followed longitudinally. In addition, three complete genomes of HBV-G were sequenced to determine their relationship to global HBV-G strains. Results Ten HBV-G infections were found in the selected Dutch patients. All concerned HIV-1 infected males with HBV-A co-infection. Dutch HBV-G strains were phylogenetically closely related to reference HBV-G strains. Conclusions In this study, HBV-G infection in the Netherlands is found exclusively in HIV-1 infected men as co-infection with HBV-A. A considerable percentage (37%) of men infected with HBV and HIV-1 are actually co- infected with two HBV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105, AZ, Netherlands.
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Roman S, Panduro A. HBV endemicity in Mexico is associated with HBV genotypes H and G. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5446-5453. [PMID: 24023487 PMCID: PMC3761097 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i33.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics, progression, severity of disease and antiviral response. Herein, we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico. HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population, but not in Central America. Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence, apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection, low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection. During chronic infections, genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities, such as obesity, alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low. Thus, antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide. The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas, especially among the Mexican population, raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.
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Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Watanabe T, Iijima S, Kani S, Sugiyama M, Murakami S, Matsuura K, Kusakabe A, Shinkai N, Sugauchi F, Mizokami M. Mechanism of the dependence of hepatitis B virus genotype G on co-infection with other genotypes for viral replication. J Viral Hepat 2013; 20:e27-36. [PMID: 23490386 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into several genotypes. Genotype G (HBV/G) is characterised by worldwide dispersion, low intragenotypic diversity and a peculiar sequence of the precore and core region (stop codon and 36-nucleotide insertion). As a rule, HBV/G is detected in co-infection with another genotype, most frequently HBV/A2. In a previous in vivo study, viral replication of HBV/G was significantly enhanced by co-infection with HBV/A2. However, the mechanism by which co-infection with HBV/A2 enhances HBV/G replication is not fully understood. In this study, we employed 1.24-fold HBV/A2 clones that selectively expressed each viral protein and revealed that the core protein expressing construct significantly enhanced the replication of HBV/G in Huh7 cells. The introduction of the HBV/A2 core promoter or core protein or both genomic regions into the HBV/G genome showed that both the core promoter and core protein are required for efficient HBV/G replication. The effect of genotype on the interaction between foreign core protein and HBV/G showed that HBV/A2 was the strongest enhancer of HBV/G replication. Furthermore, Western blot analysis of Dane particles isolated from cultures of Huh7 cells co-transfected by HBV/G and a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven HBV/A2 core protein expression construct indicated that HBV/G employed HBV/A2 core protein during particle assembly. In conclusion, HBV/G could take advantage of core proteins from other genotypes during co-infection to replicate efficiently and to effectively package HBV DNA into virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakamoto
- Department of Virology & Liver unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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24
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Chauhan R, Sarin SK, Kumar M, Bhattacharjee J. Naturally occurring core immune-escape and carboxy-terminal mutations\truncations in patients with e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2012. [PMID: 26201521 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-011-9316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular injury is often progressive in patients with hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg -ve CHB). There is scant data on association of core mutations occurring in patients with HBeAg -ve CHB with severity of liver disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred and eighteen patients with chronic infection who were HBeAg negative, anti-HBe, and HBV DNA positive were enrolled. Precore and core regions were amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for precore, T helper, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), B-cell epitope, and core carboxy-terminal region mutations. RESULTS Majority of patients were infected with HBV genotype D: 96 (81%) [D1: 16, D2: 55 and D5: 25] followed by genotype A1: 15 (13%) and genotype C: 7 (6%) [C1: 5 and unidentified subgenotype C: 2]. Classical (A1896) as well as nonclassical precore region mutations were detected in 30 (25%) and in 9 (7.6%) patients, respectively. Core immune escape, core carboxy-terminal mutations and truncations were detected in 61 (52%), 11 (9.3%), and 14 (12%) patients, respectively. Three core immune escape mutations were significantly higher in patients with coexisting precore stop codon compared with patients without precore stop codon mutation, cT12S (43 vs. 8%, p < 0.001), cS21T (16 vs. 3.4%, p < 0.026), and cE77D (30 vs. 4.5%, p < 0.002). When frequency of core immune escape mutations was compared among CHB and decompensated patients, and cT12S: (27 vs. 10%, p < 0.05), cS21T (16 vs. 1.35%, p < 0.01), cT67P/N: (20 vs. 4%, p < 0.001), cE113D (11.37 vs. 1.35%, p < 0.05), and cP130T/Q (7 vs. 0%, p < 0.001) mutations were found to be significantly higher in decompensated patients. CONCLUSION Core immune-escape mutations cT12S, cS21T, cT67P, cE113D, and cP130T/Q are significantly higher in decompensated liver disease patients and could influence the severity of liver disease in HBeAg -ve CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Centre for Liver Diseases, G.B. Pant Hospital, Room No. 201, New Delhi, 110002, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Centre for Liver Diseases, G.B. Pant Hospital, Room No. 201, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Centre for Liver Diseases, G.B. Pant Hospital, Room No. 201, New Delhi, 110002, India
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25
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Tangkijvanich P, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Avihingsanon A, Ruxrungtham K, Poovorawan K, Poovorawan Y. Characterization of hepatitis B virus mutations in untreated patients co-infected with HIV and HBV based on complete genome sequencing. J Med Virol 2012; 85:16-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Genetic analysis of precore/core and partial pol genes in an unprecedented outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B in India. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:1823-9. [PMID: 22417682 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated an unprecedented outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B virus (HBV) that occurred in Modasa, Gujarat (India) in 2009. Genomic analysis of all fulminant hepatic failure cases confirmed exclusive predominance of subgenotype D1. A1762T, G1764A basal core promoter (BCP) mutations, insertion of isoleucine after nt 1843, stop codon mutation G1896A, G1862T transversion plus seven other mutations in the core gene caused inhibition of HBeAg expression implicating them as circulating precore/BCP mutant virus. Two rare mutations at amino acids 89 (Ile→Ala) and 119 (Leu→Ser) in addition to other mutations in the polymerase (pol) gene may have caused some alteration in either of four pol gene domains to affect encapsidation of pregenomic RNA to enhance pathogenicity. Sequence similarity among patients' sequences suggested an involvement of a single hepatitis B mutant strain/source to corroborate the finding of gross and continued usage of HBV mutant-contaminated syringes/needles by a physician which resulted in this unprecedented outbreak of fulminant hepatitis B. The fulminant exacerbation of the disease might be attributed to mutations in the BCP/precore/core and pol genes that may have occurred due to selection pressure during rapid spread/mutation of the virus.
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27
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Dao DY, Balko J, Attar N, Neak E, Yuan HJ, Lee WM, Jain MK. Hepatitis B virus genotype G: prevalence and impact in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1551-8. [PMID: 21739445 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HBV. This study examined the prevalence and association of HBV/G to liver fibrosis in co-infected patients. HBV genotypes were determined by direct sequencing of the HBV surface gene or Trugene® HBV 1.0 assay in 133 patients infected with HIV/HBV. Quantitative testing of HBV-DNA, HBeAg, and anti-HBe were performed using the Versant® HBV 3.0 (for DNA) and the ADVIA®Centaur assay. The non-invasive biomarkers Fib-4 and APRI were used to assess fibrosis stage. Genotype A was present in 103/133 (77%) of the cohort, genotype G in 18/133 (14%) with genotypes D in 8/133, (6%), F 2/133 (1.5%), and H 2/133 (1.5%). Genotype G was associated with hepatitis B e antigen-positivity and high HBV-DNA levels. Additionally, HBV/G (OR 8.25, 95% CI 2.3-29.6, P = 0.0012) was associated with advanced fibrosis score using Fib-4, whereas, being black was not (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.07, P = 0.01). HBV/G in this population exhibited a different phenotype than expected for pure G genotypes raising the question of recombination or mixed infections. The frequent finding of HBV/G in co-infected patients and its association with more advanced fibrosis, suggests that this genotype leads to more rapid liver disease progression. Further studies are needed to understand why this genotype occurs more frequently and what impact it has on liver disease progression in patients with HBV/HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan Y Dao
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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28
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Characterization of the pleiotropic effects of the genotype G-specific 36-nucleotide insertion in the context of other hepatitis B virus genotypes. J Virol 2011; 85:13278-89. [PMID: 21994450 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05583-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serves as the messenger for both core and P proteins, with the downstream P gene translated by ribosomal leaky scanning. HBV replication begins with packaging of the pgRNA and P protein into core protein particles, followed by conversion of RNA into DNA. Genotype G has a low replication capacity due to a low pgRNA level. It has a 36-nucleotide (nt) insertion in the 5' end of the core gene, adding 12 residues to the core protein. The insertion is needed to maintain efficient core protein expression and genome replication but causes inefficient virion secretion yet high maturity of virion DNA. In the present study, we confirmed that the 36-nt insertion had similar effects on core protein expression and virion secretion when it was introduced into genotype A and D clones but no impact on virion genome maturity. Surprisingly, the insertion impaired genome replication in both genotypes. Transcomplementation assays suggest that increased efficiency of core protein translation diminishes ribosomal scanning toward the downstream P gene. Indeed, mutating the core gene Kozak sequence restored core protein to lower levels but increased replication of the insertion mutant. Similar mutations impaired replication in genotype G. On the other hand, replacement of the core promoter sequence of genotype G with genotype A sequence increased pgRNA transcription and genome replication, implicating this region in the low replication capacity of genotype G. Why the 36-nt insertion is present in genotype G but absent in other genotypes is discussed.
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29
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Cotelesage JJH, Osiowy C, Lawrence C, deVarennes SL, Teow S, Beniac DR, Booth TF. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype G forms core-like particles with unique structural properties. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:443-8. [PMID: 20546498 PMCID: PMC3116152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the structure of the core capsid of an unusual variant of hepatitis B virus, genotype G (HBV/G) at 14Å resolution, using cryo-electron microscopy. The structure reveals surface features not present in the prototype HBV/A genotype. HBV/G is novel in that it has a unique 36-bp insertion downstream of the core gene start codon. This results in a twelve amino acid insertion at the N-terminal end of the core protein, and two stop codons in the precore region that prevent the expression of HBeAg. HBV/G replication in patients is associated with co-infection with another genotype of HBV, suggesting that HBV/G may have reduced replication efficiency in vivo. We localized the N-terminal insertion in HBV/G and show that it forms two additional masses on the core surface adjacent to each of the dimer-spikes and have modelled the structure of the additional residues within this density. We show that the position of the insertion would not interfere with translocation of nucleic acids through the pores to the core interior compartment. However, the insertion may partially obscure several residues on the core surface that are known to play a role in envelopment and secretion of virions, or that could affect structural rearrangements that may trigger envelopment after DNA second-strand synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Cotelesage
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Osiowy
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Lawrence
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S L deVarennes
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Teow
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D R Beniac
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T F Booth
- Viral Diseases Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of CanadaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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30
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Martin CM, Welge JA, Blackard JT. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene diversity and evidence of recombination in HBV/HIV co-infected persons. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1142-50. [PMID: 21520141 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high frequency of mutation during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has resulted in 8 genotypes (A-H) with varying effects on disease severity and treatment efficacy. However, analysis of intrapatient HBV diversity is limited, especially during HIV co-infection. Therefore, a preliminary study was performed to analyze HBV X gene diversity in 17 HBV/HIV co-infected individuals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed HBV genotype A in 13 individuals (76.5%) or genotype E in 1 individual (5.9%). Additionally, 3 individuals were dually infected with HBV genotypes A and G (17.6%). Overall, higher genetic distance and entropy were observed in the X region and overlapping polymerase (Pol(X)) regions when compared to the PreS, S, and overlapping polymerase (Pol(PS) and Pol(S)) regions analyzed in the same patients as part of a previous study. In addition, multiple viral variants from 2 individuals with dual HBV infection did not group with either genotype A or G by phylogenetic analysis, indicating possible recombination. SimPlot bootscan analysis confirmed recombination breakpoints within the X gene in both individuals. Recombination between HBV genotypes may represent an important evolutionary strategy that enhances overall pathogenic potential and/or alters the downstream effects of the HBV X protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Martin
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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31
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Drastic reduction in the production of subviral particles does not impair hepatitis B virus virion secretion. J Virol 2009; 83:11152-65. [PMID: 19706705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00905-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contains three coterminal envelope proteins on the virion surface: large (L), middle (M), and small (S). The M and S proteins are also secreted as empty "subviral particles," which exceed virions by at least 1,000-fold. The S protein serves as the morphogenic factor for both types of particles, while the L protein is required only for virion formation. We found that cotransfecting replication constructs with a small dose of the expression construct for the missing L, M, and S proteins reconstituted efficient virion secretion but only 5 to 10% of subviral particles. The L protein inhibited secretion of subviral particles in a dose-dependent manner, whereas a too-high or too-low L/S protein ratio inhibited virion secretion. Consistent with the results of cotransfection experiments, a point mutation at the -3 position of the S gene AUG codon reduced HBsAg secretion by 60 to 70% but maintained efficient virion secretion. Surprisingly, ablating M protein expression reduced virion secretion but markedly increased the maturity of virion-associated genomes, which could be reversed by providing in trans both L and M proteins but not just M protein. M protein stability was dependent on the coexpression of S protein. Our findings suggest that efficient HBV virion secretion could be maintained despite drastic reduction in subviral particle production, which supports the recent demonstration of separate secretion pathways adopted by the two types of particles. The M protein appears to facilitate core particle envelopment, thus shortening the window of plus strand DNA elongation.
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32
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Tsai A, Kawai S, Kwei K, Gewaily D, Hutter A, Tong DR, Li J, Wands JR, Tong S. Chimeric constructs between two hepatitis B virus genomes confirm transcriptional impact of core promoter mutations and reveal multiple effects of core gene mutations. Virology 2009; 387:364-72. [PMID: 19327810 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) clone 4B replicated much more efficiently than clone 2A of the same genotype. Introduction of its T1753C, A1762T, G1764A, and C1766T core promoter mutations into the 2A genome greatly enhanced genome replication and suppressed HBeAg expression. Here we show that these effects are mediated by transcriptional up regulation of pregenomic RNA and suppression of precore RNA. Analysis of chimeric constructs suggested that the 5' end of the 2A core gene conferred higher level of pregenomic RNA, but less core protein and genome replication relative to the 4B sequence. Genome maturity of secreted virions was reduced by mutations present in the core protein of the 2A genome but enhanced by mutations found in the 4B core protein. The 4B core protein migrated faster than that of clone 2A. The possible links among the various phenotypes and the responsible mutations remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tsai
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, 02906, USA
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33
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Characterization of genotype-specific carboxyl-terminal cleavage sites of hepatitis B virus e antigen precursor and identification of furin as the candidate enzyme. J Virol 2009; 83:3507-17. [PMID: 19193799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02348-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is a secreted version of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein that promotes immune tolerance and persistent infection. It is derived from a translation product of the precore/core gene by two proteolytic cleavage events: removal of the amino-terminal signal peptide and removal of the carboxyl-terminal arginine-rich sequence. Four RXXR motifs are present at the carboxyl terminus of the HBeAg precursor, with the first two fused as (151)RRGRSPR(157). Genotype A possesses two extra amino acids at the first motif ((151)RRDRGRSPR(159)), which weakens the first motif and separates it from the second one. Western blot analysis of patient sera revealed a single HBeAg form for genotypes B to D but two additional forms of larger sizes for genotype A. Site-directed mutagenesis and transfection experiments with human hepatoma cell lines indicated that HBeAg of genotype B is derived from cleavage at the first ((151)RRGR(154)) motif. The major HBeAg form of genotype A corresponds to cleavage at the second ((156)RSPR(159)) motif, and the other two forms are cleavage products of the first ((151)RRDR(154)) and third ((166)RRRR(169)) motifs, respectively. Only the cleavage product of the third motif of genotype A was observed in furin-deficient LoVo cells, and an inhibitor of furin-like proprotein convertases blocked cleavage of the first and second motifs in human hepatoma cells. In conclusion, our study reveals genotypic differences in HBeAg processing and implicates furin as the major enzyme involved in the cleavage of the first and second RXXR motifs.
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34
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Osiowy C, Gordon D, Borlang J, Giles E, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis B virus genotype G epidemiology and co-infection with genotype A in Canada. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3009-3015. [PMID: 19008387 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/005124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is an unusual variant, and little is known about its epidemiology and natural history, particularly the requirement for a co-infecting HBV genotype and their relationship during infection. This study investigated the quasispecies nature of co-infecting genotypes in 39 samples collected over a 6 year period from 13 HBV/G-infected patients. HBV/G infections were found to occur predominantly in males (92 %) and were primarily associated with male homosexual sex (67 %). All patients were infected with HBV/G and HBV/A, or a recombinant HBV/A/G strain. Co-infecting genotypic prevalence was often observed to fluctuate over time, with periods of HBV/G monoinfection in some patients. The average sequence divergence among Canadian HBV/G strains was 1.57+/-0.62 %. Thus, all HBV/G infections in Canada occur in the context of co-infection or recombination with HBV/A, and strains display increased sequence divergence compared with all known HBV/G sequences described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Osiowy
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Diane Gordon
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jamie Borlang
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Giles
- Bloodborne Pathogens and Hepatitis, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
- Hôpital Saint Luc du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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35
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Tanaka Y, Sanchez LV, Sugiyama M, Sakamoto T, Kurbanov F, Tatematsu K, Roman S, Takahashi S, Shirai T, Panduro A, Mizokami M. Characteristics of hepatitis B virus genotype G coinfected with genotype H in chimeric mice carrying human hepatocytes. Virology 2008; 376:408-15. [PMID: 18474388 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicated that hepatitis B virus genotype G (HBV/G) is present exclusively in coinfection with other HBV genotypes. In Mexico, HBV/G from 6 men who had sex with men were coinfected with HBV/H. Phylogenetically complete genomes of the 6 Mexican HBV/G strains were closely related to previous ones from the US/Europe. Using uPA/SCID mice with human hepatocytes, monoinfection with HBV/G did not result in detectable HBV DNA in serum, whereas superinfection with HBV/G at week 10 inoculated HBV/H when HBV/H DNA was elevated to >10(7) copies/mL has enhanced the replication of HBV/G. The HBV/G was enhanced in another 3 inoculated with a serum passage containing HBV/G with a trace of HBV/H. Coinfection of mice with HBV/G and H induced fibrosis in the liver. In conclusion, the replication of HBV/G can be enhanced remarkably when it is coinfected with HBV/H. Coinfection with HBV/G may be directly cytopathic in immunosuppressive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Molecular Informative Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601 Japan
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