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Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
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Jiang RD, Li B, Liu XL, Liu MQ, Chen J, Luo DS, Hu BJ, Zhang W, Li SY, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Bat mammalian orthoreoviruses cause severe pneumonia in mice. Virology 2020; 551:84-92. [PMID: 32859395 PMCID: PMC7308043 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infections are ubiquitous in mammals. Increasing evidence suggests that some MRVs can cause severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and other animals. Previously, we isolated six bat MRV strains. However, the pathogenicity of these bat viruses remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the host range and pathogenicity of 3 bat MRV strains (WIV2, 3 and 7) which represent three serotypes. Our results showed that all of them can infect cell lines from different mammalian species and displayed different replication efficiency. The BALB/c mice infected by bat MRVs showed clinical symptoms with systematic infection especially in lung and intestines. Obvious tissue damage were found in all infected lungs. One of the strains, WIV7, showed higher replication efficiency in vitro and vivo and more severe pathogenesis in mice. Our results provide new evidence showing potential pathogenicity of bat MRVs in animals and probable risk in humans. Bat MRVs show wide cell tropism in vivo and in vitro and have a high replication efficiency in lung and intestines. Mice infected by bat MRVs showed clinical illness, but without death. The higher replication in brain, lung damage and weak innate immune response may be responsible for severe diseases for WIV7. The results indicate the potential pathogenicity of bat MRV to human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ling Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Jie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP. Rethinking the Significance of Reovirus in Water and Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2016; 8:161-73. [PMID: 27318494 PMCID: PMC7091427 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Orthoreovirus contains nonenveloped viruses with double-stranded gene segments encased in a double-layered icosahedral capsid shell. These features constitute major determinants of virion stability in the environment and virion resistance against physical and chemical agents. Reovirus (ReoV) is the general term most commonly used for all virus strains that infect humans and nonhuman animals. Several studies have demonstrated the frequent occurrence of ReoV in wastewaters and natural waters, including surface and ground waters from different geographical areas. Most of these studies have reported higher concentrations of ReoV than any other enteric virus analyzed. They are more commonly isolated in chlorine-disinfected wastewaters than other enteric viruses, and appear to survive longer in water. The ability of ReoV to form large aggregates, even with different types of enteric viruses (e.g., poliovirus) and their ability to undergo mechanisms of gene segment reassortment among different serotypes may also explain their greater stability. Different approaches have been applied for concentration of ReoV from water; however, the recovery efficiency of the filtration methods has not been fully evaluated. Recently, molecular methods for identification of ReoV strains and quantification of virus genome have been developed. Studies have shown that the overall detection sensitivity of ReoV RNA is enhanced through initial replication of infectious virions in cell culture. More studies are needed to specifically address unresolved issues about the fate and distribution of ReoV in the environment since this virus is not commonly included in virological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Kwon HJ, Jeong JH, Lee SW, Ryu YB, Jeong HJ, Jung K, Lim JS, Cho KO, Lee WS, Rho MC, Park SJ. In vitro anti-reovirus activity of kuraridin isolated from Sophora flavescens against viral replication and hemagglutination. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 128:159-69. [PMID: 26076959 PMCID: PMC7172900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the anti-reovirus activity of kuraridin isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. In particular, we focused on whether this property is attributable to direct inhibition of reovirus attachment and/or inhibition of viral replication with the aid of time-of-addition (pre-treatment, simultaneous treatment, and post-treatment) experiments. No significant antiviral activity of kuraridin was detected in the pre-treatment assay. In the simultaneous assay, the 50% effective inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of kuraridin were 15.3–176.9 μM against human type 1–3 reoviruses (HRV1–3) and Korean porcine reovirus (PRV). Kuraridin completely blocked binding of viral sigma 1 protein to sialic acids at concentrations lower than 82.5 μM in the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Moreover, kuraridin inhibited HRV1–3 and PRV viral replication with EC50 values of 14.0–62.0 μM. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis disclosed strong suppression of reovirus RNA synthesis at the late stage (18 h) of virus replication by kuraridin. The viral yields of kuraridin-treated cells were significantly reduced at 24 h post-infection, compared with DMSO-treated cells. Our results collectively suggest that kuraridin inhibits virus adsorption and replication by inhibiting hemagglutination, viral RNA and protein synthesis and virus shedding, supporting its utility as a viable candidate antiviral drug against reoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokwon University, Daejeon 302-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bae Ryu
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jae Jeong
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Chual Rho
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Eco-friendly Bio-material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 580-185, Republic of Korea.
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Xie J, Lotoski LC, Chooniedass R, Su RC, Simons FER, Liem J, Becker AB, Uzonna J, HayGlass KT. Elevated antigen-driven IL-9 responses are prominent in peanut allergic humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45377. [PMID: 23071516 PMCID: PMC3469559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies, and peanut allergy in particular, are leading causes of anaphylactic fatalities worldwide. The immune mechanisms that underlie food allergy remain ill-defined and controversial, in part because studies in humans typically focus on analysis of a limited number of prototypical Th1/Th2 cytokines. Here we determine the kinetics and prevalence of a broad panel of peanut-driven cytokine and chemokine responses in humans with current peanut allergy vs those with stable, naturally occurring clinical tolerance to peanut. Our primary focus is identification of novel indicators of immune dysregulation. Antigen-specific cytokine mRNA and protein responses were elicited in primary culture via peanut or irrelevant antigen (Leishmania extract, milk antigens) mediated stimulation of fresh peripheral blood cells from 40 individuals. Peanut extract exposure in vitro induced a broad panel of responses associated with Th2/Th9-like, Th1-like and Th17-like immunity. Peanut-dependent Type 2 cytokine responses were frequently found in both peanut allergic individuals and those who exhibit clinical tolerance to peanut ingestion. Among Th2/Th9-associated cytokines, IL-9 responses discriminated between allergic and clinically tolerant populations better than did commonly used IL-4, IL-5 or IL-13 responses. Comparison with responses evoked by unrelated control antigen-mediated stimulation showed that these differences are antigen-dependent and allergen-specific. Conversely, the intensity of IL-12, IL-17, IL-23 and IFN-γ production was indistinguishable in peanut allergic and peanut tolerant populations. In summary, the ability to generate and maintain cytokine responses to peanut is not inherently distinct between allergic and peanut tolerant humans. Quantitative differences in the intensity of cytokine production better reflects clinical phenotype, with optimally useful indicators being IL-9, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-4. Equivalent, and minimal, Ag-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in both healthy and peanut allergic volunteers argues against a key role for such cytokines in maintenance of clinical tolerance to food antigens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Xie
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Rishma Chooniedass
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - F. Estelle R. Simons
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Joel Liem
- Windsor Allergy Asthma Education Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allan B. Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jude Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kent T. HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Thirukkumaran CM, Nodwell MJ, Hirasawa K, Shi ZQ, Diaz R, Luider J, Johnston RN, Forsyth PA, Magliocco AM, Lee P, Nishikawa S, Donnelly B, Coffey M, Trpkov K, Fonseca K, Spurrell J, Morris DG. Oncolytic viral therapy for prostate cancer: efficacy of reovirus as a biological therapeutic. Cancer Res 2010; 70:2435-44. [PMID: 20215509 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Reovirus is a nonattenuated double-stranded RNA virus that exploits aberrant signaling pathways allowing selective cytotoxicity against multiple cancer histologies. The use of reovirus as a potential treatment modality for prostate cancer has not previously been described, and in this study evidence of in vitro and in vivo activity against prostate cancer was seen both in preclinical models and in six patients. The human prostate carcinoma cell lines PC-3, LN-CaP, and DU-145 exposed to replication-competent reovirus showed evidence of infection as illustrated by viral protein synthesis, cytopathic effect, and release of viral progeny. This oncolytic effect was found to be manifested through apoptosis, as DNA fragmentation, Apo 2.7 expression, Annexin V binding, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage were observed in live reovirus-infected cells, but not in uninfected or dead virus-treated cells. In vivo, hind flank severe combined immunodeficient/nonobese diabetic murine xenograft showed reduction in tumor size when treated with even a single intratumoral injection of reovirus. Finally, intralesional reovirus injections into a cohort of six patients with clinically organ-confined prostate cancer resulted in minimal side effects and evidence of antitumor activity. Histologic analysis after prostatectomy found a significant CD8 T-cell infiltration within the reovirus-injected areas as well as evidence of increased caspase-3 activity. These findings suggest that reovirus therapy may provide a promising novel treatment for prostate cancer and also imply a possible role for viral immune targeting of tumor.
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